feat: Clip effects, asset sorting, and timeline improvements

Major features and improvements: * **Clip Effects**: * Added UI in Properties Panel to manage effects on video/image clips (add, remove, toggle, reorder). * Implemented dynamic parameter fields for effects. * Added support for keyframing effect parameters. * **Assets Panel**: * Added sorting options: Name, Type, Duration, and File Size. * Persisted view preferences (grid/list mode, sort order) to local storage. * Refactored media item rendering and drag interactions. * **Timeline & Interaction**: * **Keyframe Dragging**: Added ability to drag keyframes directly on the timeline element. * **Resizing**: Improved resize logic to respect neighboring clips (prevents overlaps). * **Visuals**: Implemented tiled background rendering for video/image clips on the timeline. * **Shortcuts**: Added "Deselect All" action bound to the `Escape` key. * **Fixes**: Corrected drag-and-drop coordinate calculations when the timeline track area is scrolled. * **Text Elements**: * Refactored text background storage to use an explicit `enabled` flag. * Added `V8toV9` storage migration to update existing projects. * **Architecture**: * Moved export state management to `ProjectManager` for better lifecycle handling. * Refactored `PropertiesPanel` sections to be more composable (custom headers, borders).
2026-03-02 13:13:07 +01:00 · 2026-03-02 13:13:07 +01:00 · e7dcb586c0
parent 93bea01c9e
commit e7dcb586c0
66 changed files with 3688 additions and 1333 deletions
--- a/apps/web/content/changelog/0.2.0.md
+++ b/apps/web/content/changelog/0.2.0.md
@ -14,4 +14,30 @@ changes:
    text: "Fixed an issue where click-and-drag selection on one timeline track could accidentally select items from the track below."
  - type: fixed
    text: "Audio could flicker or cut out at the start of playback when certain elements were selected. The scheduler now recovers from timing slips without losing audio."
+  - type: fixed
+    text: "Dragging a clip onto the timeline and pressing Ctrl+Z now removes both the clip and the track it created in one step, instead of requiring two undos."
+  - type: fixed
+    text: "A few values in the properties panel were previously showing incorrect values. This has been fixed."
+  - type: improved
+    text: "New text elements no longer have a black background by default."
+  - type: improved
+    text: "Selection outline in the preview is now dashed."
+  - type: improved
+    text: "Adjacent clips on the timeline now have a small gap between them so selected clips are always clearly visible."
+  - type: fixed
+    text: "Timeline trim handles now sit outside the clip instead of inside them, so the clip's visible area accurately represents where it starts and ends."
+  - type: fixed
+    text: "Clips being dragged on the timeline now render on top of other clips instead of underneath them."
+  - type: fixed
+    text: "Undoing a trim-from-start operation now correctly restores the clip to its original position and length, instead of stretching it to the right."
+  - type: fixed
+    text: "Resizing a clip on the timeline would deselect it when the mouse was released. The clip now stays selected after a resize."
+  - type: improved
+    text: "Press Escape to deselect the current element."
+  - type: fixed
+    text: "Resizing a clip could extend it past another clip on the same track, causing an overlap. The resize now stops at the next clip's edge."
+  - type: fixed
+    text: "Dragging a clip to a different track would deselect it on drop. The clip stays selected after moving."
+  - type: fixed
+    text: "Finishing a resize or drag with the mouse over empty track space would deselect the clip."
 ---
--- a/apps/web/src/app/changelog/components/release.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/app/changelog/components/release.tsx
@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ export function ReleaseTitle({
 		<As className={cn("font-bold tracking-tight", titleSizes[As])}>
 			{href ? (
 				<Link href={href} className="hover:underline underline-offset-4">
-					<>{children}</>
+					{children}
 				</Link>
 			) : (
 				children
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/export-button.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/export-button.tsx
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 "use client";

