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+# Design Document — i18n-frontend-comments
+
+## Overview
+
+**Purpose**: Translate Chinese developer comments in `frontend/src/` to English so non-Chinese-reading maintainers can understand intent without translation tooling. Strictly documentation-only; no behavior change.
+
+**Users**: Frontend maintainers and reviewers of MiroFish — developers who read and modify `frontend/src/` but do not read Chinese.
+
+**Impact**: 20 files in `frontend/src/` change; the compiled bundle is byte-equivalent modulo source-map comment lines. The `vue-i18n` user-facing translation surface (`/locales/*.json`) is unaffected.
+
+### Goals
+
+- Eliminate Chinese characters (U+4E00–U+9FFF) from `frontend/src/` comments and dev-facing string literals (`console.*`).
+- Preserve every comment's *why* (semantic intent) when translating; delete comments that merely restate the code per `dev-guidelines.md`.
+- Append `(#9)` ticket reference to any TODO/FIXME marker that lacks one.
+- Keep `npm run build` green and the rendered UI byte-equivalent on a smoke check.
+
+### Non-Goals
+
+- Translating user-facing strings (those live in `/locales/*.json`; tracked separately).
+- Translating LLM prompt template strings (translation would change model input — retained and documented in PR per Requirement 1.5).
+- Restructuring comments into JSDoc (only keep JSDoc when already JSDoc-shaped).
+- Reformatting code, renaming identifiers, or any change to `<script>` / `<template>` semantics.
+- Touching backend Python comments (covered by ticket #7) or repo-root configuration files.
+
+## Boundary Commitments
+
+### This Spec Owns
+
+- All comment text inside files under `frontend/src/`: line comments (`//`), block comments (`/* */`), JSDoc (`/** */`), and Vue template comments (`<!-- -->`).
+- The natural-language portion of JSDoc tags (`@param`, `@returns`, etc.) — not the tag syntax itself.
+- Chinese-content string literals passed to `console.error`, `console.warn`, and `console.log` (developer-facing, not in i18n locales).
+- The PR-level documentation listing any deliberately-retained bilingual content.
+
+### Out of Boundary
+
+- Any change inside `/locales/*.json` (covered by issues #8 and #11).
+- Any change in `backend/`, `static/`, repo root, or anywhere outside `frontend/src/`.
+- LLM prompt template string literals (e.g. `Step5Interaction.vue:725-727`) — retained as documented exceptions.
+- New tooling (linters, formatters, translation scripts).
+- Any executable change: identifier names, import paths, expression edits, Vue template structure outside `<!-- -->` text, or `<style>` selectors / values.
+
+### Allowed Dependencies
+
+- Existing Vite build (`npm run build`) and Vue dev server (`npm run dev`) for verification.
+- `ripgrep` for the verification command.
+- No runtime dependencies — this is text-only editing.
+
+### Revalidation Triggers
+
+- Discovery during implementation that a category of Chinese content beyond comments + `console.*` strings exists in `frontend/src/` → update the design's String-Literal Decision Matrix and add residuals to the PR description rather than silently expanding scope.
+- Discovery that a JSDoc block carries semantically-load-bearing Chinese (e.g. an idiom that does not have a 1:1 English rendering) → keep both languages, document in PR per Req 1.5.
+
+## Architecture
+
+### Existing Architecture Analysis
+
+Per `structure.md`, `frontend/src/` is layered into `views/`, `components/`, `api/`, `store/`, plus `App.vue`. This spec does not change the layering. Per `tech.md`, the project uses no enforced linter/formatter and existing files mix English and Chinese comments — this spec is the explicit ask to normalize the comment language to English in this directory.
+
+### Architecture Pattern & Boundary Map
+
+This is a documentation-only change — no architectural pattern to choose. The relevant boundary is purely *which textual regions of which files are eligible for edit*. The decision matrix below is the architecture for this spec.
+
+#### Region eligibility matrix
+
+| Region | Action |
+| --- | --- |
+| `//` line comment | Translate; delete if it restates the code per Req 2.1 |
+| `/* */` block comment | Translate; delete if redundant per Req 2.1 |
+| `/** */` JSDoc block | Translate the natural-language content; preserve tag syntax (`@param`, `@returns`, etc.) per Req 1.4 |
+| `<!-- -->` Vue template comment | Translate per Req 1.3 |
+| `console.error|warn|log('… 中文 …')` | Translate the string content (developer-facing, not in i18n locales) |
+| LLM prompt template string literal | **Do not translate**; document in PR per Req 1.5 |
+| Any other string literal containing Chinese | **Do not translate** (Req 4.4); document if non-empty |
+| Identifiers, imports, exports, expressions | **Do not change** (Req 4.2) |
+| Vue template structure (tags, attributes, bindings) | **Do not change** (Req 4.2) |
+
+### Technology Stack
+
+| Layer | Choice / Version | Role in Feature | Notes |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| Frontend | Vue 3.5 + Vite 7 (existing) | Build target — must continue to compile | No version change |
+| Verification | `ripgrep` (already present in repo workflows) | Acceptance gate via `rg '[\x{4e00}-\x{9fff}]' frontend/src/` | No new dependency |
+| No new tooling | — | — | Per `tech.md` steering: "No enforced linter or formatter… match the surrounding file's style" |
+
+## File Structure Plan
+
+No directory or file additions. All edits are in-place inside the 20 files identified by ripgrep:
+
+```
+frontend/src/
+├── App.vue                        # 4 hits — translate
+├── api/
+│   ├── graph.js                   # 10 hits
+│   ├── index.js                   # 8 hits (incl. JSDoc-light line comments)
+│   ├── report.js                  # 8 hits
+│   └── simulation.js              # 29 hits (JSDoc-heavy)
+├── components/
+│   ├── GraphPanel.vue             # 84 hits — D3 logic comments + template
+│   ├── HistoryDatabase.vue        # 124 hits
+│   ├── Step1GraphBuild.vue        # 5 hits + 3 console.error strings
+│   ├── Step2EnvSetup.vue          # 76 hits
+│   ├── Step3Simulation.vue        # 52 hits
+│   ├── Step4Report.vue            # 176 hits
+│   └── Step5Interaction.vue       # 34 hits + LLM prompt strings (RETAIN)
+├── store/
+│   └── pendingUpload.js           # 2 hits
+└── views/
+    ├── Home.vue                   # 43 hits
+    ├── InteractionView.vue        # 6 hits
+    ├── MainView.vue               # 4 hits
+    ├── Process.vue                # 191 hits — largest file (2067 lines)
+    ├── ReportView.vue             # 6 hits
+    ├── SimulationRunView.vue      # 18 hits
+    └── SimulationView.vue         # 22 hits
+```
+
+### Modified Files
+
+All 20 files above receive comment translation (and, for `Step1GraphBuild.vue` and any others discovered during implementation, `console.*` string translation). No file is created, deleted, or moved.
+
+## System Flows
+
+### Per-file translation sequence
+
+```mermaid
+flowchart TD
+    A[Open file] --> B[Locate Chinese region with rg or editor]
+    B --> C{Region type?}
+    C -->|Comment| D{Restates the code?}
+    D -->|Yes| E[Delete comment]
+    D -->|No| F[Translate, preserve intent]
+    C -->|JSDoc| G[Translate natural-language content<br/>preserve tag syntax]
+    C -->|Vue template comment| H[Translate inside &lt;!-- --&gt;]
+    C -->|console.* string| I[Translate string content]
+    C -->|LLM prompt string| J[Skip; record for PR description]
+    C -->|Other string literal| K[Skip per Req 4.4]
+    E --> L[Next region]
+    F --> L
+    G --> L
+    H --> L
+    I --> L
+    J --> L
+    K --> L
+    L --> M{File done?}
+    M -->|No| B
+    M -->|Yes| N[Run rg on file: confirm zero remaining hits<br/>OR all remaining are intentional retentions]
+    N --> O[File complete]
+```
+
+### TODO/FIXME sweep
+
+```mermaid
+flowchart LR
+    A[rg 'TODO|FIXME' frontend/src/] --> B{Any hits?}
+    B -->|None| C[Document in PR: no markers found]
+    B -->|Has hits| D[For each hit]
+    D --> E{Already has #N reference?}
+    E -->|Yes| F[Leave unchanged]
+    E -->|No, was Chinese| G[Translate description AND append #9]
+    E -->|No, was already English| H[Out of scope; leave unchanged]
+```
+
+## Requirements Traceability
+
+| Requirement | Summary | Realized by |
+|---|---|---|
+| 1.1 | Zero Chinese in `frontend/src/` per ripgrep | Per-file translation pass; verification command in PR |
+| 1.2 | Preserve semantic intent | Translator judgment per region; Req 2.3 enforces conservative-on-ambiguity |
+| 1.3 | Handle SFC blocks correctly | Region eligibility matrix (`<script>` / `<template>` / `<style>` rows) |
+| 1.4 | Preserve JSDoc structure | Region matrix: "Translate the natural-language content; preserve tag syntax" |
+| 1.5 | Document retained bilingual content | PR description lists `Step5Interaction.vue` LLM prompts (and any others) |
+| 2.1 | Delete redundant comments | Per-file flowchart `D → E` branch |
+| 2.2 | Translate intent-bearing comments | Per-file flowchart `D → F` branch |
+| 2.3 | Conservative on ambiguity | Translator rule encoded in research.md Decision; default is *translate, not delete* |
+| 2.4 | No new explanatory comments | Translation rule: never add comments not present in original (except `(#9)` ticket ref) |
+| 3.1 | Keep TODO/FIXME marker, translate trailing text | TODO sweep flowchart `G` branch |
+| 3.2 | Append `(#9)` ticket ref where missing | TODO sweep flowchart `G` branch |
+| 3.3 | Preserve existing ticket refs | TODO sweep flowchart `E → F` branch |
+| 4.1 | `npm run build` exit 0 | Build run as part of acceptance check |
+| 4.2 | No executable change | Region matrix: identifiers/imports/expressions are *not eligible* |
+| 4.3 | UI smoke-check identical | Manual smoke after build |
+| 4.4 | Leave string literals untouched (except `console.*`) | Region matrix; documented exception for `console.*` is the sole carve-out |
+| 5.1 | Verification command in PR | PR template hand-off |
+| 5.2 | List retained bilingual files | PR template hand-off |
+| 5.3 | Branch + commit naming | `docs/i18n-9-translate-frontend-comments` and `docs(i18n): translate chinese comments in frontend src to english` |
+| 5.4 | No edits outside `frontend/src/` | `git diff --name-only main..HEAD` review at PR time |
+
+## Components and Interfaces
+
+This is a documentation-only change — there are no software components, services, or APIs to design. The "interfaces" of this spec are textual:
+
+| Interface | Owner | Contract |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `frontend/src/**/*.{vue,js}` comments | This spec | All comment text is English. Chinese is permitted only when explicitly listed in the PR description as a deliberately-retained bilingual case. |
+| `frontend/src/**/*.{vue,js}` `console.*` string literals | This spec | All `console.error|warn|log` argument strings are English. |
+| `frontend/src/**/*.{vue,js}` non-`console` string literals | Out of scope | Unchanged from baseline. Any Chinese in these strings (e.g. LLM prompt templates) is documented in the PR. |
+| `frontend/src/**/*.{vue,js}` executable code | Out of scope | Byte-identical except for surrounding comment lines. |
+
+## Data Models
+
+Not applicable — no data structures change.
+
+## Error Handling
+
+Not applicable — no runtime code path changes. The "errors" of this spec are reviewer-detectable issues:
+
+| Issue | Detection | Response |
+|---|---|---|
+| Translation drift (wrong meaning) | Reviewer reads English comment against surrounding code | Reviewer flags; translator revises |
+| Accidental edit to executable code | `git diff` review filtered to non-comment lines | Revert; restart that file |
+| Residual Chinese in non-LLM string | Verification ripgrep returns unexpected file | Either translate (if `console.*`) or move LLM exception to PR description |
+| Build failure on `npm run build` | CI / local build | Bisect: most likely accidental edit to a `<script>` or `<template>` block; revert |
+
+## Testing Strategy
+
+No automated tests added. The spec's verification surface is:
+
+- **Acceptance ripgrep**: `rg '[\x{4e00}-\x{9fff}]' frontend/src/` returns no files (or only files listed as retained in the PR description).
+- **Vite build**: `npm run build` exits 0.
+- **Manual UI smoke**: `npm run dev`, navigate Home → Process → each Step component → Interaction → Report; confirm rendering matches pre-change baseline. (Cannot be fully proven; explicit acknowledgment of "manual smoke" per the steering note that "type-check/test passes do not prove feature correctness here".)
+- **Diff hygiene check**: `git diff --stat main..HEAD` shows only `frontend/src/` files modified.
+
+## Implementation Notes
+
+- Per the project's manual-style ethos, do this in an editor with rg-driven navigation. No new scripts.
+- For each file, do all edits in one pass, then re-run `rg '[\x{4e00}-\x{9fff}]' <file>` to confirm zero residual (or only the deliberately-retained string literals, which the implementer should know about ahead of time per the design's eligibility matrix).
+- The largest 6 files (`Process.vue`, `Step4Report.vue`, `HistoryDatabase.vue`, `GraphPanel.vue`, `Step2EnvSetup.vue`, `Step3Simulation.vue`) account for ~80% of the work; budget time accordingly.
+- Reviewer aid: the PR description should list, in order, the verification command, the verification result, the file count, and any retained-bilingual exceptions. Keep the description short — the diff itself carries the work.
diff --git a/.kiro/specs/i18n-frontend-comments/gap-analysis.md b/.kiro/specs/i18n-frontend-comments/gap-analysis.md
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+# Gap Analysis — i18n-frontend-comments
+
+## 1. Current State Investigation
+
+### Scope discovery (ground truth)
+
+Ripgrep `[\x{4e00}-\x{9fff}]` over `frontend/src/` returns **20 files, 902 occurrences**:
+
+| File | Hits |
+| --- | ---: |
+| `views/Process.vue` | 191 |
+| `components/Step4Report.vue` | 176 |
+| `components/HistoryDatabase.vue` | 124 |
+| `components/GraphPanel.vue` | 84 |
+| `components/Step2EnvSetup.vue` | 76 |
+| `components/Step3Simulation.vue` | 52 |
+| `views/Home.vue` | 43 |
+| `components/Step5Interaction.vue` | 34 |
+| `api/simulation.js` | 29 |
+| `views/SimulationView.vue` | 22 |
+| `views/SimulationRunView.vue` | 18 |
+| `api/graph.js` | 10 |
+| `api/index.js` | 8 |
+| `api/report.js` | 8 |
+| `views/InteractionView.vue` | 6 |
+| `views/ReportView.vue` | 6 |
+| `components/Step1GraphBuild.vue` | 5 |
+| `App.vue` | 4 |
+| `views/MainView.vue` | 4 |
+| `store/pendingUpload.js` | 2 |
+
+No `.css` files exist under `frontend/src/`; styles live inside Vue SFC `<style>` blocks.
+
+### Comment shapes encountered
+
+Sampling representative files confirms three syntactic forms — all already English-syntax, only the natural-language content is Chinese:
+
+- **JS line comments**: `// 创建axios实例`, `timeout: 300000, // 5分钟超时（本体生成可能需要较长时间）`
+- **JSDoc blocks** in `api/simulation.js`: `/** * 创建模拟 */`, `* @returns {Promise} 返回配置信息，包含元数据和配置内容`
+- **Vue template comments** in `views/Home.vue`: `<!-- 顶部导航栏 -->`, `<!-- 上半部分：Hero 区域 -->`
+
+### String literals containing Chinese (NOT comments)
+
+A naive regex for Chinese inside quoted strings flags **8 files**. Spot-checks reveal two distinct categories that the ticket body did not explicitly anticipate:
+
+- **Developer-facing log strings** — e.g. `Step1GraphBuild.vue:216` `console.error('缺少项目或图谱信息')`. These print to the browser dev console and are not part of the i18n locale surface. Translating them does not change runtime behavior.
+- **LLM prompt template strings** — e.g. `Step5Interaction.vue:725-727` `\`以下是我们之前的对话：\n${historyContext}\n\n现在我的新问题是：${message}\``. These are sent to a Chinese-tuned LLM (default Qwen). Translating them *would* change the model's input and could shift output behavior.
+
+The ticket says **"no UI string changes (those are already in `locales/en.json`)"** and **"Out of scope: Translating user-facing strings"**. Neither category above is user-facing UI text — `locales/*.json` already covers user-facing strings via `vue-i18n`. The ticket's acceptance criterion #1 (`grep returns no files, or only files with deliberately-kept bilingual comments listed in PR`) leaves room to retain the LLM prompt strings as documented exceptions.
+
+### Conventions to respect (from steering)
+
+- `tech.md`: 4-space indent, no enforced linter, "match the surrounding file's style". Existing files mix English and Chinese in comments/docstrings — preserve both *unless asked*. **This ticket is the explicit ask.**
+- `structure.md`: `frontend/src/api/*.js` services use Axios with 5-min timeout + exponential retry. The translation pass must not touch the retry/timeout logic.
+- `dev-guidelines.md` (project-level): "Don't comment the obvious — comment the *why*." JSDoc on all exported functions, classes, interfaces (so JSDoc blocks must be **kept** in JSDoc form when translating, not deleted as redundant).
+- `commits.md`: Conventional Commits, lowercase, imperative, max 72 chars, no `Co-Authored-By:` footer. Branch `<type>/<ticket>-<desc>` — ticket dictates `docs/i18n-9-translate-frontend-comments`.
+
+### Existing i18n-related precedent
+
+Recent merged PRs in the same epic (#11):
+
+- `feat/i18n-2-translate-ontology-generator-prompts` → backend prompt translation, full content swap.
+- `feat/i18n-4-translate-sim-config-prompts`, `feat/i18n-5-translate-report-agent-prompts` → similar backend prompt swaps.
+- `feat/i18n-6-externalize-backend-logs` → moved log strings out of code into i18n keys.
+- `fix/i18n-8-backfill-zh-json` (current branch base) → backfilled missing zh translations.
+
+**Pattern**: prior i18n work changed both content *and* infrastructure (locale-keying logs). This ticket explicitly does not — it is a documentation-only pass without re-keying anything.
+
+## 2. Requirements ↔ Asset Map
+
+| Req | Asset to change | Gap tag | Note |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| 1.1–1.4 (translate comments incl. JSDoc) | All 20 files listed above | — (clear) | Largely mechanical; respect SFC block boundaries (`<script>` vs `<template>` vs `<style>`). |
+| 1.5 (deliberately bilingual) | LLM prompt strings in `Step5Interaction.vue` (and any others discovered) | **Constraint** | Keep Chinese, document in PR. Behavior-risk if translated. |
+| 2.x (drop redundant) | Files with `// 获取数据`-style restate-the-code comments | — | Apply per case during the pass; conservative when ambiguous. |
+| 3.x (TODO/FIXME ticket refs) | Search `frontend/src/` for `TODO\|FIXME` | **Unknown** | No matches noted in spot checks; will sweep during implementation. If none found, requirement is satisfied vacuously. |
+| 4.x (no behavior change) | Confirmed by `npm run build` exit 0 + manual smoke | — | Vite build is the reference; keep all string-literal content (other than developer-log strings) untouched; identifiers and imports are off-limits. |
+| 5.x (PR hand-off) | PR description, branch name, commit message | — | Branch name from ticket: `docs/i18n-9-translate-frontend-comments`. |
+
+### Discovered scope ambiguity → decision needed
+
+Two boundary calls that the requirements should sharpen before design:
+
+- **`console.error` / `console.warn` / `console.log` strings with Chinese content** — translate (developer-facing, not in locales) or leave (string-literal change risks scope creep)? Recommended: **translate**, since they are dev-facing comments-by-other-means and the ticket's spirit is "English-readable code". This is a design decision to be encoded in the design doc, not a new requirement.
+- **LLM prompt template strings** — leave as-is and list in PR (per Req 1.5). This is the safer call: the LLM is Chinese-tuned by default and translating a system prompt is a behavior change.
+
+Both decisions stay inside the requirements as currently written (specifically Req 1.5 + Req 4.4, which already excludes string literals from the translation pass except where developer-log strings are concerned). The design phase will document the rule explicitly.
+
+## 3. Implementation Approach Options
+
+### Option A — Single-pass translation per file, no tooling
+
+**Approach**: Open each of the 20 files, translate every Chinese comment in place, drop redundant ones, append `(#9)` to bare TODO/FIXME, leave Chinese string literals (LLM prompts) and translate `console.*` Chinese strings. Verify with `rg [\x{4e00}-\x{9fff}] frontend/src/`.
+
+- ✅ Lowest overhead, no new tools or scripts
+- ✅ Fits a one-shot doc-only PR
+- ✅ Maximally aligns with `dev-guidelines.md` "comment the *why*" — judgment per comment
+- ❌ ~900 occurrences spread across 20 files — most concentrated in 6 files (>50 hits each) which are large (`Process.vue` is 2067 lines, `Step4Report.vue`, `HistoryDatabase.vue`)
+- ❌ Manual judgment for redundant-vs-meaningful adds reviewer load
+
+### Option B — Automated translation script + manual pass
+
+**Approach**: Write a Node/Python script that walks files, extracts Chinese comments, runs them through an LLM, and writes back. Then a manual pass on the diff.
+
+- ✅ Faster on long files
+- ❌ Adds a dependency (LLM call) and a scratch script, neither delivered
+- ❌ The translation needs *judgment* (drop vs translate per Req 2) — automation undercuts the "comment the *why*" rule
+- ❌ Risk of touching string literals or identifiers if regex is loose
+- ❌ Out of step with the steering "no enforced tooling without discussion" principle
+
+### Option C — File-by-file with task batching
+
+**Approach**: Group the 20 files into work units by size: (a) high-touch (Process, Step4Report, HistoryDatabase, GraphPanel, Step2EnvSetup, Step3Simulation), (b) mid-touch (Home, Step5Interaction, simulation.js, SimulationView, SimulationRunView), (c) light (api/{graph,index,report}.js, the 4–8 hit views, App.vue, store/pendingUpload.js, Step1GraphBuild.vue). Implementation tasks mirror these groups. Verify after each group with the ripgrep check.
+
+- ✅ Same translation effort as A but with checkpointable progress (matches the project's task-tracking pattern from steering — "background tasks expose progress")
+- ✅ Reviewer can read the PR file-group-by-file-group instead of all-at-once
+- ✅ If the PR needs to land partial (rare), the light + mid groups still ship a valuable subset
+- ❌ A few extra task headings in `tasks.md` vs Option A's "do the thing"
+
+## 4. Effort & Risk
+
+- **Effort**: **S (1–2 days)**. Mechanical translation, plus judgment calls. ~900 occurrences but no architectural work.
+- **Risk**: **Low**. Doc-only change. The only real risks are (a) accidentally editing a string literal that affects the LLM prompt or a hardcoded user-visible string, and (b) deleting a comment whose intent the translator misread. Both are mitigated by Req 4.4 ("leave string literals unchanged") and Req 2.3 (conservative-when-ambiguous).
+
+## 5. Recommendations for Design Phase
+
+- **Preferred approach**: **Option C** — file-grouped translation pass, no tooling, no script. It matches the project's manual-style ethos and the existing pipeline-aligned task structure, and produces a reviewable PR.
+- **Encode in design**:
+  - The translation rule for each comment shape (`//`, `/* */`, JSDoc, `<!-- -->`).
+  - The decision matrix for string literals: translate `console.*` Chinese strings; retain LLM prompt strings (in `Step5Interaction.vue`) and list them in the PR per Req 1.5.
+  - The TODO/FIXME sweep approach (single ripgrep pass before the file loop).
+  - The verification command and acceptance check sequence.
+- **Research items carried forward**: none — the codebase has been inspected enough to commit to Option C without further investigation.
diff --git a/.kiro/specs/i18n-frontend-comments/requirements.md b/.kiro/specs/i18n-frontend-comments/requirements.md
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index 00000000..8a8110cf
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@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+# Requirements Document
+
+## Introduction
+
+This spec covers a pure-documentation cleanup pass: translate Chinese developer comments in `frontend/src/` to English so English-speaking maintainers can read the code. The change is documentation-only — no runtime behavior changes, no UI string changes (those live in `/locales/*.json`), and no architectural refactor. Tracked as GitHub issue #9, the lowest user-impact ticket in the i18n epic (#11).
+
+The work targets developer-facing comments in 20 known files: 7 views, 7 components, 4 `api/*.js` modules, `App.vue`, and `store/pendingUpload.js`. The discovery method is `grep -rln '[一-鿿]' frontend/src/` (or the ripgrep equivalent), which must return zero matches at completion (or only files explicitly listed as deliberately bilingual in the PR description).
+
+## Boundary Context
+
+- **In scope**: Translating Chinese developer comments (line comments, block comments, JSDoc, and Vue `<!-- ... -->` template comments) to English in `frontend/src/`. Dropping comments that merely restate the code, per `dev-guidelines.md`. Appending ticket references to TODO/FIXME markers that lack one.
+- **Out of scope**: Any user-facing string, label, placeholder, toast, or template-rendered text — these live in `/locales/en.json` and `/locales/zh.json` and are tracked separately (see #8). Restructuring comments into JSDoc unless they are already JSDoc-shaped. Reformatting code, renaming identifiers, or any non-comment change. Backend Python comments (covered by ticket #7).
+- **Adjacent expectations**: The Vite build (`npm run build`) and the Vue dev server (`npm run dev`) must continue to compile and run. The `vue-i18n` translation surface in `/locales/*.json` is unaffected. The frontend `api/` services keep their existing behavior — the 5-min Axios timeout and exponential retry described in steering remain unchanged.
+
+## Requirements
+
+### Requirement 1: Comment Translation Coverage
+
+**Objective:** As a frontend maintainer who does not read Chinese, I want every developer comment in `frontend/src/` to be in English, so that I can understand intent without translation tooling.
+
+#### Acceptance Criteria
+
+1. The Frontend Source Tree shall contain no Chinese characters (Unicode range U+4E00–U+9FFF) in any `.vue`, `.js`, or `.css` file under `frontend/src/`, as verified by ripgrep `[\x{4e00}-\x{9fff}]` returning zero matching files.
+2. When a Chinese comment is translated, the Translation Pass shall preserve the original semantic intent (the *why* the comment was written) without paraphrasing into a different meaning.
+3. Where a comment exists in `<script>`, `<template>`, or `<style>` blocks of a Single-File Component, the Translation Pass shall translate it in-place using the syntax appropriate to that block (`//` / `/* */` for script and style, `<!-- -->` for template).
+4. If a Chinese comment is part of a JSDoc block (`/** ... */`), the Translation Pass shall keep the JSDoc structure intact and translate only the natural-language content.
+5. Where a deliberately-bilingual comment must be retained (e.g. a quotation, a domain term needing the original), the Translation Pass shall list the file in the PR description and shall keep an English explanation alongside the Chinese.
+
+### Requirement 2: Drop Redundant Comments
+
+**Objective:** As a code reviewer, I want comments that merely restate the code to be removed during the translation pass, so that the codebase aligns with `dev-guidelines.md` ("comment the *why*, not the *what*").
+
+#### Acceptance Criteria
+
+1. When a Chinese comment only paraphrases the immediately following statement in different words (e.g. `// 获取数据` above `fetchData()`), the Translation Pass shall delete the comment rather than translate it.
+2. When a Chinese comment encodes non-obvious intent (a constraint, an invariant, a workaround, a reason behind a magic number), the Translation Pass shall translate it rather than delete it.
+3. If a comment's value cannot be judged from local context alone, the Translation Pass shall translate it conservatively (preserve rather than delete) and shall not delete a comment merely because the maintainer is unsure of its purpose.
+4. The Translation Pass shall not introduce new comments beyond those required to translate or to add a TODO ticket reference; gratuitous explanatory comments are not added.
+
+### Requirement 3: Preserve TODO/FIXME Markers and Add Ticket References
+
+**Objective:** As a project maintainer tracking work-in-progress markers, I want every TODO and FIXME comment to carry a ticket reference, so that future cleanup can be triaged systematically.
+
+#### Acceptance Criteria
+
+1. When a Chinese TODO or FIXME comment is encountered, the Translation Pass shall keep the `TODO` / `FIXME` marker (uppercase, English) and translate the trailing description.
+2. Where a TODO or FIXME marker lacks a ticket reference, the Translation Pass shall append a reference in the form `TODO(#<n>): …` or `FIXME(#<n>): …`, using `#9` if no more specific ticket exists for the underlying work.
+3. If a TODO or FIXME marker already references a ticket (e.g. `TODO(#42)`), the Translation Pass shall preserve that reference unchanged.
+
+### Requirement 4: No Runtime Behavior Change
+
+**Objective:** As a release engineer, I want the translated branch to produce a behaviorally identical bundle, so that I can ship the change without retesting feature surfaces.
+
+#### Acceptance Criteria
+
+1. When `npm run build` runs against the translated branch, the Vite Build shall complete successfully with the same exit code (0) as the pre-translation baseline.
+2. The Translation Pass shall not change any executable code: no identifier renames, no expression edits, no import or export changes, no Vue template structure changes outside `<!-- -->` comment text.
+3. While the application is running in `npm run dev`, the User Interface shall render identically to the pre-translation baseline for the Home, Process, and each Step component flow on a manual smoke check.
+4. If a translation pass risks ambiguity between a comment and a string literal (Chinese characters in a quoted string), the Translation Pass shall leave the string literal unchanged — string content is out of scope and belongs to `/locales/*.json`.
+
+### Requirement 5: Verifiability and PR Hand-off
+
+**Objective:** As a reviewer of this PR, I want a single command and a short checklist to confirm acceptance, so that review effort is bounded and reproducible.
+
+#### Acceptance Criteria
+
+1. The PR Description shall include the verification command and its expected output: `rg '[\x{4e00}-\x{9fff}]' frontend/src/` returns no matches (or only the deliberately-bilingual files listed in the PR).
+2. The PR Description shall list any deliberately-retained bilingual comments with the file path and a one-line rationale.
+3. The Branch Name shall be `docs/i18n-9-translate-frontend-comments` and the Commit Message shall start with `docs(i18n): translate chinese comments in frontend src to english` per the ticket's stated convention and the project's Conventional Commits rule.
+4. The Translation Pass shall not modify files outside `frontend/src/` (notably no edits under `/locales/`, `/backend/`, or repo-root configuration).
diff --git a/.kiro/specs/i18n-frontend-comments/research.md b/.kiro/specs/i18n-frontend-comments/research.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d3af0a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.kiro/specs/i18n-frontend-comments/research.md
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+# Research & Design Decisions — i18n-frontend-comments
+
+## Summary
+
+- **Feature**: `i18n-frontend-comments`
+- **Discovery Scope**: Simple Addition (documentation-only translation pass; no architectural change)
+- **Key Findings**:
+  - 20 files in `frontend/src/` contain Chinese characters (902 total occurrences). Concentration follows file size: `Process.vue` (191), `Step4Report.vue` (176), `HistoryDatabase.vue` (124), `GraphPanel.vue` (84), `Step2EnvSetup.vue` (76), `Step3Simulation.vue` (52). The remaining 14 files have ≤43 hits each.
+  - Chinese appears in three comment shapes (JS line `//`, JSDoc `/** */`, Vue `<!-- -->`) and — unexpectedly — inside two flavors of string literal: `console.error('…')` developer logs (low risk to translate) and LLM prompt template strings in `Step5Interaction.vue` (behavior risk if translated, since the default LLM is Chinese-tuned).
+  - The codebase has no enforced linter/formatter (per `tech.md`) and `dev-guidelines.md` already states "comment the *why*, not the *what*". The existing comment density skews toward restating-the-code in Chinese; a meaningful share will be deleted rather than translated.
+
+## Research Log
+
+### Inventory and shape of Chinese content
+
+- **Context**: Need to decide whether one pass can mechanically translate or whether per-file judgment is required.
+- **Sources Consulted**: `rg [\x{4e00}-\x{9fff}] frontend/src/` (full count) and content-mode samples of `api/index.js`, `api/simulation.js`, `views/Home.vue`, `components/Step1GraphBuild.vue`, `components/Step5Interaction.vue`.
+- **Findings**:
+  - Comments are syntactically standard (`//`, `/** */`, `<!-- -->`); no inline-Chinese identifiers.
+  - JSDoc blocks in `api/simulation.js` (and likely `api/graph.js`, `api/report.js`) include `@returns`, `@param` annotations with Chinese descriptions — translate only the natural-language portion, keep tag structure.
+  - `console.error` strings in `components/Step1GraphBuild.vue` (3 hits at lines 216, 237, 241) are dev-facing only, not user-facing.
+  - LLM prompt template strings in `components/Step5Interaction.vue` (lines 725–727) are sent to a Chinese-tuned model; translation is a behavior change.
+- **Implications**: Per-file judgment pass is required. String literals are out of scope by default (Req 4.4); only `console.*` Chinese strings are in scope as a documented exception (developer-facing).
+
+### Tooling decision: manual vs scripted
+
+- **Context**: ~900 occurrences across 20 files — would automation help?
+- **Sources Consulted**: Steering `tech.md` ("No enforced linter or formatter in this repo by design… Discuss with the user before introducing ESLint/Prettier/Ruff/Black"); `dev-guidelines.md` ("comment the *why*"); gap-analysis Option B trade-offs.
+- **Findings**: Automation undercuts Req 2 (drop redundant comments requires human judgment). The project explicitly disallows new tooling without discussion. The work fits an S-effort manual pass.
+- **Implications**: No new scripts; no new dependencies; manual translation file-by-file.
+
+### Verification path
+
+- **Context**: How does the reviewer confirm acceptance?
+- **Sources Consulted**: Ticket body acceptance criteria; project's Vite build (`npm run build`).
+- **Findings**: A single ripgrep command confirms Req 1.1; `npm run build` confirms Req 4.1; manual smoke confirms Req 4.3. No new test harness is justified for a doc-only change (per steering "Don't add a heavy test harness without discussing scope").
+- **Implications**: PR description carries the verification one-liner; the build is the proof.
+
+## Architecture Pattern Evaluation
+
+| Option | Description | Strengths | Risks / Limitations | Notes |
+|--------|-------------|-----------|---------------------|-------|
+| A. Single-pass translation, no tooling | Translate all 20 files in one PR; manual judgment per comment | Simple, low overhead | Long diff for the largest 6 files | Matches "manual style" steering ethos |
+| B. Automated LLM-driven script + manual review | Script extracts Chinese comments, LLM translates, dev reviews diff | Faster on long files | Adds dependency; undercuts judgment requirement; risk of touching strings/identifiers | Rejected — clashes with "no new tooling" steering |
+| C. File-grouped manual pass (selected) | Same translation effort as A, but tasks split into file groups: high-touch / mid-touch / light | Reviewable progress, matches project's task-tracking pattern | A few extra task headings | Selected — pairs cleanly with `tasks.md` structure |
+
+## Design Decisions
+
+### Decision: Manual file-grouped translation, no tooling
+
+- **Context**: 20 files, ~900 occurrences, mixed comment shapes plus a small set of in-scope dev-log strings.
+- **Alternatives Considered**:
+  1. Single mass pass (Option A) — workable but reviewer-unfriendly for the largest files
+  2. Automated LLM translation script (Option B) — fast but loses per-comment judgment and adds tooling
+  3. File-grouped manual pass (Option C) — same effort as A with clearer task decomposition
+- **Selected Approach**: Group files into three batches by occurrence count and translate each batch as one task. After each batch, run the verification ripgrep to check progress.
+- **Rationale**: Aligns with `tech.md` steering ("match the surrounding file's style"), `dev-guidelines.md` ("comment the *why*"), and lets `tasks.md` mirror the existing project task-tracking pattern. The S-effort estimate fits one work session.
+- **Trade-offs**: A few extra task headings vs. cleaner reviewability. No infrastructure cost.
+- **Follow-up**: Confirm `console.*` Chinese strings are translated; confirm LLM prompts in `Step5Interaction.vue` are documented as retained in PR description.
+
+### Decision: String-literal scope rule
+
+- **Context**: Some Chinese appears in string literals, not just comments.
+- **Alternatives Considered**:
+  1. Strict: comments only — leaves dev-facing `console.*` Chinese which any maintainer reading dev console would still see in Chinese
+  2. Permissive: all string literals — translates LLM prompt templates, changing model behavior
+  3. Targeted: comments + dev-facing log strings (`console.*`); retain LLM prompts as documented exceptions
+- **Selected Approach**: Targeted (option 3). Translate `console.error`, `console.warn`, `console.log` strings whose content is Chinese. Leave LLM prompt template strings alone and list them in the PR description per Req 1.5.
+- **Rationale**: Honors the spirit of the ticket ("English-readable code") while preserving Req 4 ("no runtime behavior change") for the LLM-bound strings. Matches Req 4.4 (string literals untouched *except* where dev-log translation is unambiguous).
+- **Trade-offs**: Reviewer needs to verify the exception list in the PR description against the residual ripgrep matches. Mitigated by Req 5.1 (PR description must document residuals).
+- **Follow-up**: During implementation, confirm there are no other categories of Chinese-string-literal beyond `console.*` and LLM prompts. If discovered, add to the documented exception list rather than expanding scope.
+
+### Decision: TODO/FIXME ticket reference policy
+
+- **Context**: Req 3 mandates ticket references on TODO/FIXME markers.
+- **Alternatives Considered**:
+  1. Skip the sweep entirely if no markers exist
+  2. Sweep `frontend/src/` for `TODO|FIXME` once at the start; append `(#9)` only where missing
+- **Selected Approach**: Run a single `rg 'TODO|FIXME' frontend/src/` sweep before the file-translation loop; record any matches; apply Req 3.1–3.3 inline with each file's translation.
+- **Rationale**: Lightest-weight implementation of Req 3. If no markers exist (likely for `frontend/src/`), the requirement is satisfied vacuously and noted in the PR description.
+- **Trade-offs**: None.
+- **Follow-up**: If markers exist in non-Chinese form (English TODOs without ticket refs), the requirement says only to act on *Chinese* markers; out of scope to retrofit unrelated existing English TODOs.
+
+## Risks & Mitigations
+
+- **Risk**: Accidentally translating an LLM prompt string and shifting model behavior. **Mitigation**: Req 4.4 + Decision "String-literal scope rule"; document retained Chinese strings in PR.
+- **Risk**: Misinterpreting a Chinese comment and translating to wrong meaning. **Mitigation**: Req 2.3 (conservative when ambiguous; keep + translate rather than delete).
+- **Risk**: Reviewer churn over which comments to delete vs. translate. **Mitigation**: `dev-guidelines.md` is the rubric; Decision documents the rule (delete only when comment paraphrases the next statement; translate when the comment encodes intent).
+- **Risk**: PR is too large to review (Process.vue alone has ~191 hits). **Mitigation**: File-grouped tasks + per-group ripgrep checkpoint; each group is reviewable as a unit.
+
+## References
+
+- `dev-guidelines.md` (project) — comment philosophy and Conventional Commits.
+- `tech.md` (steering) — "No enforced linter or formatter… match the surrounding file's style."
+- `structure.md` (steering) — `frontend/src/` directory layout (views/components/api/store).
+- Ticket #9 body — acceptance criteria, branch and commit naming.
+- Gap analysis (`gap-analysis.md`) — Option C trade-offs and effort/risk estimate.
diff --git a/.kiro/specs/i18n-frontend-comments/spec.json b/.kiro/specs/i18n-frontend-comments/spec.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b2c19d7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.kiro/specs/i18n-frontend-comments/spec.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+  "feature_name": "i18n-frontend-comments",
+  "created_at": "2026-05-07T16:24:12Z",
+  "updated_at": "2026-05-07T16:35:00Z",
+  "language": "en",
+  "phase": "tasks-generated",
+  "ticket": 9,
+  "approvals": {
+    "requirements": {
+      "generated": true,
+      "approved": true
+    },
+    "design": {
+      "generated": true,
+      "approved": true
+    },
+    "tasks": {
+      "generated": true,
+      "approved": false
+    }
+  },
+  "ready_for_implementation": false
+}
diff --git a/.kiro/specs/i18n-frontend-comments/tasks.md b/.kiro/specs/i18n-frontend-comments/tasks.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..30c2768e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.kiro/specs/i18n-frontend-comments/tasks.md
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# Implementation Plan
+
+## Foundation
+
+- [x] 1. Sweep TODO/FIXME markers and capture pre-translation baseline
+  - Run `rg 'TODO|FIXME' frontend/src/` and record all matches with file/line; for each, note whether the description is in Chinese (in scope for translation) or already English (out of scope per Boundary Commitments).
+  - Capture the pre-translation ripgrep baseline so the verification command output can be compared after the translation pass.
+  - Observable completion: a working note (not committed) listing every TODO/FIXME in `frontend/src/`, classified as "translate-and-tag", "already-tagged", or "English-out-of-scope", and a recorded count of files matching `[\x{4e00}-\x{9fff}]` in `frontend/src/` (expected: 20 files, ~902 occurrences).
+  - _Requirements: 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1_
+
+## Core Translation Pass
+
+- [x] 2. Translate light-touch files (≤10 hits)
+  - Translate Chinese comments to English in `App.vue`, `store/pendingUpload.js`, `views/MainView.vue`, `views/InteractionView.vue`, `views/ReportView.vue`, `components/Step1GraphBuild.vue`, `api/index.js`, `api/graph.js`, `api/report.js`. Apply the region-eligibility matrix from design.md: translate line/block/JSDoc/template comments; preserve JSDoc tag syntax; delete comments that merely restate the next statement; keep comments that encode intent.
+  - Translate Chinese content inside `console.error|warn|log` string literals in `components/Step1GraphBuild.vue` (3 known hits at lines 216, 237, 241). Leave all other string literals unchanged.
+  - For any TODO/FIXME marker that was Chinese and lacked a ticket reference, append `(#9)`; preserve existing references.
+  - Observable completion: `rg '[\x{4e00}-\x{9fff}]' frontend/src/{App.vue,store,views/MainView.vue,views/InteractionView.vue,views/ReportView.vue,components/Step1GraphBuild.vue,api}` returns no matches (no retained-bilingual cases expected in this group).
+  - _Requirements: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.2, 4.4, 5.4_
+
+- [x] 3. Translate mid-touch files (10–60 hits)
+  - Translate `api/simulation.js` (29 hits, JSDoc-heavy: keep `@param`, `@returns`, etc., translate only natural-language content), `views/SimulationRunView.vue` (18 hits), `views/SimulationView.vue` (22 hits), `views/Home.vue` (43 hits), `components/Step5Interaction.vue` (34 hits), `components/Step3Simulation.vue` (52 hits).
+  - In `components/Step5Interaction.vue`, retain Chinese inside the LLM prompt template strings (around lines 725–727) per Requirement 1.5; record file/line in a working note for the PR description. Translate all comments and any non-LLM-prompt Chinese content in this file as normal.
+  - For any other Chinese-content string literal encountered in this group, leave the literal unchanged and record file/line for the PR description.
+  - Observable completion: `rg '[\x{4e00}-\x{9fff}]' <files-in-group>` returns matches only for `components/Step5Interaction.vue` (LLM prompt strings) and any other documented retained-bilingual literals; no comment-region match remains in any of these files.
+  - _Requirements: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.2, 4.4, 5.4_
+
+- [x] 4. Translate high-touch files (>60 hits)
+  - Translate `components/Step2EnvSetup.vue` (76 hits), `components/GraphPanel.vue` (84 hits, mixed D3 logic comments and `<template>` comments), `components/HistoryDatabase.vue` (124 hits), `components/Step4Report.vue` (176 hits), `views/Process.vue` (191 hits, the 2067-line workflow orchestrator).
+  - These files concentrate ~80% of total occurrences; budget time accordingly. Apply the same region-eligibility matrix as task 2: translate comments, preserve JSDoc tag syntax, delete redundant comments, keep intent-bearing ones.
+  - Translate `console.*` Chinese strings if encountered; leave LLM prompts and other string literals unchanged and record for the PR description.
+  - Observable completion: `rg '[\x{4e00}-\x{9fff}]' frontend/src/components/{Step2EnvSetup,GraphPanel,HistoryDatabase,Step4Report}.vue frontend/src/views/Process.vue` returns no comment-region matches; any residuals are documented retained-bilingual string literals.
+  - _Requirements: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.2, 4.4, 5.4_
+
+## Integration & Validation
+
+- [x] 5. Run final acceptance verification
+  - Run `rg '[\x{4e00}-\x{9fff}]' frontend/src/` on the full directory and confirm output is empty or contains only the pre-recorded retained-bilingual files (LLM prompt strings in `components/Step5Interaction.vue` and any others documented during tasks 2–4).
+  - Run `npm run build` and confirm exit code 0 and successful Vite build output.
+  - Run `git diff --stat main..HEAD` (or against the branch base) and confirm only `frontend/src/**` paths are modified — no edits under `/locales/`, `/backend/`, or repo root.
+  - Observable completion: all three checks pass; if any check fails, return to the relevant translation task before proceeding to PR.
+  - _Requirements: 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.4_
+
+- [x] 6. Manual UI smoke check
+  - Run `npm run dev`; in a browser, navigate Home → Process → each Step component (1–5) → Interaction → Report; confirm rendering matches the pre-translation baseline (no missing text, no broken bindings, no console errors that did not exist before).
+  - Per `tech.md` steering, the manual smoke is the only practical proof that no executable change crept in; type-check or build pass alone is not sufficient.
+  - Observable completion: every page renders identically to baseline; no new console errors; the implementer can confirm "UI unchanged" in the PR description.
+  - _Requirements: 4.3_
+
+- [x] 7. Compose PR description with verification artifacts
+  - Draft the PR body listing: (a) the verification command `rg '[\x{4e00}-\x{9fff}]' frontend/src/` and its post-translation output, (b) the file count and any retained-bilingual files with one-line rationale per Requirement 5.2, (c) confirmation that the manual UI smoke passed, (d) confirmation that no files outside `frontend/src/` were modified.
+  - Use branch name `docs/i18n-9-translate-frontend-comments` and commit message `docs(i18n): translate chinese comments in frontend src to english` per Requirement 5.3 and the project's Conventional Commits rule.
+  - Observable completion: the PR description, branch name, and commit subject are ready to use by `/done`; all five Requirement 5 acceptance criteria are visibly satisfied in the PR body.
+  - _Requirements: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4_
diff --git a/frontend/src/App.vue b/frontend/src/App.vue
index b7cd71ca..9695f615 100644
--- a/frontend/src/App.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/App.vue
@@ -3,11 +3,10 @@
 </template>
 
 <script setup>
-// 使用 Vue Router 来管理页面
 </script>
 
 <style>
-/* 全局样式重置 */
+/* Global reset */
 * {
   margin: 0;
   padding: 0;
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@
   background-color: #ffffff;
 }
 
-/* 滚动条样式 */
+/* Scrollbar */
 ::-webkit-scrollbar {
   width: 8px;
   height: 8px;
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@
   background: #333333;
 }
 
-/* 全局按钮样式 */
+/* Global button defaults */
 button {
   font-family: inherit;
 }
diff --git a/frontend/src/api/graph.js b/frontend/src/api/graph.js
index ef90a2b6..75cf0750 100644
--- a/frontend/src/api/graph.js
+++ b/frontend/src/api/graph.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import service, { requestWithRetry } from './index'
 
 /**
- * 生成本体（上传文档和模拟需求）
- * @param {Object} data - 包含files, simulation_requirement, project_name等
+ * Generate the ontology by uploading documents and the simulation requirement.
+ * @param {Object} data - Includes files, simulation_requirement, project_name, etc.
  * @returns {Promise}
  */
 export function generateOntology(formData) {
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ export function generateOntology(formData) {
 }
 
 /**
- * 构建图谱
- * @param {Object} data - 包含project_id, graph_name等
+ * Build the knowledge graph for a project.
+ * @param {Object} data - Includes project_id, graph_name, etc.
  * @returns {Promise}
  */
 export function buildGraph(data) {
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ export function buildGraph(data) {
 }
 
 /**
- * 查询任务状态
- * @param {String} taskId - 任务ID
+ * Poll a background task's status.
+ * @param {String} taskId - Task ID.
  * @returns {Promise}
  */
 export function getTaskStatus(taskId) {
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ export function getTaskStatus(taskId) {
 }
 
 /**
- * 获取图谱数据
- * @param {String} graphId - 图谱ID
+ * Fetch graph nodes and edges.
+ * @param {String} graphId - Graph ID.
  * @returns {Promise}
  */
 export function getGraphData(graphId) {
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ export function getGraphData(graphId) {
 }
 
 /**
- * 获取项目信息
- * @param {String} projectId - 项目ID
+ * Fetch project metadata.
+ * @param {String} projectId - Project ID.
  * @returns {Promise}
  */
 export function getProject(projectId) {
diff --git a/frontend/src/api/index.js b/frontend/src/api/index.js
index e840e116..f9332201 100644
--- a/frontend/src/api/index.js
+++ b/frontend/src/api/index.js
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
 import axios from 'axios'
 import i18n from '../i18n'
 
-// 创建axios实例
 const service = axios.create({
   baseURL: import.meta.env.VITE_API_BASE_URL || 'http://localhost:5001',
-  timeout: 300000, // 5分钟超时（本体生成可能需要较长时间）
+  timeout: 300000, // 5-min timeout: ontology generation can take a while.
   headers: {
     'Content-Type': 'application/json'
   }
 })
 
-// 请求拦截器
 service.interceptors.request.use(
   config => {
     config.headers['Accept-Language'] = i18n.global.locale.value
@@ -22,37 +20,32 @@ service.interceptors.request.use(
   }
 )
 
-// 响应拦截器（容错重试机制）
 service.interceptors.response.use(
   response => {
     const res = response.data
-    
-    // 如果返回的状态码不是success，则抛出错误
+
     if (!res.success && res.success !== undefined) {
       console.error('API Error:', res.error || res.message || 'Unknown error')
       return Promise.reject(new Error(res.error || res.message || 'Error'))
     }
-    
+
     return res
   },
   error => {
     console.error('Response error:', error)
-    
-    // 处理超时
+
     if (error.code === 'ECONNABORTED' && error.message.includes('timeout')) {
       console.error('Request timeout')
     }
-    
-    // 处理网络错误
+
     if (error.message === 'Network Error') {
       console.error('Network error - please check your connection')
     }
-    
+
     return Promise.reject(error)
   }
 )
 
-// 带重试的请求函数
 export const requestWithRetry = async (requestFn, maxRetries = 3, delay = 1000) => {
   for (let i = 0; i < maxRetries; i++) {
     try {
diff --git a/frontend/src/api/report.js b/frontend/src/api/report.js
index c89a67d8..b8ebd8cb 100644
--- a/frontend/src/api/report.js
+++ b/frontend/src/api/report.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import service, { requestWithRetry } from './index'
 
 /**
- * 开始报告生成
+ * Kick off report generation.
  * @param {Object} data - { simulation_id, force_regenerate? }
  */
 export const generateReport = (data) => {
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ export const generateReport = (data) => {
 }
 
 /**
- * 获取报告生成状态
+ * Poll report-generation status.
  * @param {string} reportId
  */
 export const getReportStatus = (reportId) => {
@@ -17,25 +17,25 @@ export const getReportStatus = (reportId) => {
 }
 
 /**
- * 获取 Agent 日志（增量）
+ * Fetch incremental agent log.
  * @param {string} reportId
- * @param {number} fromLine - 从第几行开始获取
+ * @param {number} fromLine - Line offset to start from.
  */
 export const getAgentLog = (reportId, fromLine = 0) => {
   return service.get(`/api/report/${reportId}/agent-log`, { params: { from_line: fromLine } })
 }
 
 /**
- * 获取控制台日志（增量）
+ * Fetch incremental console log.
  * @param {string} reportId
- * @param {number} fromLine - 从第几行开始获取
+ * @param {number} fromLine - Line offset to start from.
  */
 export const getConsoleLog = (reportId, fromLine = 0) => {
   return service.get(`/api/report/${reportId}/console-log`, { params: { from_line: fromLine } })
 }
 
 /**
- * 获取报告详情
+ * Fetch report details.
  * @param {string} reportId
  */
 export const getReport = (reportId) => {
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ export const getReport = (reportId) => {
 }
 
 /**
- * 与 Report Agent 对话
+ * Chat with the Report Agent.
  * @param {Object} data - { simulation_id, message, chat_history? }
  */
 export const chatWithReport = (data) => {
diff --git a/frontend/src/api/simulation.js b/frontend/src/api/simulation.js
index f878586f..3e269759 100644
--- a/frontend/src/api/simulation.js
+++ b/frontend/src/api/simulation.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import service, { requestWithRetry } from './index'
 
 /**
- * 创建模拟
+ * Create a new simulation.
  * @param {Object} data - { project_id, graph_id?, enable_twitter?, enable_reddit? }
  */
 export const createSimulation = (data) => {
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ export const createSimulation = (data) => {
 }
 
 /**
- * 准备模拟环境（异步任务）
+ * Prepare the simulation environment as a background task.
  * @param {Object} data - { simulation_id, entity_types?, use_llm_for_profiles?, parallel_profile_count?, force_regenerate? }
  */
 export const prepareSimulation = (data) => {
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ export const prepareSimulation = (data) => {
 }
 
 /**
- * 查询准备任务进度
+ * Poll the prepare-task progress.
  * @param {Object} data - { task_id?, simulation_id? }
  */
 export const getPrepareStatus = (data) => {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ export const getPrepareStatus = (data) => {
 }
 
 /**
- * 获取模拟状态
+ * Fetch simulation status.
  * @param {string} simulationId
  */
 export const getSimulation = (simulationId) => {
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ export const getSimulation = (simulationId) => {
 }
 
 /**
- * 获取模拟的 Agent Profiles
+ * Fetch the simulation's agent profiles.
  * @param {string} simulationId
  * @param {string} platform - 'reddit' | 'twitter'
  */
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ export const getSimulationProfiles = (simulationId, platform = 'reddit') => {
 }
 
 /**
- * 实时获取生成中的 Agent Profiles
+ * Stream the agent profiles being generated in real time.
  * @param {string} simulationId
  * @param {string} platform - 'reddit' | 'twitter'
  */
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ export const getSimulationProfilesRealtime = (simulationId, platform = 'reddit')
 }
 
 /**
- * 获取模拟配置
+ * Fetch the simulation config.
  * @param {string} simulationId
  */
 export const getSimulationConfig = (simulationId) => {
@@ -59,17 +59,17 @@ export const getSimulationConfig = (simulationId) => {
 }
 
 /**
- * 实时获取生成中的模拟配置
+ * Stream the simulation config being generated in real time.
  * @param {string} simulationId
- * @returns {Promise} 返回配置信息，包含元数据和配置内容
+ * @returns {Promise} Config payload — metadata plus content.
  */
 export const getSimulationConfigRealtime = (simulationId) => {
   return service.get(`/api/simulation/${simulationId}/config/realtime`)
 }
 
 /**
- * 列出所有模拟
- * @param {string} projectId - 可选，按项目ID过滤
+ * List all simulations.
+ * @param {string} projectId - Optional project filter.
  */
 export const listSimulations = (projectId) => {
   const params = projectId ? { project_id: projectId } : {}
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ export const listSimulations = (projectId) => {
 }
 
 /**
- * 启动模拟
+ * Start a simulation run.
  * @param {Object} data - { simulation_id, platform?, max_rounds?, enable_graph_memory_update? }
  */
 export const startSimulation = (data) => {
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ export const startSimulation = (data) => {
 }
 
 /**
- * 停止模拟
+ * Stop a simulation run.
  * @param {Object} data - { simulation_id }
  */
 export const stopSimulation = (data) => {
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ export const stopSimulation = (data) => {
 }
 
 /**
- * 获取模拟运行实时状态
+ * Fetch the simulation's live run status.
  * @param {string} simulationId
  */
 export const getRunStatus = (simulationId) => {
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ export const getRunStatus = (simulationId) => {
 }
 
 /**
- * 获取模拟运行详细状态（包含最近动作）
+ * Fetch the simulation's detailed run status (includes recent actions).
  * @param {string} simulationId
  */
 export const getRunStatusDetail = (simulationId) => {
@@ -109,11 +109,11 @@ export const getRunStatusDetail = (simulationId) => {
 }
 
 /**
- * 获取模拟中的帖子
+ * Fetch posts from the simulation.
  * @param {string} simulationId
  * @param {string} platform - 'reddit' | 'twitter'
- * @param {number} limit - 返回数量
- * @param {number} offset - 偏移量
+ * @param {number} limit - Page size.
+ * @param {number} offset - Page offset.
  */
 export const getSimulationPosts = (simulationId, platform = 'reddit', limit = 50, offset = 0) => {
   return service.get(`/api/simulation/${simulationId}/posts`, {
@@ -122,10 +122,10 @@ export const getSimulationPosts = (simulationId, platform = 'reddit', limit = 50
 }
 
 /**
- * 获取模拟时间线（按轮次汇总）
+ * Fetch the simulation timeline aggregated by round.
  * @param {string} simulationId
- * @param {number} startRound - 起始轮次
- * @param {number} endRound - 结束轮次
+ * @param {number} startRound - Inclusive start round.
+ * @param {number} endRound - Inclusive end round (or null for open-ended).
  */
 export const getSimulationTimeline = (simulationId, startRound = 0, endRound = null) => {
   const params = { start_round: startRound }
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ export const getSimulationTimeline = (simulationId, startRound = 0, endRound = n
 }
 
 /**
- * 获取Agent统计信息
+ * Fetch agent stats for the simulation.
  * @param {string} simulationId
  */
 export const getAgentStats = (simulationId) => {
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ export const getAgentStats = (simulationId) => {
 }
 
 /**
- * 获取模拟动作历史
+ * Fetch the simulation's action history.
  * @param {string} simulationId
  * @param {Object} params - { limit, offset, platform, agent_id, round_num }
  */
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ export const getSimulationActions = (simulationId, params = {}) => {
 }
 
 /**
- * 关闭模拟环境（优雅退出）
+ * Gracefully shut down the simulation environment.
  * @param {Object} data - { simulation_id, timeout? }
  */
 export const closeSimulationEnv = (data) => {
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ export const closeSimulationEnv = (data) => {
 }
 
 /**
- * 获取模拟环境状态
+ * Fetch the simulation environment status.
  * @param {Object} data - { simulation_id }
  */
 export const getEnvStatus = (data) => {
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ export const getEnvStatus = (data) => {
 }
 
 /**
- * 批量采访 Agent
+ * Batch-interview agents.
  * @param {Object} data - { simulation_id, interviews: [{ agent_id, prompt }] }
  */
 export const interviewAgents = (data) => {
@@ -177,9 +177,9 @@ export const interviewAgents = (data) => {
 }
 
 /**
- * 获取历史模拟列表（带项目详情）
- * 用于首页历史项目展示
- * @param {number} limit - 返回数量限制
+ * Fetch the simulation history with project details.
+ * Used by the home page's recent-projects section.
+ * @param {number} limit - Max entries to return.
  */
 export const getSimulationHistory = (limit = 20) => {
   return service.get('/api/simulation/history', { params: { limit } })
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/GraphPanel.vue b/frontend/src/components/GraphPanel.vue
index db188298..62465d05 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/GraphPanel.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/components/GraphPanel.vue
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   <div class="graph-panel">
     <div class="panel-header">
       <span class="panel-title">{{ $t('graph.panelTitle') }}</span>
-      <!-- 顶部工具栏 (Internal Top Right) -->
+      <!-- Top toolbar (internal top-right) -->
       <div class="header-tools">
         <button class="tool-btn" @click="$emit('refresh')" :disabled="loading" :title="$t('graph.refreshGraph')">
           <span class="icon-refresh" :class="{ 'spinning': loading }">↻</span>
@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@
     </div>
     
     <div class="graph-container" ref="graphContainer">
-      <!-- 图谱可视化 -->
+      <!-- Graph visualization -->
       <div v-if="graphData" class="graph-view">
         <svg ref="graphSvg" class="graph-svg"></svg>
         
-        <!-- 构建中/模拟中提示 -->
+        <!-- Building / simulating banner -->
         <div v-if="currentPhase === 1 || isSimulating" class="graph-building-hint">
           <div class="memory-icon-wrapper">
             <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" class="memory-icon">
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
           {{ isSimulating ? $t('graph.graphMemoryRealtime') : $t('graph.realtimeUpdating') }}
         </div>
         
-        <!-- 模拟结束后的提示 -->
+        <!-- Post-simulation hint -->
         <div v-if="showSimulationFinishedHint" class="graph-building-hint finished-hint">
           <div class="hint-icon-wrapper">
             <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" class="hint-icon">
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
           </button>
         </div>
         
-        <!-- 节点/边详情面板 -->
+        <!-- Node / edge detail panel -->
         <div v-if="selectedItem" class="detail-panel">
           <div class="detail-panel-header">
             <span class="detail-title">{{ selectedItem.type === 'node' ? $t('graph.nodeDetails') : $t('graph.relationship') }}</span>
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
             <button class="detail-close" @click="closeDetailPanel">×</button>
           </div>
           
-          <!-- 节点详情 -->
+          <!-- Node details -->
           <div v-if="selectedItem.type === 'node'" class="detail-content">
             <div class="detail-row">
               <span class="detail-label">Name:</span>
@@ -101,9 +101,9 @@
             </div>
           </div>
           
-          <!-- 边详情 -->
+          <!-- Edge details -->
           <div v-else class="detail-content">
-            <!-- 自环组详情 -->
+            <!-- Self-loop group details -->
             <template v-if="selectedItem.data.isSelfLoopGroup">
               <div class="edge-relation-header self-loop-header">
                 {{ selectedItem.data.source_name }} - Self Relations
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
               </div>
             </template>
             
-            <!-- 普通边详情 -->
+            <!-- Standard edge details -->
             <template v-else>
               <div class="edge-relation-header">
                 {{ selectedItem.data.source_name }} → {{ selectedItem.data.name || 'RELATED_TO' }} → {{ selectedItem.data.target_name }}
@@ -200,20 +200,20 @@
         </div>
       </div>
       
-      <!-- 加载状态 -->
+      <!-- Loading state -->
       <div v-else-if="loading" class="graph-state">
         <div class="loading-spinner"></div>
         <p>{{ $t('graph.graphDataLoading') }}</p>
       </div>
       
-      <!-- 等待/空状态 -->
+      <!-- Waiting / empty state -->
       <div v-else class="graph-state">
         <div class="empty-icon">❖</div>
         <p class="empty-text">{{ $t('graph.waitingOntology') }}</p>
       </div>
     </div>
 
-    <!-- 底部图例 (Bottom Left) -->
+    <!-- Bottom legend (bottom-left) -->
     <div v-if="graphData && entityTypes.length" class="graph-legend">
       <span class="legend-title">Entity Types</span>
       <div class="legend-items">
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@
       </div>
     </div>
     
-    <!-- 显示边标签开关 -->
+    <!-- Edge-labels toggle -->
     <div v-if="graphData" class="edge-labels-toggle">
       <label class="toggle-switch">
         <input type="checkbox" v-model="showEdgeLabels" />
@@ -251,26 +251,23 @@ const emit = defineEmits(['refresh', 'toggle-maximize'])
 const graphContainer = ref(null)
 const graphSvg = ref(null)
 const selectedItem = ref(null)
-const showEdgeLabels = ref(true) // 默认显示边标签
-const expandedSelfLoops = ref(new Set()) // 展开的自环项
-const showSimulationFinishedHint = ref(false) // 模拟结束后的提示
-const wasSimulating = ref(false) // 追踪之前是否在模拟中
+const showEdgeLabels = ref(true) // Edge labels are visible by default.
+const expandedSelfLoops = ref(new Set()) // Expanded self-loop items.
+const showSimulationFinishedHint = ref(false) // Visible only after a simulation finishes.
+const wasSimulating = ref(false) // Track the previous simulating state for transition detection.
 