-import { useState, useRef } from "react";
+import { useState } from "react";
 import { TransitionTopIcon } from "@hugeicons/core-free-icons";
 import { HugeiconsIcon } from "@hugeicons/react";
 import {
@ -14,35 +14,47 @@ import { RadioGroup, RadioGroupItem } from "@/components/ui/radio-group";
 import { Progress } from "@/components/ui/progress";
 import { Checkbox } from "@/components/ui/checkbox";
 import { cn } from "@/utils/ui";
-import { getExportMimeType, getExportFileExtension } from "@/lib/export";
+import { getExportMimeType, getExportFileExtension, downloadBuffer } from "@/lib/export";
 import { Check, Copy, Download, RotateCcw } from "lucide-react";
 import {
 	EXPORT_FORMAT_VALUES,
 	EXPORT_QUALITY_VALUES,
 	type ExportFormat,
 	type ExportQuality,
-	type ExportResult,
 } from "@/types/export";
 import {
 	Section,
 	SectionContent,
 	SectionHeader,
+	SectionTitle,
 } from "@/components/editor/panels/properties/section";
 import { useEditor } from "@/hooks/use-editor";
 import { DEFAULT_EXPORT_OPTIONS } from "@/constants/export-constants";

+function isExportFormat(value: string): value is ExportFormat {
+	return EXPORT_FORMAT_VALUES.some((formatValue) => formatValue === value);
+}
+
+function isExportQuality(value: string): value is ExportQuality {
+	return EXPORT_QUALITY_VALUES.some((qualityValue) => qualityValue === value);
+}
+
 export function ExportButton() {
 	const [isExportPopoverOpen, setIsExportPopoverOpen] = useState(false);
 	const editor = useEditor();

-	const handleExport = () => {
-		setIsExportPopoverOpen(true);
+	const hasProject = !!editor.project.getActiveOrNull();
+
+	const handlePopoverOpenChange = ({ open }: { open: boolean }) => {
+		if (!open) {
+			editor.project.cancelExport();
+			editor.project.clearExportState();
+		}
+		setIsExportPopoverOpen(open);
 	};

-	const hasProject = !!editor.project.getActive();
-
 	return (
-		<Popover open={isExportPopoverOpen} onOpenChange={setIsExportPopoverOpen}>
+		<Popover open={isExportPopoverOpen} onOpenChange={(open) => handlePopoverOpenChange({ open })}>
 			<PopoverTrigger asChild>
 				<button
 					type="button"
@ -50,12 +62,12 @@ export function ExportButton() {
 						"flex items-center gap-1.5 rounded-md bg-[#38BDF8] px-[0.12rem] py-[0.12rem] text-white",
 						hasProject ? "cursor-pointer" : "cursor-not-allowed opacity-50",
 					)}
-					onClick={hasProject ? handleExport : undefined}
+					onClick={hasProject ? () => setIsExportPopoverOpen(true) : undefined}
 					disabled={!hasProject}
 					onKeyDown={(event) => {
 						if (hasProject && (event.key === "Enter" || event.key === " ")) {
 							event.preventDefault();
-							handleExport();
+							setIsExportPopoverOpen(true);
 						}
 					}}
 				>
@ -80,71 +92,49 @@ function ExportPopover({
 }) {
 	const editor = useEditor();
 	const activeProject = editor.project.getActive();
+	const { isExporting, progress, result: exportResult } =
+		editor.project.getExportState();
 	const [format, setFormat] = useState<ExportFormat>(
 		DEFAULT_EXPORT_OPTIONS.format,
 	);
 	const [quality, setQuality] = useState<ExportQuality>(
 		DEFAULT_EXPORT_OPTIONS.quality,
 	);
-	const [includeAudio, setIncludeAudio] = useState<boolean>(
-		DEFAULT_EXPORT_OPTIONS.includeAudio || true,
+	const [shouldIncludeAudio, setShouldIncludeAudio] = useState<boolean>(
+		DEFAULT_EXPORT_OPTIONS.includeAudio ?? true,
 	);
-	const [isExporting, setIsExporting] = useState(false);
-	const [progress, setProgress] = useState(0);
-	const [exportResult, setExportResult] = useState<ExportResult | null>(null);
-	const cancelRequestedRef = useRef(false);

 	const handleExport = async () => {
 		if (!activeProject) return;

-		cancelRequestedRef.current = false;
-		setIsExporting(true);
-		setProgress(0);
-		setExportResult(null);
-
 		const result = await editor.project.export({
 			options: {
-				format,
-				quality,
-				fps: activeProject.settings.fps,
-				includeAudio,
-				onProgress: ({ progress }) => setProgress(progress),
-				onCancel: () => cancelRequestedRef.current,
+			format,
+			quality,
+			fps: activeProject.settings.fps,
+			includeAudio: shouldIncludeAudio,
 			},
 		});

-		setIsExporting(false);
-
 		if (result.cancelled) {
-			setExportResult(null);
-			setProgress(0);
+			editor.project.clearExportState();
 			return;
 		}

-		setExportResult(result);
-
 		if (result.success && result.buffer) {
-			const mimeType = getExportMimeType({ format });
-			const extension = getExportFileExtension({ format });
-			const blob = new Blob([result.buffer], { type: mimeType });
-			const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
-
-			const a = document.createElement("a");
-			a.href = url;
-			a.download = `${activeProject.metadata.name}${extension}`;
-			document.body.appendChild(a);
-			a.click();
-			document.body.removeChild(a);
-			URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
+			downloadBuffer({
+				buffer: result.buffer,
+				filename: `${activeProject.metadata.name}${getExportFileExtension({ format })}`,
+				mimeType: getExportMimeType({ format }),
+			});

+			editor.project.clearExportState();
 			onOpenChange(false);
-			setExportResult(null);
-			setProgress(0);
 		}
 	};

 	const handleCancel = () => {
-		cancelRequestedRef.current = true;
+		editor.project.cancelExport();
 	};

 	return (
@ -166,8 +156,10 @@ function ExportPopover({
 						{!isExporting && (
 							<>
 								<div className="flex flex-col">
-									<Section collapsible defaultOpen={false} hasBorderTop={false}>
-										<SectionHeader title="Format" />
+									<Section collapsible defaultOpen={false} showTopBorder={false}>
+										<SectionHeader>
+											<SectionTitle>Format</SectionTitle>
+										</SectionHeader>
 										<SectionContent>
 											<RadioGroup
 												value={format}
@ -194,7 +186,9 @@ function ExportPopover({
 									</Section>

 									<Section collapsible defaultOpen={false}>
-										<SectionHeader title="Quality" />
+										<SectionHeader>
+											<SectionTitle>Quality</SectionTitle>
+										</SectionHeader>
 										<SectionContent>
 											<RadioGroup
 												value={quality}
@ -219,7 +213,7 @@ function ExportPopover({
 												<div className="flex items-center space-x-2">
 													<RadioGroupItem value="very_high" id="very_high" />
 													<Label htmlFor="very_high">
-														Very High - Largest file size
+														Very high - Largest file size
 													</Label>
 												</div>
 											</RadioGroup>
@ -227,15 +221,17 @@ function ExportPopover({
 									</Section>

 									<Section collapsible defaultOpen={false}>
-										<SectionHeader title="Audio" />
+										<SectionHeader>
+											<SectionTitle>Audio</SectionTitle>
+										</SectionHeader>
 										<SectionContent>
 											<div className="flex items-center space-x-2">
 												<Checkbox
 													id="include-audio"
-													checked={includeAudio}
-													onCheckedChange={(checked) =>
-														setIncludeAudio(!!checked)
-													}
+								checked={shouldIncludeAudio}
+												onCheckedChange={(checked) =>
+													setShouldIncludeAudio(!!checked)
+												}
 												/>
 												<Label htmlFor="include-audio">
 													Include audio in export
@ -256,15 +252,15 @@ function ExportPopover({

 						{isExporting && (
 							<div className="space-y-4 p-3">
-								<div className="flex flex-col">
-									<div className="flex items-center justify-between text-center">
-										<p className="text-muted-foreground mb-2 text-sm">
-											{Math.round(progress * 100)}%
-										</p>
-										<p className="text-muted-foreground mb-2 text-sm">100%</p>
-									</div>
-									<Progress value={progress * 100} className="w-full" />
+							<div className="flex flex-col gap-2">
+								<div className="flex items-center justify-between text-center">
+									<p className="text-muted-foreground text-sm">
+										{Math.round(progress * 100)}%
+									</p>
+									<p className="text-muted-foreground text-sm">100%</p>
 								</div>
+								<Progress value={progress * 100} className="w-full" />
+							</div>

 								<Button
 									variant="outline"
@ -282,14 +278,6 @@ function ExportPopover({
 	);
 }