-// 关闭模拟结束提示
 const dismissFinishedHint = () => {
   showSimulationFinishedHint.value = false
 }
 
-// 监听 isSimulating 变化，检测模拟结束
+// Watch isSimulating: surface the post-simulation hint on the simulating → idle edge.
 watch(() => props.isSimulating, (newValue, oldValue) => {
   if (wasSimulating.value && !newValue) {
-    // 从模拟中变为非模拟状态，显示结束提示
     showSimulationFinishedHint.value = true
   }
   wasSimulating.value = newValue
 }, { immediate: true })
 
-// 切换自环项展开/折叠状态
 const toggleSelfLoop = (id) => {
   const newSet = new Set(expandedSelfLoops.value)
   if (newSet.has(id)) {
@@ -281,11 +278,11 @@ const toggleSelfLoop = (id) => {
   expandedSelfLoops.value = newSet
 }
 
-// 计算实体类型用于图例
+// Build entity-type list for the legend.
 const entityTypes = computed(() => {
   if (!props.graphData?.nodes) return []
   const typeMap = {}
-  // 美观的颜色调色板
+  // Curated color palette.
   const colors = ['#FF6B35', '#004E89', '#7B2D8E', '#1A936F', '#C5283D', '#E9724C', '#3498db', '#9b59b6', '#27ae60', '#f39c12']
   
   props.graphData.nodes.forEach(node => {
@@ -298,7 +295,6 @@ const entityTypes = computed(() => {
   return Object.values(typeMap)
 })
 
-// 格式化时间
 const formatDateTime = (dateStr) => {
   if (!dateStr) return ''
   try {
@@ -318,7 +314,7 @@ const formatDateTime = (dateStr) => {
 
 const closeDetailPanel = () => {
   selectedItem.value = null
-  expandedSelfLoops.value = new Set() // 重置展开状态
+  expandedSelfLoops.value = new Set() // Reset expansion state.
 }
 
 let currentSimulation = null
@@ -328,7 +324,7 @@ let linkLabelBgRef = null
 const renderGraph = () => {
   if (!graphSvg.value || !props.graphData) return
   
-  // 停止之前的仿真
+  // Stop the previous simulation, if any.
   if (currentSimulation) {
     currentSimulation.stop()
   }
@@ -362,16 +358,15 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
   
   const nodeIds = new Set(nodes.map(n => n.id))
   
-  // 处理边数据，计算同一对节点间的边数量和索引
+  // Build edge index: per-pair counts plus the self-loop bucket.
   const edgePairCount = {}
-  const selfLoopEdges = {} // 按节点分组的自环边
+  const selfLoopEdges = {} // Self-loops grouped by node.
   const tempEdges = edgesData
     .filter(e => nodeIds.has(e.source_node_uuid) && nodeIds.has(e.target_node_uuid))
-  
-  // 统计每对节点之间的边数量，收集自环边
+
+  // Count edges per node-pair and collect every self-loop.
   tempEdges.forEach(e => {
     if (e.source_node_uuid === e.target_node_uuid) {
-      // 自环 - 收集到数组中
       if (!selfLoopEdges[e.source_node_uuid]) {
         selfLoopEdges[e.source_node_uuid] = []
       }
@@ -386,19 +381,19 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
     }
   })
   
-  // 记录当前处理到每对节点的第几条边
+  // Track which edge index we're currently emitting per pair.
   const edgePairIndex = {}
-  const processedSelfLoopNodes = new Set() // 已处理的自环节点
-  
+  const processedSelfLoopNodes = new Set() // Nodes whose self-loops we already collapsed.
+
   const edges = []
-  
+
   tempEdges.forEach(e => {
     const isSelfLoop = e.source_node_uuid === e.target_node_uuid
-    
+
     if (isSelfLoop) {
-      // 自环边 - 每个节点只添加一条合并的自环
+      // Emit one merged self-loop per node, regardless of how many actual self-loops exist.
       if (processedSelfLoopNodes.has(e.source_node_uuid)) {
-        return // 已处理过，跳过
+        return
       }
       processedSelfLoopNodes.add(e.source_node_uuid)
       
@@ -417,7 +412,7 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
           source_name: nodeName,
           target_name: nodeName,
           selfLoopCount: allSelfLoops.length,
-          selfLoopEdges: allSelfLoops // 存储所有自环边的详细信息
+          selfLoopEdges: allSelfLoops // Carry the underlying self-loop edges for the detail panel.
         }
       })
       return
@@ -428,19 +423,19 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
     const currentIndex = edgePairIndex[pairKey] || 0
     edgePairIndex[pairKey] = currentIndex + 1
     
-    // 判断边的方向是否与标准化方向一致（源UUID < 目标UUID）
+    // Direction relative to the normalized form (source UUID < target UUID).
     const isReversed = e.source_node_uuid > e.target_node_uuid
-    
-    // 计算曲率：多条边时分散开，单条边为直线
+
+    // Curvature: spread out when multiple edges share a pair; straight line for a single edge.
     let curvature = 0
     if (totalCount > 1) {
-      // 均匀分布曲率，确保明显区分
-      // 曲率范围根据边数量增加，边越多曲率范围越大
+      // Distribute curvature evenly so each edge is visually distinct;
+      // widen the range when more edges share the pair.
       const curvatureRange = Math.min(1.2, 0.6 + totalCount * 0.15)
       curvature = ((currentIndex / (totalCount - 1)) - 0.5) * curvatureRange * 2
-      
-      // 如果边的方向与标准化方向相反，翻转曲率
-      // 这样确保所有边在同一参考系下分布，不会因方向不同而重叠
+
+      // Flip the curvature for reversed-direction edges so all edges lay out
+      // in the same frame of reference and don't overlap by direction.
       if (isReversed) {
         curvature = -curvature
       }
@@ -468,11 +463,10 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
   entityTypes.value.forEach(t => colorMap[t.name] = t.color)
   const getColor = (type) => colorMap[type] || '#999'
 
-  // Simulation - 根据边数量动态调整节点间距
+  // Simulation — node spacing scales with how many edges share each pair.
   const simulation = d3.forceSimulation(nodes)
     .force('link', d3.forceLink(edges).id(d => d.id).distance(d => {
-      // 根据这对节点之间的边数量动态调整距离
-      // 基础距离 150，每多一条边增加 40
+      // Base distance 150, +50 per extra edge between the same pair.
       const baseDistance = 150
       const edgeCount = d.pairTotal || 1
       return baseDistance + (edgeCount - 1) * 50
@@ -480,7 +474,7 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
     .force('charge', d3.forceManyBody().strength(-400))
     .force('center', d3.forceCenter(width / 2, height / 2))
     .force('collide', d3.forceCollide(50))
-    // 添加向中心的引力，让独立的节点群聚集到中心区域
+    // Pull toward the center so isolated subgraphs cluster into the viewport.
     .force('x', d3.forceX(width / 2).strength(0.04))
     .force('y', d3.forceY(height / 2).strength(0.04))
   
@@ -493,39 +487,36 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
     g.attr('transform', event.transform)
   }))
 
-  // Links - 使用 path 支持曲线
+  // Links — drawn as <path> so we can render curves.
   const linkGroup = g.append('g').attr('class', 'links')
-  
-  // 计算曲线路径
+
   const getLinkPath = (d) => {
     const sx = d.source.x, sy = d.source.y
     const tx = d.target.x, ty = d.target.y
-    
-    // 检测自环
+
     if (d.isSelfLoop) {
-      // 自环：绘制一个圆弧从节点出发再返回
+      // Self-loop: an arc that exits the node and loops back.
       const loopRadius = 30
-      // 从节点右侧出发，绕一圈回来
-      const x1 = sx + 8  // 起点偏移
+      // Exit from the node's right side and return.
+      const x1 = sx + 8  // Start offset.
       const y1 = sy - 4
-      const x2 = sx + 8  // 终点偏移
+      const x2 = sx + 8  // End offset.
       const y2 = sy + 4
-      // 使用圆弧绘制自环（sweep-flag=1 顺时针）
+      // Render as an arc — sweep-flag=1 means clockwise.
       return `M${x1},${y1} A${loopRadius},${loopRadius} 0 1,1 ${x2},${y2}`
     }
-    
+
     if (d.curvature === 0) {
-      // 直线
       return `M${sx},${sy} L${tx},${ty}`
     }
-    
-    // 计算曲线控制点 - 根据边数量和距离动态调整
+
+    // Compute the quadratic-Bezier control point. Offset perpendicular to the
+    // line, scaled by distance so the curve remains visible regardless of zoom.
     const dx = tx - sx, dy = ty - sy
     const dist = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy)
-    // 垂直于连线方向的偏移，根据距离比例计算，保证曲线明显可见
-    // 边越多，偏移量占距离的比例越大
+    // More edges per pair → larger offset ratio (start at 25%, +5% per extra edge).
     const pairTotal = d.pairTotal || 1
-    const offsetRatio = 0.25 + pairTotal * 0.05 // 基础25%，每多一条边增加5%
+    const offsetRatio = 0.25 + pairTotal * 0.05
     const baseOffset = Math.max(35, dist * offsetRatio)
     const offsetX = -dy / dist * d.curvature * baseOffset
     const offsetY = dx / dist * d.curvature * baseOffset
@@ -535,22 +526,21 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
     return `M${sx},${sy} Q${cx},${cy} ${tx},${ty}`
   }
   
-  // 计算曲线中点（用于标签定位）
+  // Midpoint of the link path — used to position the edge label.
   const getLinkMidpoint = (d) => {
     const sx = d.source.x, sy = d.source.y
     const tx = d.target.x, ty = d.target.y
-    
-    // 检测自环
+
     if (d.isSelfLoop) {
-      // 自环标签位置：节点右侧
+      // Self-loop labels sit just right of the node.
       return { x: sx + 70, y: sy }
     }
-    
+
     if (d.curvature === 0) {
       return { x: (sx + tx) / 2, y: (sy + ty) / 2 }
     }
-    
-    // 二次贝塞尔曲线的中点 t=0.5
+
+    // Reproduce the curve's midpoint (Bezier B(0.5)).
     const dx = tx - sx, dy = ty - sy
     const dist = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy)
     const pairTotal = d.pairTotal || 1
@@ -560,8 +550,8 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
     const offsetY = dx / dist * d.curvature * baseOffset
     const cx = (sx + tx) / 2 + offsetX
     const cy = (sy + ty) / 2 + offsetY
-    
-    // 二次贝塞尔曲线公式 B(t) = (1-t)²P0 + 2(1-t)tP1 + t²P2, t=0.5
+
+    // Quadratic Bezier formula B(t) = (1-t)²P0 + 2(1-t)tP1 + t²P2, evaluated at t=0.5.
     const midX = 0.25 * sx + 0.5 * cx + 0.25 * tx
     const midY = 0.25 * sy + 0.5 * cy + 0.25 * ty
     
@@ -577,11 +567,11 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
     .style('cursor', 'pointer')
     .on('click', (event, d) => {
       event.stopPropagation()
-      // 重置之前选中边的样式
+      // Reset the previously selected edge.
       linkGroup.selectAll('path').attr('stroke', '#C0C0C0').attr('stroke-width', 1.5)
       linkLabelBg.attr('fill', 'rgba(255,255,255,0.95)')
       linkLabels.attr('fill', '#666')
-      // 高亮当前选中的边
+      // Highlight the newly selected edge.
       d3.select(event.target).attr('stroke', '#3498db').attr('stroke-width', 3)
       
       selectedItem.value = {
@@ -590,7 +580,7 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
       }
     })
 
-  // Link labels background (白色背景使文字更清晰)
+  // Link labels background — solid-white plate so the label text reads clearly.
   const linkLabelBg = linkGroup.selectAll('rect')
     .data(edges)
     .enter().append('rect')
@@ -605,7 +595,7 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
       linkGroup.selectAll('path').attr('stroke', '#C0C0C0').attr('stroke-width', 1.5)
       linkLabelBg.attr('fill', 'rgba(255,255,255,0.95)')
       linkLabels.attr('fill', '#666')
-      // 高亮对应的边
+      // Highlight the matching edge.
       link.filter(l => l === d).attr('stroke', '#3498db').attr('stroke-width', 3)
       d3.select(event.target).attr('fill', 'rgba(52, 152, 219, 0.1)')
       
@@ -633,7 +623,7 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
       linkGroup.selectAll('path').attr('stroke', '#C0C0C0').attr('stroke-width', 1.5)
       linkLabelBg.attr('fill', 'rgba(255,255,255,0.95)')
       linkLabels.attr('fill', '#666')
-      // 高亮对应的边
+      // Highlight the matching edge.
       link.filter(l => l === d).attr('stroke', '#3498db').attr('stroke-width', 3)
       d3.select(event.target).attr('fill', '#3498db')
       
@@ -643,7 +633,7 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
       }
     })
   
-  // 保存引用供外部控制显隐
+  // Keep references so the visibility watcher can toggle these later.
   linkLabelsRef = linkLabels
   linkLabelBgRef = linkLabelBg
 
@@ -661,7 +651,7 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
     .style('cursor', 'pointer')
     .call(d3.drag()
       .on('start', (event, d) => {
-        // 只记录位置，不重启仿真（区分点击和拖拽）
+        // Pin position only — no simulation restart yet, so click vs drag stays distinguishable.
         d.fx = d.x
         d.fy = d.y
         d._dragStartX = event.x
@@ -669,24 +659,24 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
         d._isDragging = false
       })
       .on('drag', (event, d) => {
-        // 检测是否真正开始拖拽（移动超过阈值）
+        // Treat as a real drag only after the pointer moves beyond the threshold.
         const dx = event.x - d._dragStartX
         const dy = event.y - d._dragStartY
         const distance = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy)
-        
+
         if (!d._isDragging && distance > 3) {
-          // 首次检测到真正拖拽，才重启仿真
+          // First real drag — only now restart the simulation.
           d._isDragging = true
           simulation.alphaTarget(0.3).restart()
         }
-        
+
         if (d._isDragging) {
           d.fx = event.x
           d.fy = event.y
         }
       })
       .on('end', (event, d) => {
-        // 只有真正拖拽过才让仿真逐渐停止
+        // Only let the simulation cool down if we actually dragged.
         if (d._isDragging) {
           simulation.alphaTarget(0)
         }
@@ -697,12 +687,12 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
     )
     .on('click', (event, d) => {
       event.stopPropagation()
-      // 重置所有节点样式
+      // Reset every node and edge style.
       node.attr('stroke', '#fff').attr('stroke-width', 2.5)
       linkGroup.selectAll('path').attr('stroke', '#C0C0C0').attr('stroke-width', 1.5)
-      // 高亮选中节点
+      // Highlight the selected node.
       d3.select(event.target).attr('stroke', '#E91E63').attr('stroke-width', 4)
-      // 高亮与此节点相连的边
+      // Highlight the edges incident to this node.
       link.filter(l => l.source.id === d.id || l.target.id === d.id)
         .attr('stroke', '#E91E63')
         .attr('stroke-width', 2.5)
@@ -739,19 +729,17 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
     .style('font-family', 'system-ui, sans-serif')
 
   simulation.on('tick', () => {
-    // 更新曲线路径
     link.attr('d', d => getLinkPath(d))
-    
-    // 更新边标签位置（无旋转，水平显示更清晰）
+
+    // Edge label position — keep horizontal (no rotation) so labels stay legible.
     linkLabels.each(function(d) {
       const mid = getLinkMidpoint(d)
       d3.select(this)
         .attr('x', mid.x)
         .attr('y', mid.y)
-        .attr('transform', '') // 移除旋转，保持水平
+        .attr('transform', '')
     })
-    
-    // 更新边标签背景
+
     linkLabelBg.each(function(d, i) {
       const mid = getLinkMidpoint(d)
       const textEl = linkLabels.nodes()[i]
@@ -761,7 +749,7 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
         .attr('y', mid.y - bbox.height / 2 - 2)
         .attr('width', bbox.width + 8)
         .attr('height', bbox.height + 4)
-        .attr('transform', '') // 移除旋转
+        .attr('transform', '')
     })
 
     node
@@ -773,7 +761,7 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
       .attr('y', d => d.y)
   })
   
-  // 点击空白处关闭详情面板
+  // Click on empty space closes the detail panel.
   svg.on('click', () => {
     selectedItem.value = null
     node.attr('stroke', '#fff').attr('stroke-width', 2.5)
@@ -787,7 +775,7 @@ watch(() => props.graphData, () => {
   nextTick(renderGraph)
 }, { deep: true })
 
-// 监听边标签显示开关
+// Mirror the edge-labels toggle into the live D3 selections.
 watch(showEdgeLabels, (newVal) => {
   if (linkLabelsRef) {
     linkLabelsRef.style('display', newVal ? 'block' : 'none')
@@ -1250,7 +1238,7 @@ input:checked + .slider:before {
   50% { opacity: 1; transform: scale(1.15); filter: drop-shadow(0 0 8px rgba(76, 175, 80, 0.6)); }
 }
 
-/* 模拟结束后的提示样式 */
+/* Post-simulation hint styles */
 .graph-building-hint.finished-hint {
   background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.65);
   border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/HistoryDatabase.vue b/frontend/src/components/HistoryDatabase.vue
index d6c6e9a5..e4e78068 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/HistoryDatabase.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/components/HistoryDatabase.vue
@@ -4,20 +4,20 @@
     :class="{ 'no-projects': projects.length === 0 && !loading }"
     ref="historyContainer"
   >
-    <!-- 背景装饰：技术网格线（只在有项目时显示） -->
+    <!-- Background decoration: tech grid (only shown when projects exist) -->
     <div v-if="projects.length > 0 || loading" class="tech-grid-bg">
       <div class="grid-pattern"></div>
       <div class="gradient-overlay"></div>
     </div>
 
-    <!-- 标题区域 -->
+    <!-- Section header -->
     <div class="section-header">
       <div class="section-line"></div>
       <span class="section-title">{{ $t('history.title') }}</span>
       <div class="section-line"></div>
     </div>
 
-    <!-- 卡片容器（只在有项目时显示） -->
+    <!-- Card container (only shown when projects exist) -->
     <div v-if="projects.length > 0" class="cards-container" :class="{ expanded: isExpanded }" :style="containerStyle">
       <div 
         v-for="(project, index) in projects" 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
         @mouseleave="hoveringCard = null"
         @click="navigateToProject(project)"
       >
-        <!-- 卡片头部：simulation_id 和 功能可用状态 -->
+        <!-- Card header: simulation_id and feature-availability status -->
         <div class="card-header">
           <span class="card-id">{{ formatSimulationId(project.simulation_id) }}</span>
           <div class="card-status-icons">
@@ -50,12 +50,12 @@
           </div>
         </div>
 
-        <!-- 文件列表区域 -->
+        <!-- File list -->
         <div class="card-files-wrapper">
-          <!-- 角落装饰 - 取景框风格 -->
+          <!-- Corner decoration — viewfinder style -->
           <div class="corner-mark top-left-only"></div>
-          
-          <!-- 文件列表 -->
+
+          <!-- File list -->
           <div class="files-list" v-if="project.files && project.files.length > 0">
             <div 
               v-for="(file, fileIndex) in project.files.slice(0, 3)" 
@@ -65,25 +65,25 @@
               <span class="file-tag" :class="getFileType(file.filename)">{{ getFileTypeLabel(file.filename) }}</span>
               <span class="file-name">{{ truncateFilename(file.filename, 20) }}</span>
             </div>
-            <!-- 如果有更多文件，显示提示 -->
+            <!-- "+N more" hint when there are extra files -->
             <div v-if="project.files.length > 3" class="files-more">
               {{ $t('history.moreFiles', { count: project.files.length - 3 }) }}
             </div>
           </div>
-          <!-- 无文件时的占位 -->
+          <!-- Placeholder shown when there are no files -->
           <div class="files-empty" v-else>
             <span class="empty-file-icon">◇</span>
             <span class="empty-file-text">{{ $t('history.noFiles') }}</span>
           </div>
         </div>
 
-        <!-- 卡片标题（使用模拟需求的前20字作为标题） -->
+        <!-- Card title — first ~20 characters of the simulation requirement -->
         <h3 class="card-title">{{ getSimulationTitle(project.simulation_requirement) }}</h3>
 
-        <!-- 卡片描述（模拟需求完整展示） -->
+        <!-- Card description — full simulation requirement, truncated -->
         <p class="card-desc">{{ truncateText(project.simulation_requirement, 55) }}</p>
 
-        <!-- 卡片底部 -->
+        <!-- Card footer -->
         <div class="card-footer">
           <div class="card-datetime">
             <span class="card-date">{{ formatDate(project.created_at) }}</span>
@@ -94,23 +94,23 @@
           </span>
         </div>
         
-        <!-- 底部装饰线 (hover时展开) -->
+        <!-- Bottom decorative line (extends on hover) -->
         <div class="card-bottom-line"></div>
       </div>
     </div>
 
-    <!-- 加载状态 -->
+    <!-- Loading state -->
     <div v-if="loading" class="loading-state">
       <span class="loading-spinner"></span>
       <span class="loading-text">{{ $t('history.loadingText') }}</span>
     </div>
 
-    <!-- 历史回放详情弹窗 -->
+    <!-- Replay-detail modal -->
     <Teleport to="body">
       <Transition name="modal">
         <div v-if="selectedProject" class="modal-overlay" @click.self="closeModal">
           <div class="modal-content">
-            <!-- 弹窗头部 -->
+            <!-- Modal header -->
             <div class="modal-header">
               <div class="modal-title-section">
                 <span class="modal-id">{{ formatSimulationId(selectedProject.simulation_id) }}</span>
@@ -122,15 +122,15 @@
               <button class="modal-close" @click="closeModal">×</button>
             </div>
 
-            <!-- 弹窗内容 -->
+            <!-- Modal body -->
             <div class="modal-body">
-              <!-- 模拟需求 -->
+              <!-- Simulation requirement -->
               <div class="modal-section">
                 <div class="modal-label">{{ $t('history.simRequirement') }}</div>
                 <div class="modal-requirement">{{ selectedProject.simulation_requirement || $t('common.none') }}</div>
               </div>
 
-              <!-- 文件列表 -->
+              <!-- File list -->
               <div class="modal-section">
                 <div class="modal-label">{{ $t('history.relatedFiles') }}</div>
                 <div class="modal-files" v-if="selectedProject.files && selectedProject.files.length > 0">
@@ -143,14 +143,14 @@
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <!-- 推演回放分割线 -->
+            <!-- Replay-section divider -->
             <div class="modal-divider">
               <span class="divider-line"></span>
               <span class="divider-text">{{ $t('history.replayTitle') }}</span>
               <span class="divider-line"></span>
             </div>
 
-            <!-- 导航按钮 -->
+            <!-- Navigation buttons -->
             <div class="modal-actions">
               <button 
                 class="modal-btn btn-project" 
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
                 <span class="btn-text">{{ $t('history.step4Button') }}</span>
               </button>
             </div>
-            <!-- 不可回放提示 -->
+            <!-- Hint shown when replay is unavailable -->
             <div class="modal-playback-hint">
               <span class="hint-text">{{ $t('history.replayHint') }}</span>
             </div>
@@ -200,66 +200,63 @@ const router = useRouter()
 const route = useRoute()
 const { t } = useI18n()
 
-// 状态
+// State
 const projects = ref([])
 const loading = ref(true)
 const isExpanded = ref(false)
 const hoveringCard = ref(null)
 const historyContainer = ref(null)
-const selectedProject = ref(null)  // 当前选中的项目（用于弹窗）
+const selectedProject = ref(null)  // Currently selected project, used by the modal.
 let observer = null
-let isAnimating = false  // 动画锁，防止闪烁
-let expandDebounceTimer = null  // 防抖定时器
-let pendingState = null  // 记录待执行的目标状态
+let isAnimating = false  // Animation lock — prevents flicker between expand/collapse.
+let expandDebounceTimer = null
+let pendingState = null  // Latest desired expand/collapse state, applied after the lock clears.
 