-function isExportFormat(value: string): value is ExportFormat {
-	return EXPORT_FORMAT_VALUES.some((formatValue) => formatValue === value);
-}
-
-function isExportQuality(value: string): value is ExportQuality {
-	return EXPORT_QUALITY_VALUES.some((qualityValue) => qualityValue === value);
-}
-
 function ExportError({
 	error,
 	onRetry,
@ -306,7 +294,7 @@ function ExportError({
 	};

 	return (
-		<div className="space-y-4">
+		<div className="space-y-4 p-3">
 			<div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
 				<p className="text-destructive text-sm font-medium">Export failed</p>
 				<p className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">{error}</p>
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/assets/views/assets.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/assets/views/assets.tsx
@ -31,7 +31,12 @@ import { useFileUpload } from "@/hooks/use-file-upload";
 import { useRevealItem } from "@/hooks/use-reveal-item";
 import { processMediaAssets } from "@/lib/media/processing";
 import { buildElementFromMedia } from "@/lib/timeline/element-utils";
-import { useAssetsPanelStore } from "@/stores/assets-panel-store";
+import {
+	type MediaSortKey,
+	type MediaSortOrder,
+	type MediaViewMode,
+	useAssetsPanelStore,
+} from "@/stores/assets-panel-store";
 import type { MediaAsset } from "@/types/assets";
 import { cn } from "@/utils/ui";
 import {
@ -50,8 +55,15 @@ export function MediaView() {
 	const mediaFiles = editor.media.getAssets();
 	const activeProject = editor.project.getActive();

-	const { mediaViewMode, setMediaViewMode, highlightMediaId, clearHighlight } =
-		useAssetsPanelStore();
+	const {
+		mediaViewMode,
+		setMediaViewMode,
+		highlightMediaId,
+		clearHighlight,
+		mediaSortBy,
+		mediaSortOrder,
+		setMediaSort,
+	} = useAssetsPanelStore();
 	const { highlightedId, registerElement } = useRevealItem(
 		highlightMediaId,
 		clearHighlight,
@ -59,10 +71,6 @@ export function MediaView() {

 	const [isProcessing, setIsProcessing] = useState(false);
 	const [progress, setProgress] = useState(0);
-	const [sortBy, setSortBy] = useState<"name" | "type" | "duration" | "size">(
-		"name",
-	);
-	const [sortOrder, setSortOrder] = useState<"asc" | "desc">("asc");

 	const processFiles = async ({ files }: { files: FileList }) => {
 		if (!files || files.length === 0) return;
@ -121,27 +129,12 @@ export function MediaView() {
 		});
 	};

-	const addElementAtTime = ({
-		asset,
-		startTime,
-	}: {
-		asset: MediaAsset;
-		startTime: number;
-	}): boolean => {
-		const duration =
-			asset.duration ?? TIMELINE_CONSTANTS.DEFAULT_ELEMENT_DURATION;
-		const element = buildElementFromMedia({
-			mediaId: asset.id,
-			mediaType: asset.type,
-			name: asset.name,
-			duration,
-			startTime,
-		});
-		editor.timeline.insertElement({
-			element,
-			placement: { mode: "auto" },
-		});
-		return true;
+	const handleSort = ({ key }: { key: SortKey }) => {
+		if (mediaSortBy === key) {
+			setMediaSort(key, mediaSortOrder === "asc" ? "desc" : "asc");
+		} else {
+			setMediaSort(key, "asc");
+		}
 	};

 	const filteredMediaItems = useMemo(() => {
@ -151,7 +144,7 @@ export function MediaView() {
 			let valueA: string | number;
 			let valueB: string | number;

-			switch (sortBy) {
+			switch (mediaSortBy) {
 				case "name":
 					valueA = a.name.toLowerCase();
 					valueB = b.name.toLowerCase();
@ -172,154 +165,13 @@ export function MediaView() {
 					return 0;
 			}

-			if (valueA < valueB) return sortOrder === "asc" ? -1 : 1;
-			if (valueA > valueB) return sortOrder === "asc" ? 1 : -1;
+			if (valueA < valueB) return mediaSortOrder === "asc" ? -1 : 1;
+			if (valueA > valueB) return mediaSortOrder === "asc" ? 1 : -1;
 			return 0;
 		});