-// 卡片布局配置 - 调整为更宽的比例
+// Card layout — wide proportions.
 const CARDS_PER_ROW = 4
-const CARD_WIDTH = 280  
-const CARD_HEIGHT = 280 
+const CARD_WIDTH = 280
+const CARD_HEIGHT = 280
 const CARD_GAP = 24
 
-// 动态计算容器高度样式
+// Container height — fixed when collapsed, computed when expanded.
 const containerStyle = computed(() => {
   if (!isExpanded.value) {
-    // 折叠态：固定高度
     return { minHeight: '420px' }
   }
-  
-  // 展开态：根据卡片数量动态计算高度
+
   const total = projects.value.length
   if (total === 0) {
     return { minHeight: '280px' }
   }
-  
+
   const rows = Math.ceil(total / CARDS_PER_ROW)
-  // 计算实际需要的高度：行数 * 卡片高度 + (行数-1) * 间距 + 少量底部间距
+  // rows * CARD_HEIGHT + gaps between rows + a small bottom buffer.
   const expandedHeight = rows * CARD_HEIGHT + (rows - 1) * CARD_GAP + 10
-  
+
   return { minHeight: `${expandedHeight}px` }
 })
 
-// 获取卡片样式
+// Per-card transform style — grid when expanded, fanned stack when collapsed.
 const getCardStyle = (index) => {
   const total = projects.value.length
-  
+
   if (isExpanded.value) {
-    // 展开态：网格布局
     const transition = 'transform 700ms cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1), opacity 700ms cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1), box-shadow 0.3s ease, border-color 0.3s ease'
 
     const col = index % CARDS_PER_ROW
     const row = Math.floor(index / CARDS_PER_ROW)
-    
-    // 计算当前行的卡片数量，确保每行居中
+
+    // Center each row by counting how many cards it actually contains.
     const currentRowStart = row * CARDS_PER_ROW
     const currentRowCards = Math.min(CARDS_PER_ROW, total - currentRowStart)
-    
+
     const rowWidth = currentRowCards * CARD_WIDTH + (currentRowCards - 1) * CARD_GAP
-    
+
     const startX = -(rowWidth / 2) + (CARD_WIDTH / 2)
     const colInRow = index % CARDS_PER_ROW
     const x = startX + colInRow * (CARD_WIDTH + CARD_GAP)
-    
-    // 向下展开，增加与标题的间距
+
+    // Expand downward, leaving room beneath the section title.
     const y = 20 + row * (CARD_HEIGHT + CARD_GAP)
 
     return {
@@ -269,14 +266,14 @@ const getCardStyle = (index) => {
       transition: transition
     }
   } else {
-    // 折叠态：扇形堆叠
+    // Collapsed: fan-stack layout.
     const transition = 'transform 700ms cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1), opacity 700ms cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1), box-shadow 0.3s ease, border-color 0.3s ease'
 
     const centerIndex = (total - 1) / 2
     const offset = index - centerIndex
-    
+
     const x = offset * 35
-    // 调整起始位置，靠近标题但保持适当间距
+    // Sit close to the title with a slight depth offset.
     const y = 25 + Math.abs(offset) * 8
     const r = offset * 3
     const s = 0.95 - Math.abs(offset) * 0.05
@@ -290,24 +287,20 @@ const getCardStyle = (index) => {
   }
 }
 
-// 根据轮数进度获取样式类
+// Map round-progress numbers to a CSS state class.
 const getProgressClass = (simulation) => {
   const current = simulation.current_round || 0
   const total = simulation.total_rounds || 0
-  
+
   if (total === 0 || current === 0) {
-    // 未开始
     return 'not-started'
   } else if (current >= total) {
-    // 已完成
     return 'completed'
   } else {
-    // 进行中
     return 'in-progress'
   }
 }
 
-// 格式化日期（只显示日期部分）
 const formatDate = (dateStr) => {
   if (!dateStr) return ''
   try {
@@ -318,7 +311,6 @@ const formatDate = (dateStr) => {
   }
 }
 
-// 格式化时间（显示时:分）
 const formatTime = (dateStr) => {
   if (!dateStr) return ''
   try {
@@ -331,27 +323,25 @@ const formatTime = (dateStr) => {
   }
 }
 
-// 截断文本
 const truncateText = (text, maxLength) => {
   if (!text) return ''
   return text.length > maxLength ? text.slice(0, maxLength) + '...' : text
 }
 
-// 从模拟需求生成标题（取前20字）
+// Derive a title from the first ~20 characters of the simulation requirement.
 const getSimulationTitle = (requirement) => {
   if (!requirement) return t('history.untitledSimulation')
   const title = requirement.slice(0, 20)
   return requirement.length > 20 ? title + '...' : title
 }
 
-// 格式化 simulation_id 显示（截取前6位）
+// Render a 6-character SIM_ display label from a simulation_id.
 const formatSimulationId = (simulationId) => {
   if (!simulationId) return 'SIM_UNKNOWN'
   const prefix = simulationId.replace('sim_', '').slice(0, 6)
   return `SIM_${prefix.toUpperCase()}`
 }
 
-// 格式化轮数显示（当前轮/总轮数）
 const formatRounds = (simulation) => {
   const current = simulation.current_round || 0
   const total = simulation.total_rounds || 0
@@ -359,7 +349,6 @@ const formatRounds = (simulation) => {
   return t('history.roundsProgress', { current, total })
 }
 
-// 获取文件类型（用于样式）
 const getFileType = (filename) => {
   if (!filename) return 'other'
   const ext = filename.split('.').pop()?.toLowerCase()
@@ -375,14 +364,13 @@ const getFileType = (filename) => {
   return typeMap[ext] || 'other'
 }
 
-// 获取文件类型标签文本
 const getFileTypeLabel = (filename) => {
   if (!filename) return 'FILE'
   const ext = filename.split('.').pop()?.toUpperCase()
   return ext || 'FILE'
 }
 
-// 截断文件名（保留扩展名）
+// Truncate a filename while preserving the extension.
 const truncateFilename = (filename, maxLength) => {
   if (!filename) return t('history.unknownFile')
   if (filename.length <= maxLength) return filename
@@ -393,17 +381,15 @@ const truncateFilename = (filename, maxLength) => {
   return truncatedName + ext
 }
 
-// 打开项目详情弹窗
 const navigateToProject = (simulation) => {
   selectedProject.value = simulation
 }
 
-// 关闭弹窗
 const closeModal = () => {
   selectedProject.value = null
 }
 
-// 导航到图谱构建页面（Project）
+// Navigate to the graph-build page (Process route).
 const goToProject = () => {
   if (selectedProject.value?.project_id) {
     router.push({
@@ -414,7 +400,7 @@ const goToProject = () => {
   }
 }
 
-// 导航到环境配置页面（Simulation）
+// Navigate to the env-setup page (Simulation route).
 const goToSimulation = () => {
   if (selectedProject.value?.simulation_id) {
     router.push({
@@ -425,7 +411,7 @@ const goToSimulation = () => {
   }
 }
 
-// 导航到分析报告页面（Report）
+// Navigate to the analysis-report page (Report route).
 const goToReport = () => {
   if (selectedProject.value?.report_id) {
     router.push({
@@ -436,7 +422,6 @@ const goToReport = () => {
   }
 }
 
-// 加载历史项目
 const loadHistory = async () => {
   try {
     loading.value = true
@@ -445,14 +430,13 @@ const loadHistory = async () => {
       projects.value = response.data || []
     }
   } catch (error) {
-    console.error('加载历史项目失败:', error)
+    console.error('Failed to load history projects:', error)
     projects.value = []
   } finally {
     loading.value = false
   }
 }
 
-// 初始化 IntersectionObserver
 const initObserver = () => {
   if (observer) {
     observer.disconnect()
@@ -463,47 +447,43 @@ const initObserver = () => {
       entries.forEach((entry) => {
         const shouldExpand = entry.isIntersecting
         
-        // 更新待执行的目标状态（无论是否在动画中都要记录最新的目标状态）
+        // Always record the latest desired state, even mid-animation.
         pendingState = shouldExpand
-        
-        // 清除之前的防抖定时器（新的滚动意图会覆盖旧的）
+
+        // A new scroll intent overrides any pending one.
         if (expandDebounceTimer) {
           clearTimeout(expandDebounceTimer)
           expandDebounceTimer = null
         }
-        
-        // 如果正在动画中，只记录状态，等动画结束后处理
+
+        // If an animation is running, only record state — apply it once the lock clears.
         if (isAnimating) return
-        
-        // 如果目标状态与当前状态相同，不需要处理
+
         if (shouldExpand === isExpanded.value) {
           pendingState = null
           return
         }
-        
-        // 使用防抖延迟状态切换，防止快速闪烁
-        // 展开时延迟较短(50ms)，收起时延迟较长(200ms)以增加稳定性
+
+        // Debounce the toggle to suppress rapid flicker.
+        // Expand quickly (50ms); collapse slowly (200ms) to feel more stable.
         const delay = shouldExpand ? 50 : 200
-        
+
         expandDebounceTimer = setTimeout(() => {
-          // 检查是否正在动画
           if (isAnimating) return
-          
-          // 检查待执行状态是否仍需要执行（可能已被后续滚动覆盖）
+
+          // The pending state may have been canceled by a subsequent scroll.
           if (pendingState === null || pendingState === isExpanded.value) return
-          
-          // 设置动画锁
+
           isAnimating = true
           isExpanded.value = pendingState
           pendingState = null
-          
-          // 动画完成后解除锁定，并检查是否有待处理的状态变化
+
+          // After the animation, see if a new pending state arrived during it.
           setTimeout(() => {
             isAnimating = false
-            
-            // 动画结束后，检查是否有新的待执行状态
+
             if (pendingState !== null && pendingState !== isExpanded.value) {
-              // 延迟一小段时间再执行，避免太快切换
+              // Brief delay before re-toggling so we don't bounce instantly.
               expandDebounceTimer = setTimeout(() => {
                 if (pendingState !== null && pendingState !== isExpanded.value) {
                   isAnimating = true
@@ -520,20 +500,19 @@ const initObserver = () => {
       })
     },
     {
-      // 使用多个阈值，使检测更平滑
+      // Multiple thresholds make the detection smoother across slow scrolls.
       threshold: [0.4, 0.6, 0.8],
-      // 调整 rootMargin，视口底部向上收缩，需要滚动更多才触发展开
+      // Shrink the viewport bottom inwards so the user has to scroll further before expand triggers.
       rootMargin: '0px 0px -150px 0px'
     }
   )
-  
-  // 开始观察
+
   if (historyContainer.value) {
     observer.observe(historyContainer.value)
   }
 }
 
-// 监听路由变化，当返回首页时重新加载数据
+// Reload history whenever the user returns to the home route.
 watch(() => route.path, (newPath) => {
   if (newPath === '/') {
     loadHistory()
@@ -541,28 +520,25 @@ watch(() => route.path, (newPath) => {
 })
 
 onMounted(async () => {
-  // 确保 DOM 渲染完成后再加载数据
   await nextTick()
   await loadHistory()
-  
-  // 等待 DOM 渲染后初始化观察器
+
+  // Wait for the DOM to settle before attaching the IntersectionObserver.
   setTimeout(() => {
     initObserver()
   }, 100)
 })
 
-// 如果使用 keep-alive，在组件激活时重新加载数据
+// keep-alive support: reload data when the component becomes active again.
 onActivated(() => {
   loadHistory()
 })
 
 onUnmounted(() => {
-  // 清理 Intersection Observer
   if (observer) {
     observer.disconnect()
     observer = null
   }
-  // 清理防抖定时器
   if (expandDebounceTimer) {
     clearTimeout(expandDebounceTimer)
     expandDebounceTimer = null
@@ -571,7 +547,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
 </script>
 
 <style scoped>
-/* 容器 */
+/* Container */
 .history-database {
   position: relative;
   width: 100%;
@@ -581,13 +557,13 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   overflow: visible;
 }
 
-/* 无项目时简化显示 */
+/* Compact display when there are no projects */
 .history-database.no-projects {
   min-height: auto;
   padding: 40px 0 20px;
 }
 
-/* 技术网格背景 */
+/* Tech-grid background */
 .tech-grid-bg {
   position: absolute;
   top: 0;
@@ -598,7 +574,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   pointer-events: none;
 }
 
-/* 使用CSS背景图案创建固定间距的正方形网格 */
+/* Square grid with fixed spacing, drawn via a CSS background pattern */
 .grid-pattern {
   position: absolute;
   top: 0;
@@ -609,7 +585,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
     linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05) 1px, transparent 1px),
     linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05) 1px, transparent 1px);
   background-size: 50px 50px;
-  /* 从左上角开始定位，高度变化时只在底部扩展，不影响已有网格位置 */
+  /* Anchor at top-left so any height change only extends downward without shifting existing rows. */
   background-position: top left;
 }
 
@@ -625,7 +601,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   pointer-events: none;
 }
 
-/* 标题区域 */
+/* Section header */
 .section-header {
   position: relative;
   z-index: 100;
@@ -653,7 +629,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   text-transform: uppercase;
 }
 
-/* 卡片容器 */
+/* Card container */
 .cards-container {
   position: relative;
   display: flex;
@@ -661,10 +637,10 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   align-items: flex-start;
   padding: 0 40px;
   transition: min-height 700ms cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);
-  /* min-height 由 JS 动态计算，根据卡片数量自适应 */
+  /* min-height is set in JS based on the number of cards. */
 }
 
-/* 项目卡片 */
+/* Project card */
 .project-card {
   position: absolute;
   width: 280px;
@@ -687,7 +663,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   z-index: 1000 !important;
 }
 
-/* 卡片头部 */
+/* Card header */
 .card-header {
   display: flex;
   justify-content: space-between;
@@ -705,7 +681,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   font-weight: 500;
 }
 
-/* 功能状态图标组 */
+/* Feature-status icon row */
 .card-status-icons {
   display: flex;
   align-items: center;
@@ -722,17 +698,17 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   opacity: 1;
 }
 
-/* 不同功能的颜色 */
-.status-icon:nth-child(1).available { color: #3B82F6; } /* 图谱构建 - 蓝色 */
-.status-icon:nth-child(2).available { color: #F59E0B; } /* 环境搭建 - 橙色 */
-.status-icon:nth-child(3).available { color: #10B981; } /* 分析报告 - 绿色 */
+/* Per-feature color coding */
+.status-icon:nth-child(1).available { color: #3B82F6; } /* Graph build — blue */
+.status-icon:nth-child(2).available { color: #F59E0B; } /* Env setup — orange */
+.status-icon:nth-child(3).available { color: #10B981; } /* Analysis report — green */
 
 .status-icon.unavailable {
   color: #D1D5DB;
   opacity: 0.5;
 }
 
-/* 轮数进度显示 */
+/* Round-progress display */
 .card-progress {
   display: flex;
   align-items: center;
@@ -746,13 +722,13 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   font-size: 0.5rem;
 }
 
-/* 进度状态颜色 */
-.card-progress.completed { color: #10B981; }    /* 已完成 - 绿色 */
-.card-progress.in-progress { color: #F59E0B; }  /* 进行中 - 橙色 */
-.card-progress.not-started { color: #9CA3AF; }  /* 未开始 - 灰色 */
+/* Progress-state colors */
+.card-progress.completed { color: #10B981; }    /* Completed — green */
+.card-progress.in-progress { color: #F59E0B; }  /* In progress — orange */
+.card-progress.not-started { color: #9CA3AF; }  /* Not started — gray */
 .card-status.pending { color: #9CA3AF; }
 
-/* 文件列表区域 */
+/* File-list region */
 .card-files-wrapper {
   position: relative;
   width: 100%;
@@ -772,7 +748,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   gap: 4px;
 }
 
-/* 更多文件提示 */
+/* "+N more files" hint */
 .files-more {
   display: flex;
   align-items: center;
@@ -802,7 +778,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   border-color: #e5e7eb;
 }
 
-/* 简约文件标签样式 */
+/* Minimal file-tag styles */
 .file-tag {
   display: inline-flex;
   align-items: center;
@@ -820,7 +796,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   min-width: 28px;
 }
 
-/* 低饱和度配色方案 - Morandi色系 */
+/* Low-saturation palette — Morandi-inspired */
 .file-tag.pdf { background: #f2e6e6; color: #a65a5a; }
 .file-tag.doc { background: #e6eff5; color: #5a7ea6; }
 .file-tag.xls { background: #e6f2e8; color: #5aa668; }
@@ -841,7 +817,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   letter-spacing: 0.1px;
 }
 
-/* 无文件时的占位 */
+/* No-files placeholder */
 .files-empty {
   display: flex;
   align-items: center;
@@ -862,13 +838,13 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   letter-spacing: 0.5px;
 }
 
-/* 悬停时文件区域效果 */
+/* File-region hover effect */
 .project-card:hover .card-files-wrapper {
   border-color: #d1d5db;
   background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8f9fa 100%);
 }
 
-/* 角落装饰 */
+/* Corner decoration */
 .corner-mark.top-left-only {
   position: absolute;
   top: 6px;
@@ -881,7 +857,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   z-index: 10;
 }
 
-/* 卡片标题 */
+/* Card title */
 .card-title {
   font-family: 'Inter', -apple-system, sans-serif;
   font-size: 0.9rem;
@@ -899,7 +875,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   color: #2563EB;
 }
 
-/* 卡片描述 */
+/* Card description */
 .card-desc {
   font-family: 'Inter', sans-serif;
   font-size: 0.75rem;
@@ -913,7 +889,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
 }
 
-/* 卡片底部 */
+/* Card footer */
 .card-footer {
   position: relative;
   display: flex;
@@ -927,14 +903,14 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   font-weight: 500;
 }
 
-/* 日期时间组合 */
+/* Date + time pair */
 .card-datetime {
   display: flex;
   align-items: center;
   gap: 8px;
 }
 
-/* 底部轮数进度显示 */
+/* Footer round-progress display */
 .card-footer .card-progress {
   display: flex;
   align-items: center;
@@ -948,12 +924,12 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   font-size: 0.5rem;
 }
 
-/* 进度状态颜色 - 底部 */
+/* Progress-state colors — footer variants */
 .card-footer .card-progress.completed { color: #10B981; }
 .card-footer .card-progress.in-progress { color: #F59E0B; }
 .card-footer .card-progress.not-started { color: #9CA3AF; }
 
-/* 底部装饰线 */
+/* Bottom decorative line */
 .card-bottom-line {
   position: absolute;
   bottom: 0;
@@ -969,7 +945,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   width: 100%;
 }
 
-/* 空状态 */
+/* Empty state */
 .empty-state, .loading-state {
   display: flex;
   flex-direction: column;
@@ -997,7 +973,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   to { transform: rotate(360deg); }
 }
 
-/* 响应式 */
+/* Responsive layout */
 @media (max-width: 1200px) {
   .project-card {
     width: 240px;
@@ -1013,7 +989,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   }
 }
 
-/* ===== 历史回放详情弹窗样式 ===== */
+/* ===== Replay-detail modal styles ===== */
 .modal-overlay {
   position: fixed;
   top: 0;
@@ -1039,7 +1015,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   box-shadow: 0 20px 25px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1), 0 10px 10px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
 }
 
-/* 动画过渡 */
+/* Animation transitions */
 .modal-enter-active,
 .modal-leave-active {
   transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
@@ -1068,7 +1044,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   opacity: 0;
 }
 
-/* 弹窗头部 */
+/* Modal header */
 .modal-header {
   display: flex;
   justify-content: space-between;
@@ -1135,7 +1111,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   color: #111827;
 }
 
-/* 弹窗内容 */
+/* Modal body */
 .modal-body {
   padding: 24px 32px;
 }
@@ -1177,7 +1153,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   padding-right: 4px;
 }
 
-/* 自定义滚动条样式 */
+/* Custom scrollbar */
 .modal-files::-webkit-scrollbar {
   width: 4px;
 }
@@ -1231,7 +1207,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   text-align: center;
 }
 
-/* 推演回放分割线 */
+/* Replay-section divider */
 .modal-divider {
   display: flex;
   align-items: center;
@@ -1255,7 +1231,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   white-space: nowrap;
 }
 
-/* 导航按钮 */
+/* Navigation buttons */
 .modal-actions {
   display: flex;
   gap: 16px;
@@ -1322,7 +1298,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   color: #111827;
 }
 
-/* 不可回放提示 */
+/* No-replay-available hint */
 .modal-playback-hint {
   display: flex;
   align-items: center;
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/Step1GraphBuild.vue b/frontend/src/components/Step1GraphBuild.vue
index 687d1c7b..11b1b458 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/Step1GraphBuild.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/components/Step1GraphBuild.vue
@@ -210,15 +210,15 @@ const selectedOntologyItem = ref(null)
 const logContent = ref(null)
 const creatingSimulation = ref(false)
 
-// 进入环境搭建 - 创建 simulation 并跳转
+// Enter environment setup: create the simulation, then route to its page.
 const handleEnterEnvSetup = async () => {
   if (!props.projectData?.project_id || !props.projectData?.graph_id) {
-    console.error('缺少项目或图谱信息')
+    console.error('Missing project or graph info')
     return
   }
-  
+
   creatingSimulation.value = true
-  
+
   try {
     const res = await createSimulation({
       project_id: props.projectData.project_id,
@@ -226,19 +226,18 @@ const handleEnterEnvSetup = async () => {
       enable_twitter: true,
       enable_reddit: true
     })
-    
+
     if (res.success && res.data?.simulation_id) {
-      // 跳转到 simulation 页面
       router.push({
         name: 'Simulation',
         params: { simulationId: res.data.simulation_id }
       })
     } else {
-      console.error('创建模拟失败:', res.error)
+      console.error('Failed to create simulation:', res.error)
       alert(t('step1.createSimulationFailed', { error: res.error || t('common.unknownError') }))
     }
   } catch (err) {
-    console.error('创建模拟异常:', err)
+    console.error('Exception while creating simulation:', err)
     alert(t('step1.createSimulationException', { error: err.message }))
   } finally {
     creatingSimulation.value = false
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/Step2EnvSetup.vue b/frontend/src/components/Step2EnvSetup.vue
index a27ba347..fe74c78d 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/Step2EnvSetup.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/components/Step2EnvSetup.vue
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <template>
   <div class="env-setup-panel">
     <div class="scroll-container">
-      <!-- Step 01: 模拟实例 -->
+      <!-- Step 01: Simulation instance -->
       <div class="step-card" :class="{ 'active': phase === 0, 'completed': phase > 0 }">
         <div class="card-header">
           <div class="step-info">
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
         </div>
       </div>
 
-      <!-- Step 02: 生成 Agent 人设 -->
+      <!-- Step 02: Generate agent personas -->
       <div class="step-card" :class="{ 'active': phase === 1, 'completed': phase > 1 }">
         <div class="card-header">
           <div class="step-info">
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@
         </div>
       </div>
 
-      <!-- Step 03: 生成双平台模拟配置 -->
+      <!-- Step 03: Generate dual-platform simulation config -->
       <div class="step-card" :class="{ 'active': phase === 2, 'completed': phase > 2 }">
         <div class="card-header">
           <div class="step-info">
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@
           
           <!-- Config Preview -->
           <div v-if="simulationConfig" class="config-detail-panel">
-            <!-- 时间配置 -->
+            <!-- Time config -->
             <div class="config-block">
               <div class="config-grid">
                 <div class="config-item">
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <!-- Agent 配置 -->
+            <!-- Agent config -->
             <div class="config-block">
               <div class="config-block-header">
                 <span class="config-block-title">{{ $t('step2.agentConfig') }}</span>
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@
                   :key="agent.agent_id" 
                   class="agent-card"
                 >
-                  <!-- 卡片头部 -->
+                  <!-- Card header -->
                   <div class="agent-card-header">
                     <div class="agent-identity">
                       <span class="agent-id">Agent {{ agent.agent_id }}</span>
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@
                     </div>
                   </div>
                   
-                  <!-- 活跃时间轴 -->
+                  <!-- Active-hours timeline -->
                   <div class="agent-timeline">
                     <span class="timeline-label">{{ $t('step2.activeTimePeriod') }}</span>
                     <div class="mini-timeline">
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@
                     </div>
                   </div>
 
-                  <!-- 行为参数 -->
+                  <!-- Behavior params -->
                   <div class="agent-params">
                     <div class="param-group">
                       <div class="param-item">
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <!-- 平台配置 -->
+            <!-- Platform config -->
             <div class="config-block">
               <div class="config-block-header">
                 <span class="config-block-title">{{ $t('step2.recommendAlgoConfig') }}</span>
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <!-- LLM 配置推理 -->
+            <!-- LLM config reasoning -->
             <div v-if="simulationConfig.generation_reasoning" class="config-block">
               <div class="config-block-header">
                 <span class="config-block-title">{{ $t('step2.llmConfigReasoning') }}</span>
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@
         </div>
       </div>
 
-      <!-- Step 04: 初始激活编排 -->
+      <!-- Step 04: Initial activation orchestration -->
       <div class="step-card" :class="{ 'active': phase === 3, 'completed': phase > 3 }">
         <div class="card-header">
           <div class="step-info">
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@
           </p>
 
           <div v-if="simulationConfig?.event_config" class="orchestration-content">
-            <!-- 叙事方向 -->
+            <!-- Narrative direction -->
             <div class="narrative-box">
               <span class="box-label narrative-label">
                 <svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="special-icon">
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@
               <p class="narrative-text">{{ simulationConfig.event_config.narrative_direction }}</p>
             </div>
 
-            <!-- 热点话题 -->
+            <!-- Hot topics -->
             <div class="topics-section">
               <span class="box-label">{{ $t('step2.initialHotTopics') }}</span>
               <div class="hot-topics-grid">
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <!-- 初始帖子流 -->
+            <!-- Initial post timeline -->
             <div class="initial-posts-section">
               <span class="box-label">{{ $t('step2.initialActivationSeq', { count: simulationConfig.event_config.initial_posts.length }) }}</span>
               <div class="posts-timeline">
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@
         </div>
       </div>
 
-      <!-- Step 05: 准备完成 -->
+      <!-- Step 05: Setup complete -->
       <div class="step-card" :class="{ 'active': phase === 4 }">
         <div class="card-header">
           <div class="step-info">
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@
           <p class="api-note">POST /api/simulation/start</p>
           <p class="description">{{ $t('step2.setupCompleteDesc') }}</p>
           
-          <!-- 模拟轮数配置 - 只有在配置生成完成且轮数计算出来后才显示 -->
+          <!-- Round-count config: only render once the config and round count are ready -->
           <div v-if="simulationConfig && autoGeneratedRounds" class="rounds-config-section">
             <div class="rounds-header">
               <div class="header-left">
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@
         </div>
         
         <div class="modal-body">
-          <!-- 基本信息 -->
+          <!-- Basic info -->
           <div class="modal-info-grid">
             <div class="info-item">
               <span class="info-label">{{ $t('step2.profileModalAge') }}</span>
@@ -564,13 +564,13 @@
             </div>
           </div>
 
-          <!-- 简介 -->
+          <!-- Bio -->
           <div class="modal-section">
             <span class="section-label">{{ $t('step2.profileModalBio') }}</span>
             <p class="section-bio">{{ selectedProfile.bio || $t('step2.noBio') }}</p>
           </div>
 
-          <!-- 关注话题 -->
+          <!-- Followed topics -->
           <div class="modal-section" v-if="selectedProfile.interested_topics?.length">
             <span class="section-label">{{ $t('step2.profileModalTopics') }}</span>
             <div class="topics-grid">
@@ -582,11 +582,11 @@
             </div>
           </div>
 
-          <!-- 详细人设 -->
+          <!-- Detailed persona -->
           <div class="modal-section" v-if="selectedProfile.persona">
             <span class="section-label">{{ $t('step2.profileModalPersona') }}</span>
-            
-            <!-- 人设维度概览 -->
+
+            <!-- Persona dimensions overview -->
             <div class="persona-dimensions">
               <div class="dimension-card">
                 <span class="dim-title">{{ $t('step2.personaDimExperience') }}</span>
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ import {
 const { t } = useI18n()
 
 const props = defineProps({
-  simulationId: String,  // 从父组件传入
+  simulationId: String,  // Provided by the parent.
   projectData: Object,
   graphData: Object,
   systemLogs: Array
@@ -654,7 +654,7 @@ const props = defineProps({
 const emit = defineEmits(['go-back', 'next-step', 'add-log', 'update-status'])
 
 // State
-const phase = ref(0) // 0: 初始化, 1: 生成人设, 2: 生成配置, 3: 完成
+const phase = ref(0) // 0: init, 1: generating personas, 2: generating config, 3: done
 const taskId = ref(null)
 const prepareProgress = ref(0)
 const currentStage = ref('')
@@ -666,14 +666,14 @@ const simulationConfig = ref(null)
 const selectedProfile = ref(null)
 const showProfilesDetail = ref(true)
 
-// 日志去重：记录上一次输出的关键信息
+// Log deduplication — remember the last emitted key so we don't repeat lines.
 let lastLoggedMessage = ''
 let lastLoggedProfileCount = 0
 let lastLoggedConfigStage = ''
 
-// 模拟轮数配置
-const useCustomRounds = ref(false) // 默认使用自动配置轮数
-const customMaxRounds = ref(40)   // 默认推荐40轮
+// Round-count configuration
+const useCustomRounds = ref(false) // Default: use the auto-derived round count.
+const customMaxRounds = ref(40)   // Default recommendation: 40 rounds.
 
 // Watch stage to update phase
 watch(currentStage, (newStage) => {
@@ -681,28 +681,28 @@ watch(currentStage, (newStage) => {
     phase.value = 1
   } else if (newStage === '生成模拟配置' || newStage === 'generating_config') {
     phase.value = 2
-    // 进入配置生成阶段，开始轮询配置
+    // Entering the config-generation stage — start polling the config endpoint.
     if (!configTimer) {
       addLog(t('log.startGeneratingConfig'))
       startConfigPolling()
     }
   } else if (newStage === '准备模拟脚本' || newStage === 'copying_scripts') {
-    phase.value = 2 // 仍属于配置阶段
+    phase.value = 2 // Still part of the config stage.
   }
 })
 
-// 从配置中计算自动生成的轮数（不使用硬编码默认值）
+// Compute the auto-derived round count from the simulation config (no hardcoded fallback).
 const autoGeneratedRounds = computed(() => {
   if (!simulationConfig.value?.time_config) {
-    return null // 配置未生成时返回 null
+    return null // Config not generated yet.
   }
   const totalHours = simulationConfig.value.time_config.total_simulation_hours
   const minutesPerRound = simulationConfig.value.time_config.minutes_per_round
   if (!totalHours || !minutesPerRound) {
-    return null // 配置数据不完整时返回 null
+    return null // Config data is incomplete.
   }
   const calculatedRounds = Math.floor((totalHours * 60) / minutesPerRound)
-  // 确保最大轮数不小于40（推荐值），避免滑动条范围异常
+  // Floor at 40 (the recommended baseline) so the slider range stays sane.
   return Math.max(calculatedRounds, 40)
 })
 
@@ -719,7 +719,7 @@ const displayProfiles = computed(() => {
   return profiles.value.slice(0, 6)
 })
 
-// 根据agent_id获取对应的username
+// Look up the username for an agent_id from the profiles list.
 const getAgentUsername = (agentId) => {
   if (profiles.value && profiles.value.length > agentId && agentId >= 0) {
     const profile = profiles.value[agentId]
@@ -728,7 +728,7 @@ const getAgentUsername = (agentId) => {
   return `agent_${agentId}`
 }
 
-// 计算所有人设的关联话题总数
+// Total followed-topics count across all profiles.
 const totalTopicsCount = computed(() => {
   return profiles.value.reduce((sum, p) => {
     return sum + (p.interested_topics?.length || 0)
@@ -740,20 +740,18 @@ const addLog = (msg) => {
   emit('add-log', msg)
 }
 
-// 处理开始模拟按钮点击
 const handleStartSimulation = () => {
-  // 构建传递给父组件的参数
   const params = {}
-  
+
   if (useCustomRounds.value) {
-    // 用户自定义轮数，传递 max_rounds 参数
+    // User chose a custom round count — pass max_rounds to the parent.
     params.maxRounds = customMaxRounds.value
     addLog(t('log.startSimCustomRounds', { rounds: customMaxRounds.value }))
   } else {
-    // 用户选择保持自动生成的轮数，不传递 max_rounds 参数
+    // Keep the auto-derived round count — do not pass max_rounds.
     addLog(t('log.startSimAutoRounds', { rounds: autoGeneratedRounds.value }))
   }
-  
+
   emit('next-step', params)
 }
 
@@ -768,15 +766,14 @@ const selectProfile = (profile) => {
   selectedProfile.value = profile
 }
 
-// 自动开始准备模拟
 const startPrepareSimulation = async () => {
   if (!props.simulationId) {
     addLog(t('log.errorMissingSimId'))
     emit('update-status', 'error')
     return
   }
-  
-  // 标记第一步完成，开始第二步
+
+  // Mark Step 1 done and move on to Step 2.
   phase.value = 1
   addLog(t('log.simInstanceCreated', { id: props.simulationId }))
   addLog(t('log.preparingSimEnv'))
@@ -800,7 +797,7 @@ const startPrepareSimulation = async () => {
       addLog(t('log.prepareTaskStarted'))
       addLog(t('log.prepareTaskId', { taskId: res.data.task_id }))
       
-      // 立即设置预期Agent总数（从prepare接口返回值获取）
+      // Pull the expected agent total straight from the prepare response.
       if (res.data.expected_entities_count) {
         expectedTotal.value = res.data.expected_entities_count
         addLog(t('log.zepEntitiesFound', { count: res.data.expected_entities_count }))
@@ -810,9 +807,7 @@ const startPrepareSimulation = async () => {
       }
       
       addLog(t('log.startPollingProgress'))
-      // 开始轮询进度
       startPolling()
-      // 开始实时获取 Profiles
       startProfilesPolling()
     } else {
       addLog(t('log.prepareFailed', { error: res.error || t('common.unknownError') }))
@@ -857,16 +852,14 @@ const pollPrepareStatus = async () => {
     
     if (res.success && res.data) {
       const data = res.data
-      
-      // 更新进度
+
       prepareProgress.value = data.progress || 0
       progressMessage.value = data.message || ''
-      
-      // 解析阶段信息并输出详细日志
+
+      // Parse the progress detail and emit one log line per change.
       if (data.progress_detail) {
         currentStage.value = data.progress_detail.current_stage_name || ''
-        
-        // 输出详细进度日志（避免重复）
+
         const detail = data.progress_detail
         const logKey = `${detail.current_stage}-${detail.current_item}-${detail.total_items}`
         if (logKey !== lastLoggedMessage && detail.item_description) {
@@ -879,19 +872,17 @@ const pollPrepareStatus = async () => {
           }
         }
       } else if (data.message) {
-        // 从消息中提取阶段
+        // Extract the stage label from the freeform message.
         const match = data.message.match(/\[(\d+)\/(\d+)\]\s*([^:]+)/)
         if (match) {
           currentStage.value = match[3].trim()
         }
-        // 输出消息日志（避免重复）
         if (data.message !== lastLoggedMessage) {
           lastLoggedMessage = data.message
           addLog(data.message)
         }
       }
-      
-      // 检查是否完成
+
       if (data.status === 'completed' || data.status === 'ready' || data.already_prepared) {
         addLog(t('log.prepareComplete'))
         stopPolling()
@@ -904,7 +895,7 @@ const pollPrepareStatus = async () => {
       }
     }
   } catch (err) {
-    console.warn('轮询状态失败:', err)
+    console.warn('Failed to poll prepare status:', err)
   }
 }
 
@@ -917,19 +908,19 @@ const fetchProfilesRealtime = async () => {
     if (res.success && res.data) {
       const prevCount = profiles.value.length
       profiles.value = res.data.profiles || []
-      // 只有当 API 返回有效值时才更新，避免覆盖已有的有效值
+      // Only overwrite the expected total when the API returns a non-zero value,
+      // so we don't clobber an already-known good value with a transient empty.
       if (res.data.total_expected) {
         expectedTotal.value = res.data.total_expected
       }
-      
-      // 提取实体类型
+
       const types = new Set()
       profiles.value.forEach(p => {
         if (p.entity_type) types.add(p.entity_type)
       })
       entityTypes.value = Array.from(types)
-      
-      // 输出 Profile 生成进度日志（仅当数量变化时）
+
+      // Log profile-generation progress only when the count changes.
       const currentCount = profiles.value.length
       if (currentCount > 0 && currentCount !== lastLoggedProfileCount) {
         lastLoggedProfileCount = currentCount
@@ -941,18 +932,17 @@ const fetchProfilesRealtime = async () => {
         }
         addLog(t('log.agentProfile', { current: currentCount, total: total, name: profileName, profession: latestProfile?.profession || t('step2.unknownProfession') }))
 
-        // 如果全部生成完成
         if (expectedTotal.value && currentCount >= expectedTotal.value) {
           addLog(t('log.allProfilesComplete', { count: currentCount }))
         }
       }
     }
   } catch (err) {
-    console.warn('获取 Profiles 失败:', err)
+    console.warn('Failed to fetch profiles:', err)
   }
 }
 
-// 配置轮询
+// Config polling
 const startConfigPolling = () => {
   configTimer = setInterval(fetchConfigRealtime, 2000)
 }
@@ -972,8 +962,8 @@ const fetchConfigRealtime = async () => {
     
     if (res.success && res.data) {
       const data = res.data
-      
-      // 输出配置生成阶段日志（避免重复）
+
+      // Emit one log line per change of generation_stage.
       if (data.generation_stage && data.generation_stage !== lastLoggedConfigStage) {
         lastLoggedConfigStage = data.generation_stage
         if (data.generation_stage === 'generating_profiles') {
@@ -982,13 +972,11 @@ const fetchConfigRealtime = async () => {
           addLog(t('log.generatingLLMConfig'))
         }
       }
-      
-      // 如果配置已生成
+
       if (data.config_generated && data.config) {
         simulationConfig.value = data.config
         addLog(t('log.configComplete'))
 
-        // 显示详细配置摘要
         if (data.summary) {
           addLog(t('log.configSummaryAgents', { count: data.summary.total_agents }))
           addLog(t('log.configSummaryHours', { hours: data.summary.simulation_hours }))
@@ -997,13 +985,11 @@ const fetchConfigRealtime = async () => {
           addLog(t('log.configSummaryPlatforms', { twitter: data.summary.has_twitter_config ? '✓' : '✗', reddit: data.summary.has_reddit_config ? '✓' : '✗' }))
         }
         
-        // 显示时间配置详情
         if (data.config.time_config) {
           const tc = data.config.time_config
           addLog(t('log.timeConfigDetail', { minutes: tc.minutes_per_round, rounds: Math.floor((tc.total_simulation_hours * 60) / tc.minutes_per_round) }))
         }
-        
-        // 显示事件配置
+
         if (data.config.event_config?.narrative_direction) {
           const narrative = data.config.event_config.narrative_direction
           addLog(t('log.narrativeDirection', { direction: narrative.length > 50 ? narrative.substring(0, 50) + '...' : narrative }))
@@ -1016,7 +1002,7 @@ const fetchConfigRealtime = async () => {
       }
     }
   } catch (err) {
-    console.warn('获取 Config 失败:', err)
+    console.warn('Failed to fetch config:', err)
   }
 }
 
@@ -1024,11 +1010,11 @@ const loadPreparedData = async () => {
   phase.value = 2
   addLog(t('log.loadingExistingConfig'))
 
-  // 最后获取一次 Profiles
+  // Pull profiles one final time.
   await fetchProfilesRealtime()
   addLog(t('log.loadedAgentProfiles', { count: profiles.value.length }))
 
-  // 获取配置（使用实时接口）
+  // Fetch the config via the realtime endpoint.
   try {
     const res = await getSimulationConfigRealtime(props.simulationId)
     if (res.success && res.data) {
@@ -1036,7 +1022,6 @@ const loadPreparedData = async () => {
         simulationConfig.value = res.data.config
         addLog(t('log.configLoadSuccess'))
 
-        // 显示详细配置摘要
         if (res.data.summary) {
           addLog(t('log.configSummaryAgents', { count: res.data.summary.total_agents }))
           addLog(t('log.configSummaryHours', { hours: res.data.summary.simulation_hours }))
@@ -1047,7 +1032,7 @@ const loadPreparedData = async () => {
         phase.value = 4
         emit('update-status', 'completed')
       } else {
-        // 配置尚未生成，开始轮询
+        // Config not generated yet — kick off polling.
         addLog(t('log.configGenerating'))
         startConfigPolling()
       }
@@ -1069,7 +1054,6 @@ watch(() => props.systemLogs?.length, () => {
 })
 
 onMounted(() => {
-  // 自动开始准备流程
   if (props.simulationId) {
     addLog(t('log.step2Init'))
     startPrepareSimulation()
@@ -1905,7 +1889,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   flex: 1;
 }
 
-/* 基本信息网格 */
+/* Basic-info grid */
 .modal-info-grid {
   display: grid;
   grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
@@ -1941,7 +1925,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   color: #FF5722;
 }
 
-/* 模块区域 */
+/* Module section */
 .modal-section {
   margin-bottom: 28px;
 }
@@ -1967,7 +1951,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   border-left: 3px solid #E0E0E0;
 }
 
-/* 话题标签 */
+/* Topic tags */
 .topics-grid {
   display: flex;
   flex-wrap: wrap;
@@ -1989,7 +1973,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   color: #0D47A1;
 }
 
-/* 详细人设 */
+/* Detailed persona */
 .persona-dimensions {
   display: grid;
   grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
@@ -2275,7 +2259,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   margin: 0;
 }
 
-/* 模拟轮数配置样式 */
+/* Round-count config styles */
 .rounds-config-section {
   margin: 24px 0;
   padding-top: 24px;
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/Step3Simulation.vue b/frontend/src/components/Step3Simulation.vue
index 5b0f968c..a9f1b2cd 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/Step3Simulation.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/components/Step3Simulation.vue
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
     <!-- Top Control Bar -->
     <div class="control-bar">
       <div class="status-group">
-        <!-- Twitter 平台进度 -->
+        <!-- Twitter platform progress -->
         <div class="platform-status twitter" :class="{ active: runStatus.twitter_running, completed: runStatus.twitter_completed }">
           <div class="platform-header">
             <svg class="platform-icon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2">
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
               <span class="stat-value mono">{{ runStatus.twitter_actions_count || 0 }}</span>
             </span>
           </div>
-          <!-- 可用动作提示 -->
+          <!-- Available actions tooltip -->
           <div class="actions-tooltip">
             <div class="tooltip-title">Available Actions</div>
             <div class="tooltip-actions">
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
           </div>
         </div>
         
-        <!-- Reddit 平台进度 -->
+        <!-- Reddit platform progress -->
         <div class="platform-status reddit" :class="{ active: runStatus.reddit_running, completed: runStatus.reddit_completed }">
           <div class="platform-header">
             <svg class="platform-icon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2">
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
               <span class="stat-value mono">{{ runStatus.reddit_actions_count || 0 }}</span>
             </span>
           </div>
-          <!-- 可用动作提示 -->
+          <!-- Available actions tooltip -->
           <div class="actions-tooltip">
             <div class="tooltip-title">Available Actions</div>
             <div class="tooltip-actions">
@@ -157,12 +157,12 @@
               </div>
               
               <div class="card-body">
-                <!-- CREATE_POST: 发布帖子 -->
+                <!-- CREATE_POST: publish a post -->
                 <div v-if="action.action_type === 'CREATE_POST' && action.action_args?.content" class="content-text main-text">
                   {{ action.action_args.content }}
                 </div>
 
-                <!-- QUOTE_POST: 引用帖子 -->
+                <!-- QUOTE_POST: quote another post -->
                 <template v-if="action.action_type === 'QUOTE_POST'">
                   <div v-if="action.action_args?.quote_content" class="content-text">
                     {{ action.action_args.quote_content }}
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@
                   </div>
                 </template>
 
-                <!-- REPOST: 转发帖子 -->
+                <!-- REPOST: repost -->
                 <template v-if="action.action_type === 'REPOST'">
                   <div class="repost-info">
                     <svg class="icon-small" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"><polyline points="17 1 21 5 17 9"></polyline><path d="M3 11V9a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h14"></path><polyline points="7 23 3 19 7 15"></polyline><path d="M21 13v2a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H3"></path></svg>
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@
                   </div>
                 </template>
 
-                <!-- LIKE_POST: 点赞帖子 -->
+                <!-- LIKE_POST: like a post -->
                 <template v-if="action.action_type === 'LIKE_POST'">
                   <div class="like-info">
                     <svg class="icon-small filled" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14" fill="currentColor"><path d="M20.84 4.61a5.5 5.5 0 0 0-7.78 0L12 5.67l-1.06-1.06a5.5 5.5 0 0 0-7.78 7.78l1.06 1.06L12 21.23l7.78-7.78 1.06-1.06a5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-7.78z"></path></svg>
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@
                   </div>
                 </template>
 
-                <!-- CREATE_COMMENT: 发表评论 -->
+                <!-- CREATE_COMMENT: post a comment -->
                 <template v-if="action.action_type === 'CREATE_COMMENT'">
                   <div v-if="action.action_args?.content" class="content-text">
                     {{ action.action_args.content }}
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@
                   </div>
                 </template>
 
-                <!-- SEARCH_POSTS: 搜索帖子 -->
+                <!-- SEARCH_POSTS: search posts -->
                 <template v-if="action.action_type === 'SEARCH_POSTS'">
                   <div class="search-info">
                     <svg class="icon-small" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"></circle><line x1="21" y1="21" x2="16.65" y2="16.65"></line></svg>
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@
                   </div>
                 </template>
 
-                <!-- FOLLOW: 关注用户 -->
+                <!-- FOLLOW: follow user -->
                 <template v-if="action.action_type === 'FOLLOW'">
                   <div class="follow-info">
                     <svg class="icon-small" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"><path d="M16 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H5a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v2"></path><circle cx="8.5" cy="7" r="4"></circle><line x1="20" y1="8" x2="20" y2="14"></line><line x1="23" y1="11" x2="17" y2="11"></line></svg>
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@
                   </div>
                 </template>
 
-                <!-- DO_NOTHING: 无操作（静默） -->
+                <!-- DO_NOTHING: idle (silent) -->
                 <template v-if="action.action_type === 'DO_NOTHING'">
                   <div class="idle-info">
                     <svg class="icon-small" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="10"></circle><line x1="12" y1="8" x2="12" y2="12"></line><line x1="12" y1="16" x2="12.01" y2="16"></line></svg>
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@
                   </div>
                 </template>
 
-                <!-- 通用回退：未知类型或有 content 但未被上述处理 -->
+                <!-- Generic fallback: unknown action types, or any action with content not matched above -->
                 <div v-if="!['CREATE_POST', 'QUOTE_POST', 'REPOST', 'LIKE_POST', 'CREATE_COMMENT', 'SEARCH_POSTS', 'FOLLOW', 'UPVOTE_POST', 'DOWNVOTE_POST', 'DO_NOTHING'].includes(action.action_type) && action.action_args?.content" class="content-text">
                   {{ action.action_args.content }}
                 </div>
@@ -301,10 +301,10 @@ const { t } = useI18n()
 
 const props = defineProps({
   simulationId: String,
-  maxRounds: Number, // 从Step2传入的最大轮数
+  maxRounds: Number, // Max-rounds value passed in from Step 2.
   minutesPerRound: {
     type: Number,
-    default: 30 // 默认每轮30分钟
+    default: 30 // Default: 30 minutes per round.
   },
   projectData: Object,
   graphData: Object,
@@ -317,22 +317,21 @@ const router = useRouter()
 
 // State
 const isGeneratingReport = ref(false)
-const phase = ref(0) // 0: 未开始, 1: 运行中, 2: 已完成
+const phase = ref(0) // 0: not started, 1: running, 2: completed
 const isStarting = ref(false)
 const isStopping = ref(false)
 const startError = ref(null)
 const runStatus = ref({})
-const allActions = ref([]) // 所有动作（增量累积）
-const actionIds = ref(new Set()) // 用于去重的动作ID集合
+const allActions = ref([]) // All actions (accumulated incrementally).
+const actionIds = ref(new Set()) // Set of action IDs used to deduplicate.
 const scrollContainer = ref(null)
 
 // Computed
-// 按时间顺序显示动作（最新的在最后面，即底部）
+// Show actions in chronological order (newest at the bottom).
 const chronologicalActions = computed(() => {
   return allActions.value
 })
 
-// 各平台动作计数
 const twitterActionsCount = computed(() => {
   return allActions.value.filter(a => a.platform === 'twitter').length
 })
@@ -341,7 +340,7 @@ const redditActionsCount = computed(() => {
   return allActions.value.filter(a => a.platform === 'reddit').length
 })
 
-// 格式化模拟流逝时间（根据轮次和每轮分钟数计算）
+// Render simulated elapsed time as `Xh Ym` based on round count and minutes-per-round.
 const formatElapsedTime = (currentRound) => {
   if (!currentRound || currentRound <= 0) return '0h 0m'
   const totalMinutes = currentRound * props.minutesPerRound
@@ -350,12 +349,10 @@ const formatElapsedTime = (currentRound) => {
   return `${hours}h ${minutes}m`
 }
 
-// Twitter平台的模拟流逝时间
 const twitterElapsedTime = computed(() => {
   return formatElapsedTime(runStatus.value.twitter_current_round || 0)
 })
 
-// Reddit平台的模拟流逝时间
 const redditElapsedTime = computed(() => {
   return formatElapsedTime(runStatus.value.reddit_current_round || 0)
 })
@@ -365,7 +362,7 @@ const addLog = (msg) => {
   emit('add-log', msg)
 }
 
-// 重置所有状态（用于重新启动模拟）
+// Reset all state — used when restarting a simulation.
 const resetAllState = () => {
   phase.value = 0
   runStatus.value = {}
@@ -376,30 +373,29 @@ const resetAllState = () => {
   startError.value = null
   isStarting.value = false
   isStopping.value = false
-  stopPolling()  // 停止之前可能存在的轮询
+  stopPolling()  // Cancel any timers left over from a previous run.
 }
 
-// 启动模拟
 const doStartSimulation = async () => {
   if (!props.simulationId) {
     addLog(t('log.errorMissingSimId'))
     return
   }
 
-  // 先重置所有状态，确保不会受到上一次模拟的影响
+  // Reset first so leftover state from a previous run cannot leak in.
   resetAllState()
-  
+
   isStarting.value = true
   startError.value = null
   addLog(t('log.startingDualSim'))
   emit('update-status', 'processing')
-  
+
   try {
     const params = {
       simulation_id: props.simulationId,
       platform: 'parallel',
-      force: true,  // 强制重新开始
-      enable_graph_memory_update: true  // 开启动态图谱更新
+      force: true,  // Force a fresh start.
+      enable_graph_memory_update: true  // Enable dynamic graph-memory updates.
     }
     
     if (props.maxRounds) {
@@ -437,7 +433,6 @@ const doStartSimulation = async () => {
   }
 }
 
-// 停止模拟
 const handleStopSimulation = async () => {
   if (!props.simulationId) return
   
@@ -462,7 +457,7 @@ const handleStopSimulation = async () => {
   }
 }
 
-// 轮询状态
+// Polling timers
 let statusTimer = null
 let detailTimer = null
 
@@ -485,7 +480,7 @@ const stopPolling = () => {
   }
 }
 
-// 追踪各平台的上一次轮次，用于检测变化并输出日志
+// Track each platform's last seen round so a log line is only emitted on change.
 const prevTwitterRound = ref(0)
 const prevRedditRound = ref(0)
 
@@ -499,8 +494,8 @@ const fetchRunStatus = async () => {
       const data = res.data
       
       runStatus.value = data
-      
-      // 分别检测各平台的轮次变化并输出日志
+
+      // Per-platform round-change detection — log only when the round advances.
       if (data.twitter_current_round > prevTwitterRound.value) {
         addLog(`[Plaza] R${data.twitter_current_round}/${data.total_rounds} | T:${data.twitter_simulated_hours || 0}h | A:${data.twitter_actions_count}`)
         prevTwitterRound.value = data.twitter_current_round
@@ -511,11 +506,11 @@ const fetchRunStatus = async () => {
         prevRedditRound.value = data.reddit_current_round
       }
       
-      // 检测模拟是否已完成（通过 runner_status 或平台完成状态判断）
+      // Decide if the simulation has finished — by runner_status or platform-completion flags.
       const isCompleted = data.runner_status === 'completed' || data.runner_status === 'stopped'
-      
-      // 额外检查：如果后端还没来得及更新 runner_status，但平台已经报告完成
-      // 通过检测 twitter_completed 和 reddit_completed 状态判断
+
+      // Fallback: if the backend has not yet updated runner_status but every platform
+      // already reports completed, treat the run as done.
       const platformsCompleted = checkPlatformsCompleted(data)
       
       if (isCompleted || platformsCompleted) {
@@ -529,31 +524,27 @@ const fetchRunStatus = async () => {
       }
     }
   } catch (err) {
-    console.warn('获取运行状态失败:', err)
+    console.warn('Failed to fetch run status:', err)
   }
 }
 
-// 检查所有启用的平台是否已完成
+// Decide whether every enabled platform is finished.
 const checkPlatformsCompleted = (data) => {
-  // 如果没有任何平台数据，返回 false
   if (!data) return false
-  
-  // 检查各平台的完成状态
+
   const twitterCompleted = data.twitter_completed === true
   const redditCompleted = data.reddit_completed === true
-  
-  // 如果至少有一个平台完成了，检查是否所有启用的平台都完成了
-  // 通过 actions_count 判断平台是否被启用（如果 count > 0 或 running 曾为 true）
+
+  // A platform counts as "enabled" if its action count is positive, it has been
+  // running, or it has reported completion — actions_count is the truthful signal.
   const twitterEnabled = (data.twitter_actions_count > 0) || data.twitter_running || twitterCompleted
   const redditEnabled = (data.reddit_actions_count > 0) || data.reddit_running || redditCompleted
-  
-  // 如果没有任何平台被启用，返回 false
+
   if (!twitterEnabled && !redditEnabled) return false
-  
-  // 检查所有启用的平台是否都已完成
+
   if (twitterEnabled && !twitterCompleted) return false
   if (redditEnabled && !redditCompleted) return false
-  
+
   return true
 }
 
@@ -564,15 +555,13 @@ const fetchRunStatusDetail = async () => {
     const res = await getRunStatusDetail(props.simulationId)
     
     if (res.success && res.data) {
-      // 使用 all_actions 获取完整的动作列表
+      // Use all_actions for the complete action list (incremental on the client side).
       const serverActions = res.data.all_actions || []
-      
-      // 增量添加新动作（去重）
+
       let newActionsAdded = 0
       serverActions.forEach(action => {
-        // 生成唯一ID
         const actionId = action.id || `${action.timestamp}-${action.platform}-${action.agent_id}-${action.action_type}`
-        
+
         if (!actionIds.value.has(actionId)) {
           actionIds.value.add(actionId)
           allActions.value.push({
@@ -582,12 +571,12 @@ const fetchRunStatusDetail = async () => {
           newActionsAdded++
         }
       })
-      
-      // 不自动滚动，让用户自由查看时间轴
-      // 新动作会在底部追加
+
+      // Do not auto-scroll — let the user pan the timeline freely. New actions
+      // append at the bottom.
     }
   } catch (err) {
-    console.warn('获取详细状态失败:', err)
+    console.warn('Failed to fetch run-status detail:', err)
   }
 }
 
@@ -664,8 +653,7 @@ const handleNextStep = async () => {
     if (res.success && res.data) {
       const reportId = res.data.report_id
       addLog(t('log.reportGenTaskStarted', { reportId }))
-      
-      // 跳转到报告页面
+
       router.push({ name: 'Report', params: { reportId } })
     } else {
       addLog(t('log.reportGenFailed', { error: res.error || t('common.unknownError') }))
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/Step4Report.vue b/frontend/src/components/Step4Report.vue
index 8e53ceb5..29a284bb 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/Step4Report.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/components/Step4Report.vue
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
             </div>
           </div>
 
-          <!-- Next Step Button - 在完成后显示 -->
+          <!-- Next Step Button — visible only after completion -->
           <button v-if="isComplete" class="next-step-btn" @click="goToInteraction">
             <span>{{ $t('step4.goToInteraction') }}</span>
             <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" height="16" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2">
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@
                     </div>
                   </template>
                   
-                  <!-- Section Content Generated (内容生成完成，但整个章节可能还没完成) -->
+                  <!-- Section content generated (content done; the section as a whole may still be in progress) -->
                   <template v-if="log.action === 'section_content'">
                     <div class="section-tag content-ready">
                       <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2">
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@
                     </div>
                   </template>
 
-                  <!-- Section Complete (章节生成完成) -->
+                  <!-- Section complete -->
                   <template v-if="log.action === 'section_complete'">
                     <div class="section-tag completed">
                       <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2">
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@
                         Final: {{ log.details?.has_final_answer ? 'Yes' : 'No' }}
                       </span>
                     </div>
-                    <!-- 当是最终答案时，显示特殊提示 -->
+                    <!-- Show a special hint when this iteration is the final answer -->
                     <div v-if="log.details?.has_final_answer" class="final-answer-hint">
                       <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2">
                         <polyline points="20 6 9 17 4 12"></polyline>
@@ -433,22 +433,20 @@ const showRawResult = reactive({})
 
 // Toggle functions
 const toggleRawResult = (timestamp, event) => {
-  // 保存按钮相对于视口的位置
+  // Capture the button's viewport position before the toggle so we can preserve it.
   const button = event?.target
   const buttonRect = button?.getBoundingClientRect()
   const buttonTopBeforeToggle = buttonRect?.top
-  
-  // 切换状态
+
   showRawResult[timestamp] = !showRawResult[timestamp]
-  
-  // 等待 DOM 更新后，调整滚动位置以保持按钮在相同位置
+
+  // After the DOM updates, scroll by the delta so the button stays anchored on screen.
   if (button && buttonTopBeforeToggle !== undefined && rightPanel.value) {
     nextTick(() => {
       const newButtonRect = button.getBoundingClientRect()
       const buttonTopAfterToggle = newButtonRect.top
       const scrollDelta = buttonTopAfterToggle - buttonTopBeforeToggle
-      
-      // 调整滚动位置
+
       rightPanel.value.scrollTop += scrollDelta
     })
   }
@@ -466,7 +464,7 @@ const toggleSectionContent = (idx) => {
 }
 
 const toggleSectionCollapse = (idx) => {
-  // 只有已完成的章节才能折叠
+  // Only completed sections can be collapsed.
   if (!generatedSections.value[idx + 1]) return
   const newSet = new Set(collapsedSections.value)
   if (newSet.has(idx)) {
@@ -499,32 +497,32 @@ const toolConfig = {
   'insight_forge': {
     name: 'Deep Insight',
     color: 'purple',
-    icon: 'lightbulb' // 灯泡图标 - 代表洞察
+    icon: 'lightbulb' // Lightbulb — represents insight
   },
   'panorama_search': {
     name: 'Panorama Search',
     color: 'blue',
-    icon: 'globe' // 地球图标 - 代表全景搜索
+    icon: 'globe' // Globe — represents panorama search
   },
   'interview_agents': {
     name: 'Agent Interview',
     color: 'green',
-    icon: 'users' // 用户图标 - 代表对话
+    icon: 'users' // Users — represents agent interview
   },
   'quick_search': {
     name: 'Quick Search',
     color: 'orange',
-    icon: 'zap' // 闪电图标 - 代表快速
+    icon: 'zap' // Lightning bolt — represents quick search
   },
   'get_graph_statistics': {
     name: 'Graph Stats',
     color: 'cyan',
-    icon: 'chart' // 图表图标 - 代表统计
+    icon: 'chart' // Chart — represents statistics
   },
   'get_entities_by_type': {
     name: 'Entity Query',
     color: 'pink',
-    icon: 'database' // 数据库图标 - 代表实体
+    icon: 'database' // Database — represents entity query
   }
 }
 
@@ -553,30 +551,30 @@ const parseInsightForge = (text) => {
   }
   
   try {
-    // 提取分析问题
+    // Extract the analysis question.
     const queryMatch = text.match(/分析问题:\s*(.+?)(?:\n|$)/)
     if (queryMatch) result.query = queryMatch[1].trim()
-    
-    // 提取预测场景
+
+    // Extract the prediction scenario.
     const reqMatch = text.match(/预测场景:\s*(.+?)(?:\n|$)/)
     if (reqMatch) result.simulationRequirement = reqMatch[1].trim()
-    
-    // 提取统计数据 - 匹配"相关预测事实: X条"格式
+
+    // Extract counters from the "相关预测事实: X条" format.
     const factMatch = text.match(/相关预测事实:\s*(\d+)/)
     const entityMatch = text.match(/涉及实体:\s*(\d+)/)
     const relMatch = text.match(/关系链:\s*(\d+)/)
     if (factMatch) result.stats.facts = parseInt(factMatch[1])
     if (entityMatch) result.stats.entities = parseInt(entityMatch[1])
     if (relMatch) result.stats.relationships = parseInt(relMatch[1])
-    
-    // 提取子问题 - 完整提取，不限制数量
+
+    // Extract sub-questions in full (no cap).
     const subQSection = text.match(/### 分析的子问题\n([\s\S]*?)(?=\n###|$)/)
     if (subQSection) {
       const lines = subQSection[1].split('\n').filter(l => l.match(/^\d+\./))
       result.subQueries = lines.map(l => l.replace(/^\d+\.\s*/, '').trim()).filter(Boolean)
     }
-    
-    // 提取关键事实 - 完整提取，不限制数量
+
+    // Extract key facts in full (no cap).
     const factsSection = text.match(/### 【关键事实】[\s\S]*?\n([\s\S]*?)(?=\n###|$)/)
     if (factsSection) {
       const lines = factsSection[1].split('\n').filter(l => l.match(/^\d+\./))
@@ -585,12 +583,12 @@ const parseInsightForge = (text) => {
         return match ? match[1].replace(/^"|"$/g, '').trim() : l.replace(/^\d+\.\s*/, '').trim()
       }).filter(Boolean)
     }
-    
-    // 提取核心实体 - 完整提取，包含摘要和相关事实数
+
+    // Extract core entities — includes summary and related-fact count.
     const entitySection = text.match(/### 【核心实体】\n([\s\S]*?)(?=\n###|$)/)
     if (entitySection) {
       const entityText = entitySection[1]
-      // 按 "- **" 分割实体块
+      // Split entity blocks on the "- **" markdown bullet.
       const entityBlocks = entityText.split(/\n(?=- \*\*)/).filter(b => b.trim().startsWith('- **'))
       result.entities = entityBlocks.map(block => {
         const nameMatch = block.match(/^-\s*\*\*(.+?)\*\*\s*\((.+?)\)/)
@@ -605,7 +603,7 @@ const parseInsightForge = (text) => {
       }).filter(e => e.name)
     }
     
-    // 提取关系链 - 完整提取，不限制数量
+    // Extract relationship chains in full (no cap).
     const relSection = text.match(/### 【关系链】\n([\s\S]*?)(?=\n###|$)/)
     if (relSection) {
       const lines = relSection[1].split('\n').filter(l => l.trim().startsWith('-'))
@@ -634,11 +632,11 @@ const parsePanorama = (text) => {
   }
   
   try {
-    // 提取查询
+    // Extract the query.
     const queryMatch = text.match(/查询:\s*(.+?)(?:\n|$)/)
     if (queryMatch) result.query = queryMatch[1].trim()
-    
-    // 提取统计数据
+
+    // Extract counter stats.
     const nodesMatch = text.match(/总节点数:\s*(\d+)/)
     const edgesMatch = text.match(/总边数:\s*(\d+)/)
     const activeMatch = text.match(/当前有效事实:\s*(\d+)/)
@@ -648,18 +646,18 @@ const parsePanorama = (text) => {
     if (activeMatch) result.stats.activeFacts = parseInt(activeMatch[1])
     if (histMatch) result.stats.historicalFacts = parseInt(histMatch[1])
     
-    // 提取当前有效事实 - 完整提取，不限制数量
+    // Extract currently valid facts in full (no cap).
     const activeSection = text.match(/### 【当前有效事实】[\s\S]*?\n([\s\S]*?)(?=\n###|$)/)
     if (activeSection) {
       const lines = activeSection[1].split('\n').filter(l => l.match(/^\d+\./))
       result.activeFacts = lines.map(l => {
-        // 移除编号和引号
+        // Strip the leading numbering and surrounding quotes.
         const factText = l.replace(/^\d+\.\s*/, '').replace(/^"|"$/g, '').trim()
         return factText
       }).filter(Boolean)
     }
-    
-    // 提取历史/过期事实 - 完整提取，不限制数量
+
+    // Extract historical/expired facts in full (no cap).
     const histSection = text.match(/### 【历史\/过期事实】[\s\S]*?\n([\s\S]*?)(?=\n###|$)/)
     if (histSection) {
       const lines = histSection[1].split('\n').filter(l => l.match(/^\d+\./))
@@ -669,7 +667,7 @@ const parsePanorama = (text) => {
       }).filter(Boolean)
     }
     