 		return filtered;
-	}, [mediaFiles, sortBy, sortOrder]);
-
-	const previewComponents = useMemo(() => {
-		const previews = new Map<string, React.ReactNode>();
-
-		filteredMediaItems.forEach((item) => {
-			previews.set(item.id, <MediaPreview item={item} />);
-			previews.set(
-				`compact-${item.id}`,
-				<MediaPreview item={item} variant="compact" />,
-			);
-		});
-
-		return previews;
-	}, [filteredMediaItems]);
-
-	const renderPreview = (item: MediaAsset) => previewComponents.get(item.id);
-	const renderCompactPreview = (item: MediaAsset) =>
-		previewComponents.get(`compact-${item.id}`);
-
-	const mediaActions = (
-		<div>
-			<TooltipProvider>
-				<Tooltip>
-					<TooltipTrigger asChild>
-						<Button
-							size="icon"
-							variant="ghost"
-							onClick={() =>
-								setMediaViewMode(mediaViewMode === "grid" ? "list" : "grid")
-							}
-							disabled={isProcessing}
-							className="items-center justify-center"
-						>
-							{mediaViewMode === "grid" ? (
-								<HugeiconsIcon icon={LeftToRightListDashIcon} />
-							) : (
-								<HugeiconsIcon icon={GridViewIcon} />
-							)}
-						</Button>
-					</TooltipTrigger>
-					<TooltipContent>
-						<p>
-							{mediaViewMode === "grid"
-								? "Switch to list view"
-								: "Switch to grid view"}
-						</p>
-					</TooltipContent>
-					<Tooltip>
-						<DropdownMenu>
-							<TooltipTrigger asChild>
-								<DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
-									<Button
-										size="icon"
-										variant="ghost"
-										disabled={isProcessing}
-										className="items-center justify-center"
-									>
-										<HugeiconsIcon icon={SortingOneNineIcon} />
-									</Button>
-								</DropdownMenuTrigger>
-							</TooltipTrigger>
-							<DropdownMenuContent align="end">
-								<SortMenuItem
-									label="Name"
-									sortKey="name"
-									currentSortBy={sortBy}
-									currentSortOrder={sortOrder}
-									onSort={({ key }) => {
-										if (sortBy === key) {
-											setSortOrder(sortOrder === "asc" ? "desc" : "asc");
-										} else {
-											setSortBy(key);
-											setSortOrder("asc");
-										}
-									}}
-								/>
-								<SortMenuItem
-									label="Type"
-									sortKey="type"
-									currentSortBy={sortBy}
-									currentSortOrder={sortOrder}
-									onSort={({ key }) => {
-										if (sortBy === key) {
-											setSortOrder(sortOrder === "asc" ? "desc" : "asc");
-										} else {
-											setSortBy(key);
-											setSortOrder("asc");
-										}
-									}}
-								/>
-								<SortMenuItem
-									label="Duration"
-									sortKey="duration"
-									currentSortBy={sortBy}
-									currentSortOrder={sortOrder}
-									onSort={({ key }) => {
-										if (sortBy === key) {
-											setSortOrder(sortOrder === "asc" ? "desc" : "asc");
-										} else {
-											setSortBy(key);
-											setSortOrder("asc");
-										}
-									}}
-								/>
-								<SortMenuItem
-									label="File size"
-									sortKey="size"
-									currentSortBy={sortBy}
-									currentSortOrder={sortOrder}
-									onSort={({ key }) => {
-										if (sortBy === key) {
-											setSortOrder(sortOrder === "asc" ? "desc" : "asc");
-										} else {
-											setSortBy(key);
-											setSortOrder("asc");
-										}
-									}}
-								/>
-							</DropdownMenuContent>
-						</DropdownMenu>
-						<TooltipContent>
-							<p>
-								Sort by {sortBy} (
-								{sortOrder === "asc" ? "ascending" : "descending"})
-							</p>
-						</TooltipContent>
-					</Tooltip>
-				</Tooltip>
-			</TooltipProvider>
-			<Button
-				variant="outline"
-				onClick={openFilePicker}
-				disabled={isProcessing}
-				size="sm"
-				className="items-center justify-center gap-1.5 ml-1.5"
-			>
-				<HugeiconsIcon icon={CloudUploadIcon} />
-				Import
-			</Button>
-		</div>
-	);
+	}, [mediaFiles, mediaSortBy, mediaSortOrder]);