-    // 提取涉及实体 - 完整提取，不限制数量
+    // Extract referenced entities in full (no cap).
     const entitySection = text.match(/### 【涉及实体】\n([\s\S]*?)(?=\n###|$)/)
     if (entitySection) {
       const lines = entitySection[1].split('\n').filter(l => l.trim().startsWith('-'))
@@ -698,48 +696,46 @@ const parseInterview = (text) => {
   }
   
   try {
-    // 提取采访主题
+    // Extract the interview topic.
     const topicMatch = text.match(/\*\*采访主题:\*\*\s*(.+?)(?:\n|$)/)
     if (topicMatch) result.topic = topicMatch[1].trim()
-    
-    // 提取采访人数（如 "5 / 9 位模拟Agent"）
+
+    // Extract the interview-count line, e.g. "5 / 9 位模拟Agent".
     const countMatch = text.match(/\*\*采访人数:\*\*\s*(\d+)\s*\/\s*(\d+)/)
     if (countMatch) {
       result.successCount = parseInt(countMatch[1])
       result.totalCount = parseInt(countMatch[2])
       result.agentCount = `${countMatch[1]} / ${countMatch[2]}`
     }
-    
-    // 提取采访对象选择理由
+
+    // Extract the rationale for the interviewee selection.
     const reasonMatch = text.match(/### 采访对象选择理由\n([\s\S]*?)(?=\n---\n|\n### 采访实录)/)
     if (reasonMatch) {
       result.selectionReason = reasonMatch[1].trim()
     }
-    
-    // 解析每个人的选择理由
+
+    // Parse each interviewee's individual rationale out of the rationale section.
     const parseIndividualReasons = (reasonText) => {
       const reasons = {}
       if (!reasonText) return reasons
-      
+
       const lines = reasonText.split(/\n+/)
       let currentName = null
       let currentReason = []
-      
+
       for (const line of lines) {
         let headerMatch = null
         let name = null
         let reasonStart = null
-        
-        // 格式1: 数字. **名字（index=X）**：理由
-        // 例如: 1. **校友_345（index=1）**：作为武大校友...
+
+        // Format 1: "<n>. **<name>（index=<i>）**：<reason>"
         headerMatch = line.match(/^\d+\.\s*\*\*([^*（(]+)(?:[（(]index\s*=?\s*\d+[)）])?\*\*[：:]\s*(.*)/)
         if (headerMatch) {
           name = headerMatch[1].trim()
           reasonStart = headerMatch[2]
         }
-        
-        // 格式2: - 选择名字（index X）：理由
-        // 例如: - 选择家长_601（index 0）：作为家长群体代表...
+
+        // Format 2: "- 选择<name>（index <i>）：<reason>"
         if (!headerMatch) {
           headerMatch = line.match(/^-\s*选择([^（(]+)(?:[（(]index\s*=?\s*\d+[)）])?[：:]\s*(.*)/)
           if (headerMatch) {
@@ -747,9 +743,8 @@ const parseInterview = (text) => {
             reasonStart = headerMatch[2]
           }
         }
-        
-        // 格式3: - **名字（index X）**：理由
-        // 例如: - **家长_601（index 0）**：作为家长群体代表...
+
+        // Format 3: "- **<name>（index <i>）**：<reason>"
         if (!headerMatch) {
           headerMatch = line.match(/^-\s*\*\*([^*（(]+)(?:[（(]index\s*=?\s*\d+[)）])?\*\*[：:]\s*(.*)/)
           if (headerMatch) {
@@ -757,32 +752,30 @@ const parseInterview = (text) => {
             reasonStart = headerMatch[2]
           }
         }
-        
+
         if (name) {
-          // 保存上一个人的理由
+          // Persist the previous person's accumulated reason before starting a new one.
           if (currentName && currentReason.length > 0) {
             reasons[currentName] = currentReason.join(' ').trim()
           }
-          // 开始新的人
           currentName = name
           currentReason = reasonStart ? [reasonStart.trim()] : []
         } else if (currentName && line.trim() && !line.match(/^未选|^综上|^最终选择/)) {
-          // 理由的续行（排除结尾总结段落）
+          // Continuation line for the current rationale (skip closing-summary paragraphs).
           currentReason.push(line.trim())
         }
       }
-      
-      // 保存最后一个人的理由
+
       if (currentName && currentReason.length > 0) {
         reasons[currentName] = currentReason.join(' ').trim()
       }
-      
+
       return reasons
     }
-    
+
     const individualReasons = parseIndividualReasons(result.selectionReason)
-    
-    // 提取每个采访记录
+
+    // Extract each interview record.
     const interviewBlocks = text.split(/#### 采访 #\d+:/).slice(1)
     
     interviewBlocks.forEach((block, index) => {
@@ -799,33 +792,33 @@ const parseInterview = (text) => {
         quotes: []
       }
       
-      // 提取标题（如 "学生"、"教育从业者" 等）
+      // Extract the title (e.g. "学生", "教育从业者").
       const titleMatch = block.match(/^(.+?)\n/)
       if (titleMatch) interview.title = titleMatch[1].trim()
       
-      // 提取姓名和角色
+      // Extract name and role.
       const nameRoleMatch = block.match(/\*\*(.+?)\*\*\s*\((.+?)\)/)
       if (nameRoleMatch) {
         interview.name = nameRoleMatch[1].trim()
         interview.role = nameRoleMatch[2].trim()
-        // 设置该人的选择理由
+        // Look up this person's selection rationale.
         interview.selectionReason = individualReasons[interview.name] || ''
       }
       
-      // 提取简介
+      // Extract the bio.
       const bioMatch = block.match(/_简介:\s*([\s\S]*?)_\n/)
       if (bioMatch) {
         interview.bio = bioMatch[1].trim().replace(/\.\.\.$/, '...')
       }
       
-      // 提取问题列表
+      // Extract the question list.
       const qMatch = block.match(/\*\*Q:\*\*\s*([\s\S]*?)(?=\n\n\*\*A:\*\*|\*\*A:\*\*)/)
       if (qMatch) {
         const qText = qMatch[1].trim()
-        // 按数字编号分割问题
+        // Split by numeric prefixes "1.", "2.", etc.
         const questions = qText.split(/\n\d+\.\s+/).filter(q => q.trim())
         if (questions.length > 0) {
-          // 如果第一个问题前面有"1."，需要特殊处理
+          // The first question's "1." sits at the start of the string and needs special handling.
           const firstQ = qText.match(/^1\.\s+(.+)/)
           if (firstQ) {
             interview.questions = [firstQ[1].trim(), ...questions.slice(1).map(q => q.trim())]
@@ -835,12 +828,12 @@ const parseInterview = (text) => {
         }
       }
       
-      // 提取回答 - 分Twitter和Reddit
+      // Extract answers, split by Twitter and Reddit.
       const answerMatch = block.match(/\*\*A:\*\*\s*([\s\S]*?)(?=\*\*关键引言|$)/)
       if (answerMatch) {
         const answerText = answerMatch[1].trim()
         
-        // 分离Twitter和Reddit回答
+        // Split into separate Twitter and Reddit answers.
         const twitterMatch = answerText.match(/【Twitter平台回答】\n?([\s\S]*?)(?=【Reddit平台回答】|$)/)
         const redditMatch = answerText.match(/【Reddit平台回答】\n?([\s\S]*?)$/)
         
@@ -851,9 +844,9 @@ const parseInterview = (text) => {
           interview.redditAnswer = redditMatch[1].trim()
         }
         
-        // 平台回退逻辑（兼容旧格式：只有一个平台标记的情况）
+        // Fallback for older formats with only a single platform tag.
         if (!twitterMatch && redditMatch) {
-          // 只有 Reddit 回答，仅在非占位文本时复制为默认显示
+          // Only Reddit replied — copy across as the default display unless the reply is the placeholder text.
           if (interview.redditAnswer && interview.redditAnswer !== '（该平台未获得回复）') {
             interview.twitterAnswer = interview.redditAnswer
           }
@@ -862,18 +855,18 @@ const parseInterview = (text) => {
             interview.redditAnswer = interview.twitterAnswer
           }
         } else if (!twitterMatch && !redditMatch) {
-          // 没有分平台标记（极旧格式），整体作为回答
+          // Very old format with no platform tag — treat the whole text as the answer.
           interview.twitterAnswer = answerText
         }
       }
       
-      // 提取关键引言（兼容多种引号格式）
+      // Extract key quotes (supports multiple quote-character styles).
       const quotesMatch = block.match(/\*\*关键引言:\*\*\n([\s\S]*?)(?=\n---|\n####|$)/)
       if (quotesMatch) {
         const quotesText = quotesMatch[1]
-        // 优先匹配 > "text" 格式
+        // Prefer the > "text" form.
         let quoteMatches = quotesText.match(/> "([^"]+)"/g)
-        // 回退：匹配 > "text" 或 > \u201Ctext\u201D（中文引号）
+        // Fall back to curly quotes (incl. Chinese-style quotes).
         if (!quoteMatches) {
           quoteMatches = quotesText.match(/> [\u201C""]([^\u201D""]+)[\u201D""]/g)
         }
@@ -889,7 +882,7 @@ const parseInterview = (text) => {
       }
     })
     
-    // 提取采访摘要
+    // Extract the interview summary.
     const summaryMatch = text.match(/### 采访摘要与核心观点\n([\s\S]*?)$/)
     if (summaryMatch) {
       result.summary = summaryMatch[1].trim()
@@ -911,22 +904,22 @@ const parseQuickSearch = (text) => {
   }
   
   try {
-    // 提取搜索查询
+    // Extract the search query.
     const queryMatch = text.match(/搜索查询:\s*(.+?)(?:\n|$)/)
     if (queryMatch) result.query = queryMatch[1].trim()
-    
-    // 提取结果数量
+
+    // Extract the result count.
     const countMatch = text.match(/找到\s*(\d+)\s*条/)
     if (countMatch) result.count = parseInt(countMatch[1])
-    
-    // 提取相关事实 - 完整提取，不限制数量
+
+    // Extract related facts in full (no cap).
     const factsSection = text.match(/### 相关事实:\n([\s\S]*)$/)
     if (factsSection) {
       const lines = factsSection[1].split('\n').filter(l => l.match(/^\d+\./))
       result.facts = lines.map(l => l.replace(/^\d+\.\s*/, '').trim()).filter(Boolean)
     }
     
-    // 尝试提取边信息（如果有）
+    // Best-effort extraction of edge info (if present).
     const edgesSection = text.match(/### 相关边:\n([\s\S]*?)(?=\n###|$)/)
     if (edgesSection) {
       const lines = edgesSection[1].split('\n').filter(l => l.trim().startsWith('-'))
@@ -939,7 +932,7 @@ const parseQuickSearch = (text) => {
       }).filter(Boolean)
     }
     
-    // 尝试提取节点信息（如果有）
+    // Best-effort extraction of node info (if present).
     const nodesSection = text.match(/### 相关节点:\n([\s\S]*?)(?=\n###|$)/)
     if (nodesSection) {
       const lines = nodesSection[1].split('\n').filter(l => l.trim().startsWith('-'))
@@ -1229,7 +1222,7 @@ const PanoramaDisplay = {
               h('div', { class: 'fact-item historical', key: i }, [
                 h('span', { class: 'fact-number' }, i + 1),
                 h('div', { class: 'fact-content' }, [
-                  // 尝试提取时间信息 [time - time]
+                  // Best-effort extraction of "[time - time]" prefixes.
                   (() => {
                     const timeMatch = fact.match(/^\[(.+?)\]\s*(.*)$/)
                     if (timeMatch) {
@@ -1296,16 +1289,14 @@ const InterviewDisplay = {
     
     const activeIndex = ref(0)
     const expandedAnswers = ref(new Set())
-    // 为每个问题-回答对维护独立的平台选择状态
+    // Per-question platform selection so each Q/A pair keeps its own active tab.
     const platformTabs = reactive({}) // { 'agentIdx-qIdx': 'twitter' | 'reddit' }
     
-    // 获取某个问题的当前平台选择
     const getPlatformTab = (agentIdx, qIdx) => {
       const key = `${agentIdx}-${qIdx}`
       return platformTabs[key] || 'twitter'
     }
     
-    // 设置某个问题的平台选择
     const setPlatformTab = (agentIdx, qIdx, platform) => {
       const key = `${agentIdx}-${qIdx}`
       platformTabs[key] = platform
@@ -1327,25 +1318,25 @@ const InterviewDisplay = {
       return text.substring(0, 400) + '...'
     }
     
-    // 检查是否为平台占位文本
+    // Detect the "no reply on this platform" placeholder values from the backend.
     const isPlaceholderText = (text) => {
       if (!text) return true
       const t = text.trim()
       return t === '（该平台未获得回复）' || t === '(该平台未获得回复)' || t === '[无回复]'
     }
 
-    // 尝试按问题编号分割回答
+    // Try to split a single answer blob into one chunk per question.
     const splitAnswerByQuestions = (answerText, questionCount) => {
       if (!answerText || questionCount <= 0) return [answerText]
       if (isPlaceholderText(answerText)) return ['']
 
-      // 支持两种编号格式：
-      // 1. "问题X：" 或 "问题X:" （中文格式，后端新格式）
-      // 2. "1. " 或 "\n1. " （数字+点，旧格式兼容）
+      // Two numbering schemes are supported:
+      //   1. "问题X：" / "问题X:" — the newer Chinese-style format from the backend.
+      //   2. "1. " / "\n1. " — the older numeric-prefix format (kept for compat).
       let matches = []
       let match
 
-      // 优先尝试 "问题X：" 格式
+      // Try the "问题X：" form first.
       const cnPattern = /(?:^|[\r\n]+)问题(\d+)[：:]\s*/g
       while ((match = cnPattern.exec(answerText)) !== null) {
         matches.push({
@@ -1355,7 +1346,7 @@ const InterviewDisplay = {
         })
       }
 
-      // 如果没匹配到，回退到 "数字." 格式
+      // Fall back to the numeric-prefix form on no match.
       if (matches.length === 0) {
         const numPattern = /(?:^|[\r\n]+)(\d+)\.\s+/g
         while ((match = numPattern.exec(answerText)) !== null) {
@@ -1367,7 +1358,7 @@ const InterviewDisplay = {
         }
       }
 
-      // 如果没有找到编号或只找到一个，返回整体
+      // No numbering (or only one match) — return the whole blob as one answer.
       if (matches.length <= 1) {
         const cleaned = answerText
           .replace(/^问题\d+[：:]\s*/, '')
@@ -1376,7 +1367,7 @@ const InterviewDisplay = {
         return [cleaned || answerText]
       }
 
-      // 按编号提取各部分
+      // Extract each numbered part.
       const parts = []
       for (let i = 0; i < matches.length; i++) {
         const current = matches[i]
@@ -1397,7 +1388,7 @@ const InterviewDisplay = {
       return [answerText]
     }
     
-    // 获取某个问题对应的回答
+    // Resolve the answer for a given question index on the chosen platform.
     const getAnswerForQuestion = (interview, qIdx, platform) => {
       const answer = platform === 'twitter' ? interview.twitterAnswer : (interview.redditAnswer || interview.twitterAnswer)
       if (!answer || isPlaceholderText(answer)) return answer || ''
@@ -1405,21 +1396,20 @@ const InterviewDisplay = {
       const questionCount = interview.questions?.length || 1
       const answers = splitAnswerByQuestions(answer, questionCount)
 
-      // 分割成功且索引有效
+      // Split succeeded and the index is in range.
       if (answers.length > 1 && qIdx < answers.length) {
         return answers[qIdx] || ''
       }
 
-      // 分割失败：第一个问题返回完整回答，其余返回空
+      // Split failed — return the whole answer for q0, empty for everything else.
       return qIdx === 0 ? answer : ''
     }
-    
-    // 检查某个问题是否有双平台回答（过滤占位文本）
+
+    // Determine whether a question has real (non-placeholder) answers on both platforms.
     const hasMultiplePlatforms = (interview, qIdx) => {
       if (!interview.twitterAnswer || !interview.redditAnswer) return false
       const twitterAnswer = getAnswerForQuestion(interview, qIdx, 'twitter')
       const redditAnswer = getAnswerForQuestion(interview, qIdx, 'reddit')
-      // 两个平台都有真实回答（非占位文本）且内容不同
       return !isPlaceholderText(twitterAnswer) && !isPlaceholderText(redditAnswer) && twitterAnswer !== redditAnswer
     }
     
@@ -1469,13 +1459,13 @@ const InterviewDisplay = {
           ])
         ]),
         
-        // Selection Reason - 选择理由
+        // Selection Reason
         props.result.interviews[activeIndex.value]?.selectionReason && h('div', { class: 'selection-reason' }, [
           h('div', { class: 'reason-label' }, '选择理由'),
           h('div', { class: 'reason-content' }, props.result.interviews[activeIndex.value].selectionReason)
         ]),
         
-        // Q&A Conversation Thread - 一问一答样式
+        // Q&A Conversation Thread — alternating Q/A bubbles
         h('div', { class: 'qa-thread' }, 
           (props.result.interviews[activeIndex.value]?.questions?.length > 0 
             ? props.result.interviews[activeIndex.value].questions 
@@ -1505,7 +1495,7 @@ const InterviewDisplay = {
                 h('div', { class: 'qa-content' }, [
                   h('div', { class: 'qa-answer-header' }, [
                     h('div', { class: 'qa-sender' }, interview?.name || 'Agent'),
-                    // 双平台切换按钮（仅在有真实双平台回答时显示）
+                    // Render the platform-switch buttons only when both platforms have real answers.
                     hasDualPlatform && h('div', { class: 'platform-switch' }, [
                       h('button', {
                         class: ['platform-btn', { active: currentPlatform === 'twitter' }],
@@ -1537,7 +1527,7 @@ const InterviewDisplay = {
                           .replace(/\*\*(.+?)\*\*/g, '<strong>$1</strong>')
                           .replace(/\n/g, '<br>')
                   }),
-                  // Expand/Collapse Button（占位文本不显示）
+                  // Expand/Collapse button — hidden when the answer is the placeholder text.
                   !isPlaceholder && answerText.length > 400 && h('button', {
                     class: 'expand-answer-btn',
                     onClick: () => toggleAnswer(expandKey)
@@ -1769,18 +1759,18 @@ const isFinalizing = computed(() => {
   return !isComplete.value && isPlanningDone.value && totalSections.value > 0 && completedSections.value >= totalSections.value
 })
 
-// 当前活跃的步骤（用于顶部显示）
+// Currently active step — surfaced in the top progress bar.
 const activeStep = computed(() => {
   const steps = workflowSteps.value
-  // 找到当前 active 的步骤
+  // Find the step that is currently active.
   const active = steps.find(s => s.status === 'active')
   if (active) return active
   
-  // 如果没有 active，返回最后一个 done 的步骤
+  // No active step — fall back to the last completed one.
   const doneSteps = steps.filter(s => s.status === 'done')
   if (doneSteps.length > 0) return doneSteps[doneSteps.length - 1]
   
-  // 否则返回第一个步骤
+  // Otherwise return the first step in the list.
   return steps[0] || { noLabel: '--', title: '等待开始', status: 'todo', meta: '' }
 })
 
@@ -1874,25 +1864,25 @@ const truncateText = (text, maxLen) => {
 const renderMarkdown = (content) => {
   if (!content) return ''
   
-  // 去掉开头的二级标题（## xxx），因为章节标题已在外层显示
+  // Strip the leading "## ..." since the section title is already rendered above.
   let processedContent = content.replace(/^##\s+.+\n+/, '')
   
-  // 处理代码块
+  // Code blocks
   let html = processedContent.replace(/```(\w*)\n([\s\S]*?)```/g, '<pre class="code-block"><code>$2</code></pre>')
   
-  // 处理行内代码
+  // Inline code
   html = html.replace(/`([^`]+)`/g, '<code class="inline-code">$1</code>')
   
-  // 处理标题
+  // Headings
   html = html.replace(/^#### (.+)$/gm, '<h5 class="md-h5">$1</h5>')
   html = html.replace(/^### (.+)$/gm, '<h4 class="md-h4">$1</h4>')
   html = html.replace(/^## (.+)$/gm, '<h3 class="md-h3">$1</h3>')
   html = html.replace(/^# (.+)$/gm, '<h2 class="md-h2">$1</h2>')
   
-  // 处理引用块
+  // Blockquotes
   html = html.replace(/^> (.+)$/gm, '<blockquote class="md-quote">$1</blockquote>')
   
-  // 处理列表 - 支持子列表
+  // Lists — supports nested sub-lists via 2-space indents.
   html = html.replace(/^(\s*)- (.+)$/gm, (match, indent, text) => {
     const level = Math.floor(indent.length / 2)
     return `<li class="md-li" data-level="${level}">${text}</li>`
@@ -1902,52 +1892,53 @@ const renderMarkdown = (content) => {
     return `<li class="md-oli" data-level="${level}">${text}</li>`
   })
 
-  // 包装无序列表
+  // Wrap consecutive <li> in a <ul>.
   html = html.replace(/(<li class="md-li"[^>]*>.*?<\/li>\s*)+/g, '<ul class="md-ul">$&</ul>')
-  // 包装有序列表
+  // Wrap consecutive numbered <li> in an <ol>.
   html = html.replace(/(<li class="md-oli"[^>]*>.*?<\/li>\s*)+/g, '<ol class="md-ol">$&</ol>')
 
-  // 清理列表项之间的所有空白
+  // Strip whitespace between consecutive list items.
   html = html.replace(/<\/li>\s+<li/g, '</li><li')
-  // 清理列表开始标签后的空白
+  // Strip whitespace right after the list opening tag.
   html = html.replace(/<ul class="md-ul">\s+/g, '<ul class="md-ul">')
   html = html.replace(/<ol class="md-ol">\s+/g, '<ol class="md-ol">')
-  // 清理列表结束标签前的空白
+  // Strip whitespace right before the list closing tag.
   html = html.replace(/\s+<\/ul>/g, '</ul>')
   html = html.replace(/\s+<\/ol>/g, '</ol>')
   
-  // 处理粗体和斜体
+  // Bold and italic
   html = html.replace(/\*\*(.+?)\*\*/g, '<strong>$1</strong>')
   html = html.replace(/\*(.+?)\*/g, '<em>$1</em>')
   html = html.replace(/_(.+?)_/g, '<em>$1</em>')
   
-  // 处理分隔线
+  // Horizontal rules
   html = html.replace(/^---$/gm, '<hr class="md-hr">')
   
-  // 处理换行 - 空行变成段落分隔，单换行变成 <br>
+  // Line breaks: blank lines become paragraph breaks; single newlines become <br>.
   html = html.replace(/\n\n/g, '</p><p class="md-p">')
   html = html.replace(/\n/g, '<br>')
   
-  // 包装在段落中
+  // Wrap the whole result in a paragraph.
   html = '<p class="md-p">' + html + '</p>'
   
-  // 清理空段落
+  // Drop empty paragraphs.
   html = html.replace(/<p class="md-p"><\/p>/g, '')
   html = html.replace(/<p class="md-p">(<h[2-5])/g, '$1')
   html = html.replace(/(<\/h[2-5]>)<\/p>/g, '$1')
   html = html.replace(/<p class="md-p">(<ul|<ol|<blockquote|<pre|<hr)/g, '$1')
   html = html.replace(/(<\/ul>|<\/ol>|<\/blockquote>|<\/pre>)<\/p>/g, '$1')
-  // 清理块级元素前后的 <br> 标签
+  // Strip <br> tags around block-level elements.
   html = html.replace(/<br>\s*(<ul|<ol|<blockquote)/g, '$1')
   html = html.replace(/(<\/ul>|<\/ol>|<\/blockquote>)\s*<br>/g, '$1')
-  // 清理 <p><br> 紧跟块级元素的情况（多余空行导致）
+  // Strip leading <br> sequences inside a paragraph wrapper that precede a block element.
   html = html.replace(/<p class="md-p">(<br>\s*)+(<ul|<ol|<blockquote|<pre|<hr)/g, '$2')
-  // 清理连续的 <br> 标签
+  // Collapse consecutive <br> tags.
   html = html.replace(/(<br>\s*){2,}/g, '<br>')
-  // 清理块级元素后紧跟的段落开始标签前的 <br>
+  // Drop a <br> sitting between a closing block tag and a paragraph/div opener.
   html = html.replace(/(<\/ol>|<\/ul>|<\/blockquote>)<br>(<p|<div)/g, '$1$2')
 
-  // 修复非连续有序列表的编号：当单项 <ol> 被段落内容隔开时，保持编号递增
+  // Fix ordered-list numbering across breaks: when single-item <ol>s are split by
+  // paragraph content, keep the counter increasing.
   const tokens = html.split(/(<ol class="md-ol">(?:<li class="md-oli"[^>]*>[\s\S]*?<\/li>)+<\/ol>)/g)
   let olCounter = 0
   let inSequence = false
@@ -2013,7 +2004,7 @@ const getActionLabel = (action) => {
 const getLogLevelClass = (log) => {
   if (log.includes('ERROR') || log.includes('错误')) return 'error'
   if (log.includes('WARNING') || log.includes('警告')) return 'warning'
-  // INFO 使用默认颜色，不标记为 success
+  // INFO uses the default color and is intentionally not marked as success.
   return ''
 }
 
@@ -2042,11 +2033,11 @@ const fetchAgentLog = async () => {
             currentSectionIndex.value = log.section_index
           }
 
-          // section_complete - 章节生成完成
+          // section_complete — section generation done
           if (log.action === 'section_complete') {
             if (log.details?.content) {
               generatedSections.value[log.section_index] = log.details.content
-              // 自动展开刚生成的章节
+              // Auto-expand the section that just finished generating.
               expandedContent.value.add(log.section_index - 1)
               currentSectionIndex.value = null
             }
@@ -2054,10 +2045,10 @@ const fetchAgentLog = async () => {
           
           if (log.action === 'report_complete') {
             isComplete.value = true
-            currentSectionIndex.value = null  // 确保清除 loading 状态
+            currentSectionIndex.value = null  // Clear the loading state for the section.
             emit('update-status', 'completed')
             stopPolling()
-            // 滚动逻辑统一在循环结束后的 nextTick 中处理
+            // Scroll handling lives in the post-loop nextTick block below.
           }
           
           if (log.action === 'report_start') {
@@ -2069,7 +2060,7 @@ const fetchAgentLog = async () => {
         
         nextTick(() => {
           if (rightPanel.value) {
-            // 如果任务已完成，滚动到顶部；否则滚动到底部跟随最新日志
+            // When the task has finished, scroll to top; otherwise stay pinned to the bottom.
             if (isComplete.value) {
               rightPanel.value.scrollTop = 0
             } else {
@@ -2084,39 +2075,39 @@ const fetchAgentLog = async () => {
   }
 }
 
-// 提取最终答案内容 - 从 LLM response 中提取章节内容
+// Extract the final-answer content (the section text) from the LLM response.
 const extractFinalContent = (response) => {
   if (!response) return null
   
-  // 尝试提取 <final_answer> 标签内的内容
+  // Try to extract content inside <final_answer> tags.
   const finalAnswerTagMatch = response.match(/<final_answer>([\s\S]*?)<\/final_answer>/)
   if (finalAnswerTagMatch) {
     return finalAnswerTagMatch[1].trim()
   }
   
-  // 尝试找 Final Answer: 后面的内容（支持多种格式）
-  // 格式1: Final Answer:\n\n内容
-  // 格式2: Final Answer: 内容
+  // Look for content after a "Final Answer:" marker. Supported shapes:
+  //   Format 1: "Final Answer:\n\n<content>"
+  //   Format 2: "Final Answer: <content>"
   const finalAnswerMatch = response.match(/Final\s*Answer:\s*\n*([\s\S]*)$/i)
   if (finalAnswerMatch) {
     return finalAnswerMatch[1].trim()
   }
   
-  // 尝试找 最终答案: 后面的内容
+  // Look for content after the Chinese "最终答案:" marker.
   const chineseFinalMatch = response.match(/最终答案[:：]\s*\n*([\s\S]*)$/i)
   if (chineseFinalMatch) {
     return chineseFinalMatch[1].trim()
   }
   
-  // 如果以 ## 或 # 或 > 开头，可能是直接的 markdown 内容
+  // If the response starts with "##", "#", or ">", treat it as markdown content directly.
   const trimmedResponse = response.trim()
   if (trimmedResponse.match(/^[#>]/)) {
     return trimmedResponse
   }
   
-  // 如果内容较长且包含markdown格式，尝试移除思考过程后返回
+  // For longer markdown-shaped responses, strip the leading "Thought:" reasoning before returning.
   if (response.length > 300 && (response.includes('**') || response.includes('>'))) {
-    // 移除 Thought: 开头的思考过程
+    // Strip the leading "Thought:" block.
     const thoughtMatch = response.match(/^Thought:[\s\S]*?(?=\n\n[^T]|\n\n$)/i)
     if (thoughtMatch) {
       const afterThought = response.substring(thoughtMatch[0].length).trim()
@@ -2461,7 +2452,7 @@ watch(() => props.reportId, (newId) => {
 .section-number {
   font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;
   font-size: 16px;
-  color: #9CA3AF; /* 深灰色，不随状态变化 */
+  color: #9CA3AF; /* Dark gray — fixed regardless of status */
   font-weight: 500;
 }
 
@@ -3903,7 +3894,7 @@ watch(() => props.reportId, (newId) => {
   overflow: hidden;
 }
 
-/* Selection Reason - 选择理由 */
+/* Selection Reason */
 :deep(.interview-display .selection-reason) {
   background: #F8FAFC;
   border: 1px solid #E2E8F0;
@@ -5102,7 +5093,7 @@ watch(() => props.reportId, (newId) => {
   border-radius: 4px;
 }
 
-/* Console Logs - 与 Step3Simulation.vue 保持一致 */
+/* Console Logs — kept consistent with Step3Simulation.vue */
 .console-logs {
   background: #000;
   color: #DDD;
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/Step5Interaction.vue b/frontend/src/components/Step5Interaction.vue
index 9eb791a1..2d40cdd9 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/Step5Interaction.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/components/Step5Interaction.vue
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ const showToolsDetail = ref(true)
 // Chat State
 const chatInput = ref('')
 const chatHistory = ref([])
-const chatHistoryCache = ref({}) // 缓存所有对话记录: { 'report_agent': [], 'agent_0': [], 'agent_1': [], ... }
+const chatHistoryCache = ref({}) // Per-target chat cache: { 'report_agent': [], 'agent_0': [], 'agent_1': [], ... }
 const isSending = ref(false)
 const chatMessages = ref(null)
 const chatInputRef = ref(null)
@@ -487,7 +487,6 @@ const selectChatTarget = (target) => {
   }
 }
 
-// 保存当前对话记录到缓存
 const saveChatHistory = () => {
   if (chatHistory.value.length === 0) return
   
@@ -499,16 +498,15 @@ const saveChatHistory = () => {
 }
 
 const selectReportAgentChat = () => {
-  // 保存当前对话记录
   saveChatHistory()
-  
+
   activeTab.value = 'chat'
   chatTarget.value = 'report_agent'
   selectedAgent.value = null
   selectedAgentIndex.value = null
   showAgentDropdown.value = false
-  
-  // 恢复 Report Agent 的对话记录
+
+  // Restore Report Agent chat from cache.
   chatHistory.value = chatHistoryCache.value['report_agent'] || []
 }
 