 	return (
 		<>
@ -327,8 +179,18 @@ export function MediaView() {

 			<PanelView
 				title="Assets"
-				actions={mediaActions}
-				className={isDragOver ? "bg-accent/30" : ""}
+				actions={
+					<MediaActions
+						mediaViewMode={mediaViewMode}
+						setMediaViewMode={setMediaViewMode}
+						isProcessing={isProcessing}
+						sortBy={mediaSortBy}
+						sortOrder={mediaSortOrder}
+						onSort={handleSort}
+						onImport={openFilePicker}
+					/>
+				}
+				className={cn(isDragOver && "bg-accent/30")}
 				{...dragProps}
 			>
 				{isDragOver || filteredMediaItems.length === 0 ? (
@ -338,21 +200,11 @@ export function MediaView() {
 						progress={progress}
 						onClick={openFilePicker}
 					/>
-				) : mediaViewMode === "grid" ? (
-					<GridView
-						items={filteredMediaItems}
-						renderPreview={renderPreview}
-						onRemove={handleRemove}
-						onAddToTimeline={addElementAtTime}
-						highlightedId={highlightedId}
-						registerElement={registerElement}
-					/>
 				) : (
-					<ListView
+					<MediaItemList
 						items={filteredMediaItems}
-						renderPreview={renderCompactPreview}
+						mode={mediaViewMode}
 						onRemove={handleRemove}
-						onAddToTimeline={addElementAtTime}
 						highlightedId={highlightedId}
 						registerElement={registerElement}
 					/>
@ -362,6 +214,67 @@ export function MediaView() {
 	);
 }

+function MediaAssetDraggable({
+	item,
+	preview,
+	isHighlighted,
+	variant,
+	isRounded,
+}: {
+	item: MediaAsset;
+	preview: React.ReactNode;
+	isHighlighted: boolean;
+	variant: "card" | "compact";
+	isRounded?: boolean;
+}) {
+	const editor = useEditor();
+
+	const addElementAtTime = ({
+		asset,
+		startTime,
+	}: {
+		asset: MediaAsset;
+		startTime: number;
+	}) => {
+		const duration =
+			asset.duration ?? TIMELINE_CONSTANTS.DEFAULT_ELEMENT_DURATION;
+		const element = buildElementFromMedia({
+			mediaId: asset.id,
+			mediaType: asset.type,
+			name: asset.name,
+			duration,
+			startTime,
+		});
+		editor.timeline.insertElement({
+			element,
+			placement: { mode: "auto" },
+		});
+	};
+
+	return (
+		<DraggableItem
+			name={item.name}
+			preview={preview}
+			dragData={{
+				id: item.id,
+				type: "media",
+				mediaType: item.type,
+				name: item.name,
+				...(item.type !== "audio" && {
+					targetElementTypes: ["video", "image"] as const,
+				}),
+			}}
+			shouldShowPlusOnDrag={false}
+			onAddToTimeline={({ currentTime }) =>
+				addElementAtTime({ asset: item, startTime: currentTime })
+			}
+			variant={variant}
+			isRounded={isRounded}
+			isHighlighted={isHighlighted}
+		/>
+	);
+}
+
 function MediaItemWithContextMenu({
 	item,
 	children,
@ -387,55 +300,41 @@ function MediaItemWithContextMenu({
 	);
 }

-function GridView({
+function MediaItemList({
 	items,
-	renderPreview,
+	mode,
 	onRemove,
-	onAddToTimeline,
 	highlightedId,
 	registerElement,
 }: {
 	items: MediaAsset[];
-	renderPreview: (item: MediaAsset) => React.ReactNode;
+	mode: MediaViewMode;
 	onRemove: ({ event, id }: { event: React.MouseEvent; id: string }) => void;
-	onAddToTimeline: ({
-		asset,
-		startTime,
-	}: {
-		asset: MediaAsset;
-		startTime: number;
-	}) => boolean;
 	highlightedId: string | null;
 	registerElement: (id: string, element: HTMLElement | null) => void;
 }) {
+	const isGrid = mode === "grid";
+
 	return (
 		<div
-			className="grid gap-2"
-			style={{
-				gridTemplateColumns: "repeat(auto-fill, 160px)",
-			}}
+			className={cn(isGrid ? "grid gap-2" : "flex flex-col gap-1")}
+			style={
+				isGrid ? { gridTemplateColumns: "repeat(auto-fill, 160px)" } : undefined
+			}
 		>
 			{items.map((item) => (
-				<div key={item.id} ref={(el) => registerElement(item.id, el)}>
+				<div key={item.id} ref={(element) => registerElement(item.id, element)}>
 					<MediaItemWithContextMenu item={item} onRemove={onRemove}>
-						<DraggableItem
-							name={item.name}
-							preview={renderPreview(item)}
-							dragData={{
-								id: item.id,
-								type: "media",
-								mediaType: item.type,
-								name: item.name,
-								...(item.type !== "audio" && {
-									targetElementTypes: ["video", "image"] as const,
-								}),
-							}}
-							shouldShowPlusOnDrag={false}
-							onAddToTimeline={({ currentTime }) =>
-								onAddToTimeline({ asset: item, startTime: currentTime })
+						<MediaAssetDraggable
+							item={item}
+							preview={
+								<MediaPreview
+									item={item}
+									variant={isGrid ? "grid" : "compact"}
+								/>
 							}
-							isRounded={false}
-							variant="card"
+							variant={isGrid ? "card" : "compact"}
+							isRounded={isGrid ? false : undefined}
 							isHighlighted={highlightedId === item.id}
 						/>
 					</MediaItemWithContextMenu>
@ -445,63 +344,11 @@ function GridView({
 	);
 }

-function ListView({
-	items,
-	renderPreview,
-	onRemove,
-	onAddToTimeline,
-	highlightedId,
-	registerElement,
-}: {
-	items: MediaAsset[];
-	renderPreview: (item: MediaAsset) => React.ReactNode;
-	onRemove: ({ event, id }: { event: React.MouseEvent; id: string }) => void;
-	onAddToTimeline: ({
-		asset,
-		startTime,
-	}: {
-		asset: MediaAsset;
-		startTime: number;
-	}) => boolean;
-	highlightedId: string | null;
-	registerElement: (id: string, element: HTMLElement | null) => void;
-}) {
-	return (
-		<div className="space-y-1">
-			{items.map((item) => (
-				<div key={item.id} ref={(el) => registerElement(item.id, el)}>
-					<MediaItemWithContextMenu item={item} onRemove={onRemove}>
-						<DraggableItem
-							name={item.name}
-							preview={renderPreview(item)}
-							dragData={{
-								id: item.id,
-								type: "media",
-								mediaType: item.type,
-								name: item.name,
-								...(item.type !== "audio" && {
-									targetElementTypes: ["video", "image"] as const,
-								}),
-							}}
-							shouldShowPlusOnDrag={false}
-							onAddToTimeline={({ currentTime }) =>
-								onAddToTimeline({ asset: item, startTime: currentTime })
-							}
-							variant="compact"
-							isHighlighted={highlightedId === item.id}
-						/>
-					</MediaItemWithContextMenu>
-				</div>
-			))}
-		</div>
-	);
-}
-
-const formatDuration = ({ duration }: { duration: number }) => {
+export function formatDuration({ duration }: { duration: number }) {
 	const min = Math.floor(duration / 60);
 	const sec = Math.floor(duration % 60);
 	return `${min}:${sec.toString().padStart(2, "0")}`;
-};
+}

 function MediaDurationBadge({ duration }: { duration?: number }) {
 	if (!duration) return null;
@ -619,6 +466,119 @@ function MediaPreview({
 	);
 }