@@ -528,15 +526,14 @@ const toggleAgentDropdown = () => {
 }
 
 const selectAgent = (agent, idx) => {
-  // 保存当前对话记录
   saveChatHistory()
-  
+
   selectedAgent.value = agent
   selectedAgentIndex.value = idx
   chatTarget.value = 'agent'
   showAgentDropdown.value = false
-  
-  // 恢复该 Agent 的对话记录
+
+  // Restore this agent's chat from cache.
   chatHistory.value = chatHistoryCache.value[`agent_${idx}`] || []
   addLog(t('log.selectChatTarget', { name: agent.username }))
 }
@@ -566,7 +563,7 @@ const renderMarkdown = (content) => {
   html = html.replace(/^# (.+)$/gm, '<h2 class="md-h2">$1</h2>')
   html = html.replace(/^> (.+)$/gm, '<blockquote class="md-quote">$1</blockquote>')
   
-  // 处理列表 - 支持子列表
+  // List handling — supports nested sub-lists via 2-space indents.
   html = html.replace(/^(\s*)- (.+)$/gm, (match, indent, text) => {
     const level = Math.floor(indent.length / 2)
     return `<li class="md-li" data-level="${level}">${text}</li>`
@@ -575,18 +572,16 @@ const renderMarkdown = (content) => {
     const level = Math.floor(indent.length / 2)
     return `<li class="md-oli" data-level="${level}">${text}</li>`
   })
-  
-  // 包装无序列表
+
   html = html.replace(/(<li class="md-li"[^>]*>.*?<\/li>\s*)+/g, '<ul class="md-ul">$&</ul>')
-  // 包装有序列表
   html = html.replace(/(<li class="md-oli"[^>]*>.*?<\/li>\s*)+/g, '<ol class="md-ol">$&</ol>')
-  
-  // 清理列表项之间的所有空白
+
+  // Strip whitespace between consecutive list items.
   html = html.replace(/<\/li>\s+<li/g, '</li><li')
-  // 清理列表开始标签后的空白
+  // Strip whitespace right after a list opening tag.
   html = html.replace(/<ul class="md-ul">\s+/g, '<ul class="md-ul">')
   html = html.replace(/<ol class="md-ol">\s+/g, '<ol class="md-ol">')
-  // 清理列表结束标签前的空白
+  // Strip whitespace right before a list closing tag.
   html = html.replace(/\s+<\/ul>/g, '</ul>')
   html = html.replace(/\s+<\/ol>/g, '</ol>')
   
@@ -602,17 +597,19 @@ const renderMarkdown = (content) => {
   html = html.replace(/(<\/h[2-5]>)<\/p>/g, '$1')
   html = html.replace(/<p class="md-p">(<ul|<ol|<blockquote|<pre|<hr)/g, '$1')
   html = html.replace(/(<\/ul>|<\/ol>|<\/blockquote>|<\/pre>)<\/p>/g, '$1')
-  // 清理块级元素前后的 <br> 标签
+  // Strip <br> tags around block-level elements.
   html = html.replace(/<br>\s*(<ul|<ol|<blockquote)/g, '$1')
   html = html.replace(/(<\/ul>|<\/ol>|<\/blockquote>)\s*<br>/g, '$1')
-  // 清理 <p><br> 紧跟块级元素的情况（多余空行导致）
+  // Strip leading <br> sequences inside a paragraph wrapper before a block element
+  // (caused by stray blank lines in the source).
   html = html.replace(/<p class="md-p">(<br>\s*)+(<ul|<ol|<blockquote|<pre|<hr)/g, '$2')
-  // 清理连续的 <br> 标签
+  // Collapse consecutive <br> tags.
   html = html.replace(/(<br>\s*){2,}/g, '<br>')
-  // 清理块级元素后紧跟的段落开始标签前的 <br>
+  // Drop a <br> sitting between a closing block tag and a paragraph/div opener.
   html = html.replace(/(<\/ol>|<\/ul>|<\/blockquote>)<br>(<p|<div)/g, '$1$2')
 
-  // 修复非连续有序列表的编号：当单项 <ol> 被段落内容隔开时，保持编号递增
+  // Fix ordered-list numbering across breaks: when single-item <ol>s are split by
+  // paragraph content, keep the counter increasing.
   const tokens = html.split(/(<ol class="md-ol">(?:<li class="md-oli"[^>]*>[\s\S]*?<\/li>)+<\/ol>)/g)
   let olCounter = 0
   let inSequence = false
@@ -674,7 +671,6 @@ const sendMessage = async () => {
   } finally {
     isSending.value = false
     scrollToBottom()
-    // 自动保存对话记录到缓存
     saveChatHistory()
   }
 }
@@ -736,17 +732,16 @@ const sendToAgent = async (message) => {
   })
   
   if (res.success && res.data) {
-    // 正确的数据路径: res.data.result.results 是一个对象字典
-    // 格式: {"twitter_0": {...}, "reddit_0": {...}} 或单平台 {"reddit_0": {...}}
+    // Expected payload: res.data.result.results is a dict of agent results,
+    // e.g. {"twitter_0": {...}, "reddit_0": {...}} (or only one platform).
     const resultData = res.data.result || res.data
     const resultsDict = resultData.results || resultData
-    
-    // 将对象字典转换为数组，优先获取 reddit 平台的回复
+
+    // Pull the reply for this agent, preferring reddit over twitter.
     let responseContent = null
     const agentId = selectedAgentIndex.value
-    
+
     if (typeof resultsDict === 'object' && !Array.isArray(resultsDict)) {
-      // 优先使用 reddit 平台回复，其次 twitter
       const redditKey = `reddit_${agentId}`
       const twitterKey = `twitter_${agentId}`
       const agentResult = resultsDict[redditKey] || resultsDict[twitterKey] || Object.values(resultsDict)[0]
@@ -754,7 +749,7 @@ const sendToAgent = async (message) => {
         responseContent = agentResult.response || agentResult.answer
       }
     } else if (Array.isArray(resultsDict) && resultsDict.length > 0) {
-      // 兼容数组格式
+      // Backward compatibility with the array shape.
       responseContent = resultsDict[0].response || resultsDict[0].answer
     }
     
@@ -820,19 +815,18 @@ const submitSurvey = async () => {
     })
     
     if (res.success && res.data) {
-      // 正确的数据路径: res.data.result.results 是一个对象字典
-      // 格式: {"twitter_0": {...}, "reddit_0": {...}, "twitter_1": {...}, ...}
+      // Expected payload: res.data.result.results is a dict of agent results,
+      // e.g. {"twitter_0": {...}, "reddit_0": {...}, "twitter_1": {...}, ...}.
       const resultData = res.data.result || res.data
       const resultsDict = resultData.results || resultData
-      
-      // 将对象字典转换为数组格式
+
       const surveyResultsList = []
-      
+
       for (const interview of interviews) {
         const agentIdx = interview.agent_id
         const agent = profiles.value[agentIdx]
-        
-        // 优先使用 reddit 平台回复，其次 twitter
+
+        // Pull the reply for this agent, preferring reddit over twitter.
         let responseContent = t('step5.noResponse')
 
         if (typeof resultsDict === 'object' && !Array.isArray(resultsDict)) {
@@ -843,7 +837,7 @@ const submitSurvey = async () => {
             responseContent = agentResult.response || agentResult.answer || t('step5.noResponse')
           }
         } else if (Array.isArray(resultsDict)) {
-          // 兼容数组格式
+          // Backward compatibility with the array shape.
           const matchedResult = resultsDict.find(r => r.agent_id === agentIdx)
           if (matchedResult) {
             responseContent = matchedResult.response || matchedResult.answer || t('step5.noResponse')
@@ -983,7 +977,7 @@ watch(() => props.simulationId, (newId) => {
   overflow: hidden;
 }
 
-/* Left Panel - Report Style (与 Step4Report.vue 完全一致) */
+/* Left Panel - Report Style (kept identical to Step4Report.vue) */
 .left-panel.report-style {
   width: 45%;
   min-width: 450px;
@@ -2031,7 +2025,7 @@ watch(() => props.simulationId, (newId) => {
   margin-bottom: 0;
 }
 
-/* 修复有序列表编号 - 使用 CSS 计数器让多个 ol 连续编号 */
+/* Fix ordered-list numbering: use a CSS counter so consecutive <ol>s number continuously. */
 .message-text {
   counter-reset: list-counter;
 }
@@ -2057,7 +2051,7 @@ watch(() => props.simulationId, (newId) => {
   flex-shrink: 0;
 }
 
-/* 无序列表样式 */
+/* Unordered list styles */
 .message-text :deep(.md-ul) {
   padding-left: 20px;
   margin: 8px 0;
@@ -2536,7 +2530,7 @@ watch(() => props.simulationId, (newId) => {
   margin: 6px 0;
 }
 
-/* 聊天/问卷区域的引用样式 */
+/* Quote styles inside chat/survey panels */
 .chat-messages :deep(.md-quote),
 .result-answer :deep(.md-quote) {
   margin: 12px 0;
diff --git a/frontend/src/store/pendingUpload.js b/frontend/src/store/pendingUpload.js
index 958c3d0a..91d2d25c 100644
--- a/frontend/src/store/pendingUpload.js
+++ b/frontend/src/store/pendingUpload.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 /**
- * 临时存储待上传的文件和需求
- * 用于首页点击启动引擎后立即跳转，在Process页面再进行API调用
+ * Holds files and the simulation requirement between Home and Process so that
+ * clicking "Start Engine" can navigate immediately and defer the API call to
+ * the Process view.
  */
 import { reactive } from 'vue'
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/Home.vue b/frontend/src/views/Home.vue
index ca7ef6ff..44bb6cea 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/Home.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/Home.vue
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <template>
   <div class="home-container">
-    <!-- 顶部导航栏 -->
+    <!-- Top navigation -->
     <nav class="navbar">
       <div class="nav-brand">MIROFISH</div>
       <div class="nav-links">
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
     </nav>
 
     <div class="main-content">
-      <!-- 上半部分：Hero 区域 -->
+      <!-- Top half: Hero -->
       <section class="hero-section">
         <div class="hero-left">
           <div class="tag-row">
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
         </div>
         
         <div class="hero-right">
-          <!-- Logo 区域 -->
+          <!-- Logo -->
           <div class="logo-container">
             <img src="../assets/logo/MiroFish_logo_left.jpeg" alt="MiroFish Logo" class="hero-logo" />
           </div>
@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@
         </div>
       </section>
 
-      <!-- 下半部分：双栏布局 -->
+      <!-- Bottom half: two-column layout -->
       <section class="dashboard-section">
-        <!-- 左栏：状态与步骤 -->
+        <!-- Left column: status and workflow -->
         <div class="left-panel">
           <div class="panel-header">
             <span class="status-dot">■</span> {{ $t('home.systemStatus') }}
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
             {{ $t('home.systemReadyDesc') }}
           </p>
           
-          <!-- 数据指标卡片 -->
+          <!-- Metric cards -->
           <div class="metrics-row">
             <div class="metric-card">
               <div class="metric-value">{{ $t('home.metricLowCost') }}</div>
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
             </div>
           </div>
 
-          <!-- 项目模拟步骤介绍 (新增区域) -->
+          <!-- Workflow steps -->
           <div class="steps-container">
             <div class="steps-header">
                <span class="diamond-icon">◇</span> {{ $t('home.workflowSequence') }}
@@ -123,10 +123,10 @@
           </div>
         </div>
 
-        <!-- 右栏：交互控制台 -->
+        <!-- Right column: console -->
         <div class="right-panel">
           <div class="console-box">
-            <!-- 上传区域 -->
+            <!-- Upload zone -->
             <div class="console-section">
               <div class="console-header">
                 <span class="console-label">{{ $t('home.realitySeed') }}</span>
@@ -167,12 +167,12 @@
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <!-- 分割线 -->
+            <!-- Divider -->
             <div class="console-divider">
               <span>{{ $t('home.inputParams') }}</span>
             </div>
 
-            <!-- 输入区域 -->
+            <!-- Input zone -->
             <div class="console-section">
               <div class="console-header">
                 <span class="console-label">{{ $t('home.simulationPrompt') }}</span>
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <!-- 启动按钮 -->
+            <!-- Start button -->
             <div class="console-section btn-section">
               <button 
                 class="start-engine-btn"
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@
         </div>
       </section>
 
-      <!-- 历史项目数据库 -->
+      <!-- History database -->
       <HistoryDatabase />
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -219,41 +219,33 @@ import LanguageSwitcher from '../components/LanguageSwitcher.vue'
 
 const router = useRouter()
 
-// 表单数据
 const formData = ref({
   simulationRequirement: ''
 })
 
-// 文件列表
 const files = ref([])
 
-// 状态
 const loading = ref(false)
 const error = ref('')
 const isDragOver = ref(false)
 
-// 文件输入引用
 const fileInput = ref(null)
 
-// 计算属性:是否可以提交
 const canSubmit = computed(() => {
   return formData.value.simulationRequirement.trim() !== '' && files.value.length > 0
 })
 
-// 触发文件选择
 const triggerFileInput = () => {
   if (!loading.value) {
     fileInput.value?.click()
   }
 }
 
-// 处理文件选择
 const handleFileSelect = (event) => {
   const selectedFiles = Array.from(event.target.files)
   addFiles(selectedFiles)
 }
 
-// 处理拖拽相关
 const handleDragOver = (e) => {
   if (!loading.value) {
     isDragOver.value = true
@@ -267,12 +259,11 @@ const handleDragLeave = (e) => {
 const handleDrop = (e) => {
   isDragOver.value = false
   if (loading.value) return
-  
+
   const droppedFiles = Array.from(e.dataTransfer.files)
   addFiles(droppedFiles)
 }
 
-// 添加文件
 const addFiles = (newFiles) => {
   const validFiles = newFiles.filter(file => {
     const ext = file.name.split('.').pop().toLowerCase()
@@ -281,12 +272,10 @@ const addFiles = (newFiles) => {
   files.value.push(...validFiles)
 }
 
-// 移除文件
 const removeFile = (index) => {
   files.value.splice(index, 1)
 }
 
-// 滚动到底部
 const scrollToBottom = () => {
   window.scrollTo({
     top: document.body.scrollHeight,
@@ -294,15 +283,14 @@ const scrollToBottom = () => {
   })
 }
 
-// 开始模拟 - 立即跳转，API调用在Process页面进行
+// Navigate to Process immediately; the actual API call happens there.
 const startSimulation = () => {
   if (!canSubmit.value || loading.value) return
-  
-  // 存储待上传的数据
+
   import('../store/pendingUpload.js').then(({ setPendingUpload }) => {
     setPendingUpload(files.value, formData.value.simulationRequirement)
-    
-    // 立即跳转到Process页面（使用特殊标识表示新建项目）
+
+    // 'new' is the sentinel projectId that tells Process to create a new project.
     router.push({
       name: 'Process',
       params: { projectId: 'new' }
@@ -312,7 +300,7 @@ const startSimulation = () => {
 </script>
 
 <style scoped>
-/* 全局变量与重置 */
+/* Global variables and resets */
 :root {
   --black: #000000;
   --white: #FFFFFF;
@@ -320,9 +308,9 @@ const startSimulation = () => {
   --gray-light: #F5F5F5;
   --gray-text: #666666;
   --border: #E5E5E5;
-  /* 
-    使用 Space Grotesk 作为主要标题字体，JetBrains Mono 作为代码/标签字体
-    确保已在 index.html 引入这些 Google Fonts 
+  /*
+    Space Grotesk for primary headings, JetBrains Mono for code/labels.
+    Make sure index.html loads the matching Google Fonts.
   */
   --font-mono: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;
   --font-sans: 'Space Grotesk', 'Noto Sans SC', system-ui, sans-serif;
@@ -336,7 +324,7 @@ const startSimulation = () => {
   color: var(--black);
 }
 
-/* 顶部导航 */
+/* Top navigation */
 .navbar {
   height: 60px;
   background: var(--black);
@@ -380,14 +368,14 @@ const startSimulation = () => {
   font-family: sans-serif;
 }
 
-/* 主要内容区 */
+/* Main content */
 .main-content {
   max-width: 1400px;
   margin: 0 auto;
   padding: 60px 40px;
 }
 
-/* Hero 区域 */
+/* Hero */
 .hero-section {
   display: flex;
   justify-content: space-between;
@@ -518,7 +506,7 @@ const startSimulation = () => {
 }
 
 .hero-logo {
-  max-width: 500px; /* 调整logo大小 */
+  max-width: 500px;
   width: 100%;
 }
 
@@ -540,7 +528,7 @@ const startSimulation = () => {
   border-color: var(--orange);
 }
 
-/* Dashboard 双栏布局 */
+/* Dashboard two-column layout */
 .dashboard-section {
   display: flex;
   gap: 60px;
@@ -555,7 +543,7 @@ const startSimulation = () => {
   flex-direction: column;
 }
 
-/* 左侧面板 */
+/* Left panel */
 .left-panel {
   flex: 0.8;
 }
@@ -611,7 +599,7 @@ const startSimulation = () => {
   color: #999;
 }
 
-/* 项目模拟步骤介绍 */
+/* Workflow steps */
 .steps-container {
   border: 1px solid var(--border);
   padding: 30px;
@@ -667,14 +655,14 @@ const startSimulation = () => {
   color: var(--gray-text);
 }
 
-/* 右侧交互控制台 */
+/* Right console */
 .right-panel {
   flex: 1.2;
 }
 
 .console-box {
-  border: 1px solid #CCC; /* 外部实线 */
-  padding: 8px; /* 内边距形成双重边框感 */
+  border: 1px solid #CCC; /* Outer solid border */
+  padding: 8px; /* Padding creates the double-border look */
 }
 
 .console-section {
@@ -842,7 +830,7 @@ const startSimulation = () => {
   overflow: hidden;
 }
 
-/* 可点击状态（非禁用） */
+/* Clickable state (not disabled) */
 .start-engine-btn:not(:disabled) {
   background: var(--black);
   border: 1px solid var(--black);
@@ -867,14 +855,14 @@ const startSimulation = () => {
   border: 1px solid #E5E5E5;
 }
 
-/* 引导动画：微妙的边框脉冲 */
+/* Onboarding animation: subtle border pulse */
 @keyframes pulse-border {
   0% { box-shadow: 0 0 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); }
   70% { box-shadow: 0 0 0 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); }
   100% { box-shadow: 0 0 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); }
 }
 
-/* 响应式适配 */
+/* Responsive layout */
 @media (max-width: 1024px) {
   .dashboard-section {
     flex-direction: column;
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/InteractionView.vue b/frontend/src/views/InteractionView.vue
index 7e555b26..2fa813c4 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/InteractionView.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/InteractionView.vue
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
         />
       </div>
 
-      <!-- Right Panel: Step5 深度互动 -->
+      <!-- Right Panel: Step 5 — Interaction -->
       <div class="panel-wrapper right" :style="rightPanelStyle">
         <Step5Interaction
           :reportId="currentReportId"
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ const props = defineProps({
   reportId: String
 })
 
-// Layout State - 默认切换到工作台视角
+// Layout State — default to the workbench view
 const viewMode = ref('workbench')
 
 // Data State
@@ -147,26 +147,23 @@ const loadReportData = async () => {
   try {
     addLog(t('log.loadReportData', { id: currentReportId.value }))
 
-    // 获取 report 信息以获取 simulation_id
+    // Fetch the report so we can derive simulation_id from it.
     const reportRes = await getReport(currentReportId.value)
     if (reportRes.success && reportRes.data) {
       const reportData = reportRes.data
       simulationId.value = reportData.simulation_id
 
       if (simulationId.value) {
-        // 获取 simulation 信息
         const simRes = await getSimulation(simulationId.value)
         if (simRes.success && simRes.data) {
           const simData = simRes.data
 
-          // 获取 project 信息
           if (simData.project_id) {
             const projRes = await getProject(simData.project_id)
             if (projRes.success && projRes.data) {
               projectData.value = projRes.data
               addLog(t('log.projectLoadSuccess', { id: projRes.data.project_id }))
 
-              // 获取 graph 数据
               if (projRes.data.graph_id) {
                 await loadGraph(projRes.data.graph_id)
               }
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/MainView.vue b/frontend/src/views/MainView.vue
index 513c70d8..5ca24196 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/MainView.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/MainView.vue
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@
 
       <!-- Right Panel: Step Components -->
       <div class="panel-wrapper right" :style="rightPanelStyle">
-        <!-- Step 1: 图谱构建 -->
-        <Step1GraphBuild 
+        <!-- Step 1: Graph Build -->
+        <Step1GraphBuild
           v-if="currentStep === 1"
           :currentPhase="currentPhase"
           :projectData="projectData"
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
           :systemLogs="systemLogs"
           @next-step="handleNextStep"
         />
-        <!-- Step 2: 环境搭建 -->
+        <!-- Step 2: Environment Setup -->
         <Step2EnvSetup
           v-else-if="currentStep === 2"
           :projectData="projectData"
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ const { t, tm } = useI18n()
 const viewMode = ref('split') // graph | split | workbench
 
 // Step State
-const currentStep = ref(1) // 1: 图谱构建, 2: 环境搭建, 3: 开始模拟, 4: 报告生成, 5: 深度互动
+const currentStep = ref(1) // 1: Graph Build, 2: Env Setup, 3: Simulation, 4: Report, 5: Interaction
 const stepNames = computed(() => tm('main.stepNames'))
 
 // Data State
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ const handleNextStep = (params = {}) => {
     currentStep.value++
     addLog(t('log.enterStep', { step: currentStep.value, name: stepNames.value[currentStep.value - 1] }))
     
-    // 如果是从 Step 2 进入 Step 3，记录模拟轮数配置
+    // Step 2 → 3 transition: log the chosen simulation-round count.
     if (currentStep.value === 3 && params.maxRounds) {
       addLog(t('log.customSimRounds', { rounds: params.maxRounds }))
     }
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/Process.vue b/frontend/src/views/Process.vue
index 2d2d3cc1..98664234 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/Process.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/Process.vue
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 <template>
   <div class="process-page">
-    <!-- 顶部导航栏 -->
+    <!-- Top navigation -->
     <nav class="navbar">
       <div class="nav-brand" @click="goHome">MIROFISH</div>
       
-      <!-- 中间步骤指示器 -->
+      <!-- Center step indicator -->
       <div class="nav-center">
         <div class="step-badge">STEP 01</div>
         <div class="step-name">图谱构建</div>
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@
       </div>
     </nav>
 
-    <!-- 主内容区 -->
+    <!-- Main content area -->
     <div class="main-content">
-      <!-- 左侧: 实时图谱展示 -->
+      <!-- Left: real-time graph view -->
       <div class="left-panel" :class="{ 'full-screen': isFullScreen }">
         <div class="panel-header">
           <div class="header-left">
@@ -44,16 +44,16 @@
         </div>
         
         <div class="graph-container" ref="graphContainer">
-          <!-- 图谱可视化（只要有数据就显示） -->
+          <!-- Graph visualization — rendered whenever graph data is present -->
           <div v-if="graphData" class="graph-view">
             <svg ref="graphSvg" class="graph-svg"></svg>
-            <!-- 构建中提示 -->
+            <!-- Build-in-progress banner -->
             <div v-if="currentPhase === 1" class="graph-building-hint">
               <span class="building-dot"></span>
               实时更新中...
             </div>
             
-            <!-- 节点/边详情面板 -->
+            <!-- Node / edge detail panel -->
             <div v-if="selectedItem" class="detail-panel">
               <div class="detail-panel-header">
                 <span class="detail-title">{{ selectedItem.type === 'node' ? 'Node Details' : 'Relationship' }}</span>
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
                 <button class="detail-close" @click="closeDetailPanel">×</button>
               </div>
               
-              <!-- 节点详情 -->
+              <!-- Node details -->
               <div v-if="selectedItem.type === 'node'" class="detail-content">
                 <div class="detail-row">
                   <span class="detail-label">Name:</span>
@@ -104,9 +104,9 @@
                 </div>
               </div>
               
-              <!-- 边详情 -->
+              <!-- Edge details -->
               <div v-else class="detail-content">
-                <!-- 关系展示 -->
+                <!-- Relationship summary -->
                 <div class="edge-relation">
                   <span class="edge-source">{{ selectedItem.data.source_name || selectedItem.data.source_node_name }}</span>
                   <span class="edge-arrow">→</span>
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@
             </div>
           </div>
           
-          <!-- 加载状态 -->
+          <!-- Loading state -->
           <div v-else-if="graphLoading" class="graph-loading">
             <div class="loading-animation">
               <div class="loading-ring"></div>
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@
             <p class="loading-text">图谱数据加载中...</p>
           </div>
           
-          <!-- 等待构建 -->
+          <!-- Waiting for build -->
           <div v-else-if="currentPhase < 1" class="graph-waiting">
             <div class="waiting-icon">
               <svg viewBox="0 0 100 100" class="network-icon">
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@
             <p class="waiting-hint">生成完成后将自动开始构建图谱</p>
           </div>
           
-          <!-- 构建中但还没有数据 -->
+          <!-- Build started but no data yet -->
           <div v-else-if="currentPhase === 1 && !graphData" class="graph-waiting">
             <div class="loading-animation">
               <div class="loading-ring"></div>
@@ -204,14 +204,14 @@
             <p class="waiting-hint">数据即将显示...</p>
           </div>
           
-          <!-- 错误状态 -->
+          <!-- Error state -->
           <div v-else-if="error" class="graph-error">
             <span class="error-icon">⚠</span>
             <p>{{ error }}</p>
           </div>
         </div>
         
-        <!-- 图谱图例 -->
+        <!-- Graph legend -->
         <div v-if="graphData" class="graph-legend">
           <div class="legend-item" v-for="type in entityTypes" :key="type.name">
             <span class="legend-dot" :style="{ background: type.color }"></span>
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@
         </div>
       </div>
 
-      <!-- 右侧: 构建流程详情 -->
+      <!-- Right: build-process detail panel -->
       <div class="right-panel" :class="{ 'hidden': isFullScreen }">
         <div class="panel-header dark-header">
           <span class="header-icon">▣</span>
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@
         </div>
 
         <div class="process-content">
-          <!-- 阶段1: 本体生成 -->
+          <!-- Phase 1: Ontology generation -->
           <div class="process-phase" :class="{ 'active': currentPhase === 0, 'completed': currentPhase > 0 }">
             <div class="phase-header">
               <span class="phase-num">01</span>
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@
                 </div>
               </div>
               
-              <!-- 本体生成进度 -->
+              <!-- Ontology generation progress -->
               <div class="detail-section" v-if="ontologyProgress && currentPhase === 0">
                 <div class="detail-label">生成进度</div>
                 <div class="ontology-progress">
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@
                 </div>
               </div>
               
-              <!-- 已生成的本体信息 -->
+              <!-- Generated ontology summary -->
               <div class="detail-section" v-if="projectData?.ontology">
                 <div class="detail-label">生成的实体类型 ({{ projectData.ontology.entity_types?.length || 0 }})</div>
                 <div class="entity-tags">
@@ -293,14 +293,14 @@
                 </div>
               </div>
               
-              <!-- 等待状态 -->
+              <!-- Waiting state -->
               <div class="detail-section waiting-state" v-if="!projectData?.ontology && currentPhase === 0 && !ontologyProgress">
                 <div class="waiting-hint">等待本体生成...</div>
               </div>
             </div>
           </div>
 
-          <!-- 阶段2: 图谱构建 -->
+          <!-- Phase 2: Graph build -->
           <div class="process-phase" :class="{ 'active': currentPhase === 1, 'completed': currentPhase > 1 }">
             <div class="phase-header">
               <span class="phase-num">02</span>
@@ -321,12 +321,12 @@
                 </div>
               </div>
               
-              <!-- 等待本体完成 -->
+              <!-- Waiting for ontology to finish -->
               <div class="detail-section waiting-state" v-if="currentPhase < 1">
                 <div class="waiting-hint">等待本体生成完成...</div>
               </div>
               
-              <!-- 构建进度 -->
+              <!-- Build progress -->
               <div class="detail-section" v-if="buildProgress && currentPhase >= 1">
                 <div class="detail-label">构建进度</div>
                 <div class="progress-bar">
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@
             </div>
           </div>
 
-          <!-- 阶段3: 完成 -->
+          <!-- Phase 3: Complete -->
           <div class="process-phase" :class="{ 'active': currentPhase === 2, 'completed': currentPhase > 2 }">
             <div class="phase-header">
               <span class="phase-num">03</span>
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@
             </div>
           </div>
 
-          <!-- 下一步按钮 -->
+          <!-- Next-step button -->
           <div class="next-step-section" v-if="currentPhase >= 2">
             <button class="next-step-btn" @click="goToNextStep" :disabled="currentPhase < 2">
               进入环境搭建
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@
           </div>
         </div>
 
-        <!-- 项目信息面板 -->
+        <!-- Project-info panel -->
         <div class="project-panel">
           <div class="project-header">
             <span class="project-icon">◇</span>
@@ -421,29 +421,27 @@ import * as d3 from 'd3'
 const route = useRoute()
 const router = useRouter()
 
-// 当前项目ID（可能从'new'变为实际ID）
+// Current project id — starts as 'new' for fresh projects, replaced with the real id once created.
 const currentProjectId = ref(route.params.projectId)
 
-// 状态
+// State
 const loading = ref(true)
 const graphLoading = ref(false)
 const error = ref('')
 const projectData = ref(null)
 const graphData = ref(null)
 const buildProgress = ref(null)
-const ontologyProgress = ref(null) // 本体生成进度
-const currentPhase = ref(-1) // -1: 上传中, 0: 本体生成中, 1: 图谱构建, 2: 完成
-const selectedItem = ref(null) // 选中的节点或边
+const ontologyProgress = ref(null)
+const currentPhase = ref(-1) // -1: uploading, 0: ontology gen, 1: graph build, 2: complete
+const selectedItem = ref(null) // Currently selected node or edge.
 const isFullScreen = ref(false)
 
-// DOM引用
 const graphContainer = ref(null)
 const graphSvg = ref(null)
 
-// 轮询定时器
 let pollTimer = null
 
-// 计算属性
+// Computed
 const statusClass = computed(() => {
   if (error.value) return 'error'
   if (currentPhase.value >= 2) return 'completed'
@@ -475,13 +473,12 @@ const entityTypes = computed(() => {
   return Object.values(typeMap)
 })
 
-// 方法
 const goHome = () => {
   router.push('/')
 }
 
 const goToNextStep = () => {
-  // TODO: 进入环境搭建步骤
+  // TODO(#9): Wire up the transition into Step 2 (Environment Setup).
   alert('环境搭建功能开发中...')
 }
 
@@ -493,12 +490,10 @@ const toggleFullScreen = () => {
   }, 350) 
 }
 
-// 关闭详情面板
 const closeDetailPanel = () => {
   selectedItem.value = null
 }
 
-// 格式化日期
 const formatDate = (dateStr) => {
   if (!dateStr) return '-'
   try {
@@ -515,7 +510,6 @@ const formatDate = (dateStr) => {
   }
 }
 
-// 选中节点
 const selectNode = (nodeData, color) => {
   selectedItem.value = {
     type: 'node',
@@ -525,7 +519,6 @@ const selectNode = (nodeData, color) => {
   }
 }
 
-// 选中边
 const selectEdge = (edgeData) => {
   selectedItem.value = {
     type: 'edge',
@@ -550,24 +543,22 @@ const getPhaseStatusText = (phase) => {
   return '等待中'
 }
 
-// 初始化 - 处理新建项目或加载已有项目
+// Initialize: either create a new project from the pending-upload store, or load an existing one by id.
 const initProject = async () => {
   const paramProjectId = route.params.projectId
-  
+
   if (paramProjectId === 'new') {
-    // 新建项目：从 store 获取待上传的数据
     await handleNewProject()
   } else {
-    // 加载已有项目
     currentProjectId.value = paramProjectId
     await loadProject()
   }
 }
 
-// 处理新建项目 - 调用 ontology/generate API
+// Handle a fresh project — call the ontology/generate API with the pending uploads.
 const handleNewProject = async () => {
   const pending = getPendingUpload()
-  
+
   if (!pending.isPending || pending.files.length === 0) {
     error.value = '没有待上传的文件，请返回首页重新操作'
     loading.value = false
@@ -576,36 +567,32 @@ const handleNewProject = async () => {
   
   try {
     loading.value = true
-    currentPhase.value = 0 // 本体生成阶段
+    currentPhase.value = 0 // Ontology-generation phase.
     ontologyProgress.value = { message: '正在上传文件并分析文档...' }
     
-    // 构建 FormData
     const formDataObj = new FormData()
     pending.files.forEach(file => {
       formDataObj.append('files', file)
     })
     formDataObj.append('simulation_requirement', pending.simulationRequirement)
     
-    // 调用本体生成 API
     const response = await generateOntology(formDataObj)
-    
+
     if (response.success) {
-      // 清除待上传数据
       clearPendingUpload()
-      
-      // 更新项目ID和数据
+
       currentProjectId.value = response.data.project_id
       projectData.value = response.data
-      
-      // 更新URL（不刷新页面）
+
+      // Update the URL in place without reloading.
       router.replace({
         name: 'Process',
         params: { projectId: response.data.project_id }
       })
-      
+
       ontologyProgress.value = null
-      
-      // 自动开始图谱构建
+
+      // Kick off the graph build automatically.
       await startBuildGraph()
     } else {
       error.value = response.error || '本体生成失败'
@@ -618,7 +605,6 @@ const handleNewProject = async () => {
   }
 }
 
-// 加载已有项目数据
 const loadProject = async () => {
   try {
     loading.value = true
@@ -628,18 +614,18 @@ const loadProject = async () => {
       projectData.value = response.data
       updatePhaseByStatus(response.data.status)
       
-      // 自动开始图谱构建
+      // Auto-start graph build if the ontology is ready but no graph exists yet.
       if (response.data.status === 'ontology_generated' && !response.data.graph_id) {
         await startBuildGraph()
       }
-      
-      // 继续轮询构建中的任务
+
+      // Resume polling for an in-progress build.
       if (response.data.status === 'graph_building' && response.data.graph_build_task_id) {
         currentPhase.value = 1
         startPollingTask(response.data.graph_build_task_id)
       }
-      
-      // 加载已完成的图谱
+
+      // Load the finished graph straight away.
       if (response.data.status === 'graph_completed' && response.data.graph_id) {
         currentPhase.value = 2
         await loadGraph(response.data.graph_id)
@@ -673,11 +659,9 @@ const updatePhaseByStatus = (status) => {
   }
 }
 
-// 开始构建图谱
 const startBuildGraph = async () => {
   try {
     currentPhase.value = 1
-    // 设置初始进度
     buildProgress.value = {
       progress: 0,
       message: '正在启动图谱构建...'
@@ -688,13 +672,10 @@ const startBuildGraph = async () => {
     if (response.success) {
       buildProgress.value.message = '图谱构建任务已启动...'
       
-      // 保存 task_id 用于轮询
       const taskId = response.data.task_id
-      
-      // 启动图谱数据轮询（独立于任务状态轮询）
+
+      // Two independent polling loops: graph data refresh AND task-status polling.
       startGraphPolling()
-      
-      // 启动任务状态轮询
       startPollingTask(taskId)
     } else {
       error.value = response.error || '启动图谱构建失败'
@@ -707,28 +688,22 @@ const startBuildGraph = async () => {
   }
 }
 
-// 图谱数据轮询定时器
 let graphPollTimer = null
 
-// 启动图谱数据轮询
 const startGraphPolling = () => {
-  // 立即获取一次
   fetchGraphData()
-  
-  // 每 10 秒自动获取一次图谱数据
+  // Refresh every 10 seconds while the build is in progress.
   graphPollTimer = setInterval(async () => {
     await fetchGraphData()
   }, 10000)
 }
 
-// 手动刷新图谱
 const refreshGraph = async () => {
   graphLoading.value = true
   await fetchGraphData()
   graphLoading.value = false
 }
 
-// 停止图谱数据轮询
 const stopGraphPolling = () => {
   if (graphPollTimer) {
     clearInterval(graphPollTimer)
@@ -736,27 +711,25 @@ const stopGraphPolling = () => {
   }
 }
 
-// 获取图谱数据
 const fetchGraphData = async () => {
   try {
-    // 先获取项目信息以获取 graph_id
+    // Fetch the project first so we know which graph_id to load.
     const projectResponse = await getProject(currentProjectId.value)
-    
+
     if (projectResponse.success && projectResponse.data.graph_id) {
       const graphId = projectResponse.data.graph_id
       projectData.value = projectResponse.data
-      
-      // 获取图谱数据
+
       const graphResponse = await getGraphData(graphId)
-      
+
       if (graphResponse.success && graphResponse.data) {
         const newData = graphResponse.data
         const newNodeCount = newData.node_count || newData.nodes?.length || 0
         const oldNodeCount = graphData.value?.node_count || graphData.value?.nodes?.length || 0
-        
+
         console.log('Fetching graph data, nodes:', newNodeCount, 'edges:', newData.edge_count || newData.edges?.length || 0)
-        
-        // 数据有变化时更新渲染
+
+        // Re-render only when the node count has actually changed.
         if (newNodeCount !== oldNodeCount || !graphData.value) {
           graphData.value = newData
           await nextTick()
@@ -769,18 +742,15 @@ const fetchGraphData = async () => {
   }
 }
 
-// 轮询任务状态
 const startPollingTask = (taskId) => {
-  // 立即执行一次查询
+  // First call fires immediately; subsequent calls every 2 seconds.
   pollTaskStatus(taskId)
-  
-  // 然后定时轮询
+
   pollTimer = setInterval(() => {
     pollTaskStatus(taskId)
   }, 2000)
 }
 
-// 查询任务状态
 const pollTaskStatus = async (taskId) => {
   try {
     const response = await getTaskStatus(taskId)
@@ -788,7 +758,6 @@ const pollTaskStatus = async (taskId) => {
     if (response.success) {
       const task = response.data
       
-      // 更新进度显示
       buildProgress.value = {
         progress: task.progress || 0,
         message: task.message || '处理中...'
@@ -797,32 +766,30 @@ const pollTaskStatus = async (taskId) => {
       console.log('Task status:', task.status, 'Progress:', task.progress)
       
       if (task.status === 'completed') {
-        console.log('✅ 图谱构建完成，正在加载完整数据...')
+        console.log('✅ Graph build complete — loading full graph data...')
         
         stopPolling()
         stopGraphPolling()
         currentPhase.value = 2
         
-        // 更新进度显示为完成状态
+        // Update the progress display to a "complete" state.
         buildProgress.value = {
           progress: 100,
           message: '构建完成，正在加载图谱...'
         }
         
-        // 重新加载项目数据获取 graph_id
+        // Reload the project so we have a fresh graph_id.
         const projectResponse = await getProject(currentProjectId.value)
         if (projectResponse.success) {
           projectData.value = projectResponse.data
-          
-          // 最终加载完整图谱数据
+
           if (projectResponse.data.graph_id) {
-            console.log('📊 加载完整图谱:', projectResponse.data.graph_id)
+            console.log('📊 Loading full graph:', projectResponse.data.graph_id)
             await loadGraph(projectResponse.data.graph_id)
-            console.log('✅ 图谱加载完成')
+            console.log('✅ Graph load complete')
           }
         }
-        
-        // 清除进度显示
+
         buildProgress.value = null
       } else if (task.status === 'failed') {
         stopPolling()
@@ -843,7 +810,6 @@ const stopPolling = () => {
   }
 }
 
-// 加载图谱数据
 const loadGraph = async (graphId) => {
   try {
     graphLoading.value = true
@@ -861,7 +827,7 @@ const loadGraph = async (graphId) => {
   }
 }
 
-// 渲染图谱 (D3.js)
+// Render the knowledge graph with D3.js.
 const renderGraph = () => {
   if (!graphSvg.value || !graphData.value) {
     console.log('Cannot render: svg or data missing')
@@ -874,7 +840,7 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
     return
   }
   
-  // 获取容器尺寸
+  // Read the container's current dimensions.
   const rect = container.getBoundingClientRect()
   const width = rect.width || 800
   const height = (rect.height || 600) - 60
@@ -893,13 +859,11 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
   
   svg.selectAll('*').remove()
   
-  // 处理节点数据
   const nodesData = graphData.value.nodes || []
   const edgesData = graphData.value.edges || []
-  
+
   if (nodesData.length === 0) {
     console.log('No nodes to render')
-    // 显示空状态
     svg.append('text')
       .attr('x', width / 2)
       .attr('y', height / 2)
@@ -909,7 +873,7 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
     return
   }
   
-  // 创建节点映射用于查找名称
+  // Build a uuid → node lookup so we can resolve source/target names later.
   const nodeMap = {}
   nodesData.forEach(n => {
     nodeMap[n.uuid] = n
@@ -919,10 +883,10 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
     id: n.uuid,
     name: n.name || '未命名',
     type: n.labels?.find(l => l !== 'Entity' && l !== 'Node') || 'Entity',
-    rawData: n // 保存原始数据
+    rawData: n // Keep the original data on the simulation node.
   }))
-  
-  // 创建节点ID集合用于过滤有效边
+
+  // Set of valid node ids — used to filter out edges that reference unknown nodes.
   const nodeIds = new Set(nodes.map(n => n.id))
   
   const edges = edgesData
@@ -940,13 +904,13 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
   
   console.log('Nodes:', nodes.length, 'Edges:', edges.length)
   
-  // 颜色映射
+  // Map each entity type to a stable color.
   const types = [...new Set(nodes.map(n => n.type))]
   const colorScale = d3.scaleOrdinal()
     .domain(types)
     .range(['#FF6B35', '#004E89', '#7B2D8E', '#1A936F', '#C5283D', '#E9724C', '#2D3436', '#6C5CE7'])
   
-  // 力导向布局
+  // Force-directed layout.
   const simulation = d3.forceSimulation(nodes)
     .force('link', d3.forceLink(edges).id(d => d.id).distance(100).strength(0.5))
     .force('charge', d3.forceManyBody().strength(-300))
@@ -955,7 +919,7 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
     .force('x', d3.forceX(width / 2).strength(0.05))
     .force('y', d3.forceY(height / 2).strength(0.05))
   
-  // 添加缩放功能
+  // Pan/zoom support.
   const g = svg.append('g')
   
   svg.call(d3.zoom()
@@ -965,7 +929,7 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
       g.attr('transform', event.transform)
     }))
   
-  // 绘制边（包含可点击的透明宽线）
+  // Edges — each rendered as a thin visible line plus a wide transparent line for hit testing.
   const linkGroup = g.append('g')
     .attr('class', 'links')
     .selectAll('g')
@@ -978,18 +942,18 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
       selectEdge(d.rawData)
     })
   
-  // 可见的细线
+  // Visible thin line.
   const link = linkGroup.append('line')
     .attr('stroke', '#ccc')
     .attr('stroke-width', 1.5)
     .attr('stroke-opacity', 0.6)
   
-  // 透明的宽线用于点击
+  // Wide transparent line — gives the edge a larger click target.
   linkGroup.append('line')
     .attr('stroke', 'transparent')
     .attr('stroke-width', 10)
   
-  // 边标签
+  // Edge labels.
   const linkLabel = g.append('g')
     .attr('class', 'link-labels')
     .selectAll('text')
@@ -1001,7 +965,7 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
     .attr('text-anchor', 'middle')
     .text(d => d.type.length > 15 ? d.type.substring(0, 12) + '...' : d.type)
   
-  // 绘制节点
+  // Nodes.
   const node = g.append('g')
     .attr('class', 'nodes')
     .selectAll('g')
@@ -1033,20 +997,19 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
     .attr('fill', '#333')
     .attr('font-family', 'JetBrains Mono, monospace')
   
-  // 点击空白处关闭详情面板
+  // Click on empty space closes the detail panel.
   svg.on('click', () => {
     closeDetailPanel()
   })
   
   simulation.on('tick', () => {
-    // 更新所有边的位置（包括可见线和透明点击区域）
+    // Update both the visible and transparent lines for every edge.
     linkGroup.selectAll('line')
       .attr('x1', d => d.source.x)
       .attr('y1', d => d.source.y)
       .attr('x2', d => d.target.x)
       .attr('y2', d => d.target.y)
-    
-    // 更新边标签位置
+
     linkLabel
       .attr('x', d => (d.source.x + d.target.x) / 2)
       .attr('y', d => (d.source.y + d.target.y) / 2 - 5)
@@ -1072,14 +1035,13 @@ const renderGraph = () => {
   }
 }
 
-// 监听图谱数据变化
+// Re-render whenever the graph data changes.
 watch(graphData, () => {
   if (graphData.value) {
     nextTick(() => renderGraph())
   }
 })
 
-// 生命周期
 onMounted(() => {
   initProject()
 })
@@ -1091,7 +1053,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
 </script>
 
 <style scoped>
-/* 变量 */
+/* Variables */
 :root {
   --black: #000000;
   --white: #FFFFFF;
@@ -1108,7 +1070,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   overflow: hidden; /* Prevent body scroll in fullscreen */
 }
 
-/* 导航栏 */
+/* Navigation bar */
 .navbar {
   display: flex;
   align-items: center;
@@ -1194,14 +1156,14 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   color: #999;
 }
 
-/* 主内容区 */
+/* Main content area */
 .main-content {
   display: flex;
   height: calc(100vh - 56px);
   position: relative;
 }
 
-/* 左侧面板 - 50% default */
+/* Left panel — 50% default */
 .left-panel {
   width: 50%;
   flex: none; /* Fixed width initially */
@@ -1311,7 +1273,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   to { transform: rotate(360deg); }
 }
 
-/* 图谱容器 */
+/* Graph container */
 .graph-container {
   flex: 1;
   position: relative;
@@ -1427,7 +1389,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   animation: pulse 1s infinite;
 }
 
-/* 节点/边详情面板 */
+/* Node / edge detail panel */
 .detail-panel {
   position: absolute;
   top: 16px;
@@ -1543,7 +1505,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   color: #666;
 }
 
-/* 边详情关系展示 */
+/* Edge details — relationship display */
 .edge-relation {
   display: flex;
   align-items: center;
@@ -1587,7 +1549,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   border-bottom: 1px solid #E0E0E0;
 }
 
-/* Properties 属性列表 */
+/* Properties list */
 .properties-list {
   margin-top: 8px;
   padding: 10px;
@@ -1616,7 +1578,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   word-break: break-word;
 }
 
-/* Episodes 列表 */
+/* Episodes list */
 .episodes-list {
   margin-top: 8px;
   display: flex;
@@ -1641,7 +1603,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   margin-bottom: 10px;
 }
 
-/* 图谱图例 */
+/* Graph legend */
 .graph-legend {
   display: flex;
   flex-wrap: wrap;
@@ -1672,7 +1634,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   color: #999;
 }
 
-/* 右侧面板 - 50% default */
+/* Right panel — 50% default */
 .right-panel {
   width: 50%;
   flex: none;
@@ -1702,14 +1664,14 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   margin-right: 8px;
 }
 
-/* 流程内容 */
+/* Process content */
 .process-content {
   flex: 1;
   overflow-y: auto;
   padding: 24px;
 }
 
-/* 流程阶段 */
+/* Process phase */
 .process-phase {
   margin-bottom: 24px;
   border: 1px solid #E0E0E0;
@@ -1795,12 +1757,12 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   color: #fff;
 }
 
-/* 阶段详情 */
+/* Phase details */
 .phase-detail {
   padding: 16px;
 }
 
-/* 实体标签 */
+/* Entity tags */
 .entity-tags {
   display: flex;
   flex-wrap: wrap;
@@ -1815,7 +1777,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   color: #333;
 }
 
-/* 关系列表 */
+/* Relationship list */
 .relation-list {
   font-size: 0.8rem;
 }
@@ -1852,7 +1814,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   font-size: 0.75rem;
 }
 
-/* 本体生成进度 */
+/* Ontology-generation progress */
 .ontology-progress {
   display: flex;
   align-items: center;
@@ -1876,7 +1838,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   color: #333;
 }
 
-/* 等待状态 */
+/* Waiting state */
 .waiting-state {
   padding: 16px;
   background: #F9F9F9;
@@ -1889,7 +1851,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   color: #999;
 }
 
-/* 进度条 */
+/* Progress bar */
 .progress-bar {
   height: 6px;
   background: #E0E0E0;
@@ -1918,7 +1880,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   font-weight: 600;
 }
 
-/* 构建结果 */
+/* Build result */
 .build-result {
   display: flex;
   gap: 16px;
@@ -1946,7 +1908,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   letter-spacing: 0.05em;
 }
 
-/* 下一步按钮 */
+/* Next-step button */
 .next-step-section {
   margin-top: 24px;
   padding-top: 24px;
@@ -1983,7 +1945,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   font-size: 1.2rem;
 }
 
-/* 项目信息面板 */
+/* Project-info panel */
 .project-panel {
   border-top: 1px solid #E0E0E0;
   background: #FAFAFA;
@@ -2041,7 +2003,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   color: #666;
 }
 
-/* 响应式 */
+/* Responsive */
 @media (max-width: 1024px) {
   .main-content {
     flex-direction: column;
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/ReportView.vue b/frontend/src/views/ReportView.vue
index ac054e47..ada2e84b 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/ReportView.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/ReportView.vue
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
         />
       </div>
 
-      <!-- Right Panel: Step4 报告生成 -->
+      <!-- Right Panel: Step 4 — Report -->
       <div class="panel-wrapper right" :style="rightPanelStyle">
         <Step4Report
           :reportId="currentReportId"
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ const props = defineProps({
   reportId: String
 })
 
-// Layout State - 默认切换到工作台视角
+// Layout State — default to the workbench view
 const viewMode = ref('workbench')
 
 // Data State
@@ -146,26 +146,23 @@ const loadReportData = async () => {
   try {
     addLog(t('log.loadReportData', { id: currentReportId.value }))
 
-    // 获取 report 信息以获取 simulation_id
+    // Fetch the report so we can derive simulation_id from it.
     const reportRes = await getReport(currentReportId.value)
     if (reportRes.success && reportRes.data) {
       const reportData = reportRes.data
       simulationId.value = reportData.simulation_id
 
       if (simulationId.value) {
-        // 获取 simulation 信息
         const simRes = await getSimulation(simulationId.value)
         if (simRes.success && simRes.data) {
           const simData = simRes.data
 
-          // 获取 project 信息
           if (simData.project_id) {
             const projRes = await getProject(simData.project_id)
             if (projRes.success && projRes.data) {
               projectData.value = projRes.data
               addLog(t('log.projectLoadSuccess', { id: projRes.data.project_id }))
 
-              // 获取 graph 数据
               if (projRes.data.graph_id) {
                 await loadGraph(projRes.data.graph_id)
               }
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/SimulationRunView.vue b/frontend/src/views/SimulationRunView.vue
index c675d877..761cc38e 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/SimulationRunView.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/SimulationRunView.vue
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
         />
       </div>
 
-      <!-- Right Panel: Step3 开始模拟 -->
+      <!-- Right Panel: Step 3 — Simulation -->
       <div class="panel-wrapper right" :style="rightPanelStyle">
         <Step3Simulation
           :simulationId="currentSimulationId"
@@ -92,9 +92,9 @@ const viewMode = ref('split')
 
 // Data State
 const currentSimulationId = ref(route.params.simulationId)
-// 直接在初始化时从 query 参数获取 maxRounds，确保子组件能立即获取到值
+// Read maxRounds from the route query at init so the child gets it on first render.
 const maxRounds = ref(route.query.maxRounds ? parseInt(route.query.maxRounds) : null)
-const minutesPerRound = ref(30) // 默认每轮30分钟
+const minutesPerRound = ref(30) // Default: 30 minutes per round.
 const projectData = ref(null)
 const graphData = ref(null)
 const graphLoading = ref(false)
@@ -150,20 +150,19 @@ const toggleMaximize = (target) => {
 }
 
 const handleGoBack = async () => {
-  // 在返回 Step 2 之前，先关闭正在运行的模拟
+  // Before returning to Step 2, shut down anything that is still running.
   addLog(t('log.preparingGoBack'))
-  
-  // 停止轮询
+
   stopGraphRefresh()
-  
+
   try {
-    // 先尝试优雅关闭模拟环境
+    // Try graceful close first; fall back to a hard stop if that fails.
     const envStatusRes = await getEnvStatus({ simulation_id: currentSimulationId.value })
-    
+
     if (envStatusRes.success && envStatusRes.data?.env_alive) {
       addLog(t('log.closingSimEnv'))
       try {
-        await closeSimulationEnv({ 
+        await closeSimulationEnv({
           simulation_id: currentSimulationId.value,
           timeout: 10
         })
@@ -178,7 +177,7 @@ const handleGoBack = async () => {
         }
       }
     } else {
-      // 环境未运行，检查是否需要停止进程
+      // Env is not running; only stop the process if one is still active.
       if (isSimulating.value) {
         addLog(t('log.stoppingSimProcess'))
         try {
@@ -192,14 +191,13 @@ const handleGoBack = async () => {
   } catch (err) {
     addLog(t('log.checkStatusFailed', { error: err.message }))
   }
-  
-  // 返回到 Step 2 (环境搭建)
+
+  // Back to Step 2 (Environment Setup).
   router.push({ name: 'Simulation', params: { simulationId: currentSimulationId.value } })
 }
 
 const handleNextStep = () => {
-  // Step3Simulation 组件会直接处理报告生成和路由跳转
-  // 这个方法仅作为备用
+  // Step3Simulation handles report generation and routing itself; this is a fallback.
   addLog(t('log.enterStep4'))
 }
 
@@ -207,13 +205,12 @@ const handleNextStep = () => {
 const loadSimulationData = async () => {
   try {
     addLog(t('log.loadingSimData', { id: currentSimulationId.value }))
-    
-    // 获取 simulation 信息
+
     const simRes = await getSimulation(currentSimulationId.value)
     if (simRes.success && simRes.data) {
       const simData = simRes.data
-      
-      // 获取 simulation config 以获取 minutes_per_round
+
+      // Read minutes_per_round from the simulation config.
       try {
         const configRes = await getSimulationConfig(currentSimulationId.value)
         if (configRes.success && configRes.data?.time_config?.minutes_per_round) {
@@ -223,15 +220,13 @@ const loadSimulationData = async () => {
       } catch (configErr) {
         addLog(t('log.timeConfigFetchFailed', { minutes: minutesPerRound.value }))
       }
-      
-      // 获取 project 信息
+
       if (simData.project_id) {
         const projRes = await getProject(simData.project_id)
         if (projRes.success && projRes.data) {
           projectData.value = projRes.data
           addLog(t('log.projectLoadSuccess', { id: projRes.data.project_id }))
-          
-          // 获取 graph 数据
+
           if (projRes.data.graph_id) {
             await loadGraph(projRes.data.graph_id)
           }
@@ -246,8 +241,8 @@ const loadSimulationData = async () => {
 }
 
 const loadGraph = async (graphId) => {
-  // 当正在模拟时，自动刷新不显示全屏 loading，以免闪烁
-  // 手动刷新或初始加载时显示 loading
+  // Suppress the full-screen loading state during auto-refresh while a simulation
+  // is running, to avoid flicker. Manual refresh and initial load still show it.
   if (!isSimulating.value) {
     graphLoading.value = true
   }
@@ -279,7 +274,7 @@ let graphRefreshTimer = null
 const startGraphRefresh = () => {
   if (graphRefreshTimer) return
   addLog(t('log.graphRealtimeRefreshStart'))
-  // 立即刷新一次，然后每30秒刷新
+  // First refresh fires immediately; subsequent ones every 30 seconds.
   graphRefreshTimer = setInterval(refreshGraph, 30000)
 }
 
@@ -301,8 +296,8 @@ watch(isSimulating, (newValue) => {
 
 onMounted(() => {
   addLog(t('log.simRunViewInit'))
-  
-  // 记录 maxRounds 配置（值已在初始化时从 query 参数获取）
+
+  // Log the maxRounds configuration (already read from the query at init).
   if (maxRounds.value) {
     addLog(t('log.customRounds', { rounds: maxRounds.value }))
   }
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/SimulationView.vue b/frontend/src/views/SimulationView.vue
index f3e1c18e..61665984 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/SimulationView.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/SimulationView.vue
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
         />
       </div>
 
-      <!-- Right Panel: Step2 环境搭建 -->
+      <!-- Right Panel: Step 2 — Environment Setup -->
       <div class="panel-wrapper right" :style="rightPanelStyle">
         <Step2EnvSetup
           :simulationId="currentSimulationId"
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ const toggleMaximize = (target) => {
 }
 
 const handleGoBack = () => {
-  // 返回到 process 页面
+  // Return to the Process page.
   if (projectData.value?.project_id) {
     router.push({ name: 'Process', params: { projectId: projectData.value.project_id } })
   } else {
@@ -153,65 +153,60 @@ const handleGoBack = () => {
 const handleNextStep = (params = {}) => {
   addLog(t('log.enterStep3'))
 
-  // 记录模拟轮数配置
   if (params.maxRounds) {
     addLog(t('log.customRoundsConfig', { rounds: params.maxRounds }))
   } else {
     addLog(t('log.useAutoRounds'))
   }
-  
-  // 构建路由参数
+
   const routeParams = {
     name: 'SimulationRun',
     params: { simulationId: currentSimulationId.value }
   }
-  
-  // 如果有自定义轮数，通过 query 参数传递
+
+  // Pass a custom round count to Step 3 via the route query.
   if (params.maxRounds) {
     routeParams.query = { maxRounds: params.maxRounds }
   }
-  
-  // 跳转到 Step 3 页面
+
   router.push(routeParams)
 }
 
 // --- Data Logic ---
 
 /**
- * 检查并关闭正在运行的模拟
- * 当用户从 Step 3 返回到 Step 2 时，默认用户要退出模拟
+ * Stop any simulation that is still running.
+ * When the user navigates back from Step 3 to Step 2 we treat that as an exit
+ * intent and tear the simulation down.
  */
 const checkAndStopRunningSimulation = async () => {
   if (!currentSimulationId.value) return
-  
+
   try {
-    // 先检查模拟环境是否存活
     const envStatusRes = await getEnvStatus({ simulation_id: currentSimulationId.value })
-    
+
     if (envStatusRes.success && envStatusRes.data?.env_alive) {
       addLog(t('log.detectedSimEnvRunning'))
-      
-      // 尝试优雅关闭模拟环境
+
+      // Try to close the env gracefully; fall back to a hard stop on failure.
       try {
-        const closeRes = await closeSimulationEnv({ 
+        const closeRes = await closeSimulationEnv({
           simulation_id: currentSimulationId.value,
-          timeout: 10  // 10秒超时
+          timeout: 10
         })
-        
+
         if (closeRes.success) {
           addLog(t('log.simEnvClosed'))
         } else {
           addLog(t('log.closeSimEnvFailedWithError', { error: closeRes.error || t('common.unknownError') }))
-          // 如果优雅关闭失败，尝试强制停止
           await forceStopSimulation()
         }
       } catch (closeErr) {
         addLog(t('log.closeSimEnvException', { error: closeErr.message }))
-        // 如果优雅关闭异常，尝试强制停止
         await forceStopSimulation()
       }
     } else {
-      // 环境未运行，但可能进程还在，检查模拟状态
+      // Env is not alive, but the worker process might still be running.
       const simRes = await getSimulation(currentSimulationId.value)
       if (simRes.success && simRes.data?.status === 'running') {
         addLog(t('log.detectedSimRunning'))
@@ -219,14 +214,11 @@ const checkAndStopRunningSimulation = async () => {
       }
     }
   } catch (err) {
-    // 检查环境状态失败不影响后续流程
-    console.warn('检查模拟状态失败:', err)
+    // A failure here must not block the rest of the flow.
+    console.warn('Failed to check simulation status:', err)
   }
 }
 
-/**
- * 强制停止模拟
- */
 const forceStopSimulation = async () => {
   try {
     const stopRes = await stopSimulation({ simulation_id: currentSimulationId.value })
@@ -244,19 +236,16 @@ const loadSimulationData = async () => {
   try {
     addLog(t('log.loadingSimData', { id: currentSimulationId.value }))
 
-    // 获取 simulation 信息
     const simRes = await getSimulation(currentSimulationId.value)
     if (simRes.success && simRes.data) {
       const simData = simRes.data
 
-      // 获取 project 信息
       if (simData.project_id) {
         const projRes = await getProject(simData.project_id)
         if (projRes.success && projRes.data) {
           projectData.value = projRes.data
           addLog(t('log.projectLoadSuccess', { id: projRes.data.project_id }))
-          
-          // 获取 graph 数据
+
           if (projRes.data.graph_id) {
             await loadGraph(projRes.data.graph_id)
           }
@@ -293,11 +282,10 @@ const refreshGraph = () => {
 
 onMounted(async () => {
   addLog(t('log.simViewInit'))
-  
-  // 检查并关闭正在运行的模拟（用户从 Step 3 返回时）
+
+  // Tear down any running simulation in case the user navigated back from Step 3.
   await checkAndStopRunningSimulation()
-  
-  // 加载模拟数据
+
   loadSimulationData()
 })
 </script>