+function MediaActions({
+	mediaViewMode,
+	setMediaViewMode,
+	isProcessing,
+	sortBy,
+	sortOrder,
+	onSort,
+	onImport,
+}: {
+	mediaViewMode: MediaViewMode;
+	setMediaViewMode: (mode: MediaViewMode) => void;
+	isProcessing: boolean;
+	sortBy: MediaSortKey;
+	sortOrder: MediaSortOrder;
+	onSort: ({ key }: { key: MediaSortKey }) => void;
+	onImport: () => void;
+}) {
+	return (
+		<div className="flex gap-1.5">
+			<TooltipProvider>
+				<Tooltip>
+					<TooltipTrigger asChild>
+						<Button
+							size="icon"
+							variant="ghost"
+							onClick={() =>
+								setMediaViewMode(mediaViewMode === "grid" ? "list" : "grid")
+							}
+							disabled={isProcessing}
+							className="items-center justify-center"
+						>
+							{mediaViewMode === "grid" ? (
+								<HugeiconsIcon icon={LeftToRightListDashIcon} />
+							) : (
+								<HugeiconsIcon icon={GridViewIcon} />
+							)}
+						</Button>
+					</TooltipTrigger>
+					<TooltipContent>
+						<p>
+							{mediaViewMode === "grid"
+								? "Switch to list view"
+								: "Switch to grid view"}
+						</p>
+					</TooltipContent>
+				</Tooltip>
+				<Tooltip>
+					<DropdownMenu>
+						<TooltipTrigger asChild>
+							<DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
+								<Button
+									size="icon"
+									variant="ghost"
+									disabled={isProcessing}
+									className="items-center justify-center"
+								>
+									<HugeiconsIcon icon={SortingOneNineIcon} />
+								</Button>
+							</DropdownMenuTrigger>
+						</TooltipTrigger>
+						<DropdownMenuContent align="end">
+							<SortMenuItem
+								label="Name"
+								sortKey="name"
+								currentSortBy={sortBy}
+								currentSortOrder={sortOrder}
+								onSort={onSort}
+							/>
+							<SortMenuItem
+								label="Type"
+								sortKey="type"
+								currentSortBy={sortBy}
+								currentSortOrder={sortOrder}
+								onSort={onSort}
+							/>
+							<SortMenuItem
+								label="Duration"
+								sortKey="duration"
+								currentSortBy={sortBy}
+								currentSortOrder={sortOrder}
+								onSort={onSort}
+							/>
+							<SortMenuItem
+								label="File size"
+								sortKey="size"
+								currentSortBy={sortBy}
+								currentSortOrder={sortOrder}
+								onSort={onSort}
+							/>
+						</DropdownMenuContent>
+					</DropdownMenu>
+					<TooltipContent>
+						<p>
+							Sort by {sortBy} (
+							{sortOrder === "asc" ? "ascending" : "descending"})
+						</p>
+					</TooltipContent>
+				</Tooltip>
+			</TooltipProvider>
+			<Button
+				variant="outline"
+				onClick={onImport}
+				disabled={isProcessing}
+				size="sm"
+				className="items-center justify-center gap-1.5"
+			>
+				<HugeiconsIcon icon={CloudUploadIcon} />
+				Import
+			</Button>
+		</div>
+	);
+}
+
 function SortMenuItem({
 	label,
 	sortKey,
@ -627,10 +587,10 @@ function SortMenuItem({
 	onSort,
 }: {
 	label: string;
-	sortKey: "name" | "type" | "duration" | "size";
-	currentSortBy: string;
-	currentSortOrder: "asc" | "desc";
-	onSort: ({ key }: { key: "name" | "type" | "duration" | "size" }) => void;
+	sortKey: MediaSortKey;
+	currentSortBy: MediaSortKey;
+	currentSortOrder: MediaSortOrder;
+	onSort: ({ key }: { key: MediaSortKey }) => void;
 }) {
 	const isActive = currentSortBy === sortKey;
 	const arrow = isActive ? (currentSortOrder === "asc" ? "↑" : "↓") : "";
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/assets/views/settings.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/assets/views/settings.tsx
@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import {
 	Section,
 	SectionContent,
 	SectionHeader,
+	SectionTitle,
 } from "@/components/editor/panels/properties/section";
 import { Label } from "@/components/ui/label";
 import {
@ -23,25 +24,46 @@ import {
 	PopoverContent,
 	PopoverTrigger,
 } from "@/components/ui/popover";
-import { useState } from "react";
+
+const ORIGINAL_PRESET_VALUE = "original";
+
+export function findPresetIndexByAspectRatio({
+	presets,
+	targetAspectRatio,
+}: {
+	presets: Array<{ width: number; height: number }>;
+	targetAspectRatio: string;
+}) {
+	for (let index = 0; index < presets.length; index++) {
+		const preset = presets[index];
+		const presetAspectRatio = dimensionToAspectRatio({
+			width: preset.width,
+			height: preset.height,
+		});
+		if (presetAspectRatio === targetAspectRatio) {
+			return index;
+		}
+	}
+	return -1;
+}

 export function SettingsView() {
-	const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
-
 	return (
 		<PanelView contentClassName="px-0" hideHeader>
 			<div className="flex flex-col">
-				<Section hasBorderTop={false}>
+				<Section showTopBorder={false}>
 					<SectionContent>
 						<ProjectInfoContent />
 					</SectionContent>
 				</Section>
-				<Popover open={open} onOpenChange={setOpen}>
+				<Popover>
 					<Section className="cursor-pointer">
 						<PopoverTrigger asChild>
 							<div>
-								<SectionHeader title="Background">
-									<div className="size-4 rounded-sm bg-red-500" />
+								<SectionHeader
+									trailing={<div className="size-4 rounded-sm bg-red-500" />}
+								>
+									<SectionTitle>Background</SectionTitle>
 								</SectionHeader>
 							</div>
 						</PopoverTrigger>
@ -60,26 +82,6 @@ function ProjectInfoContent() {
 	const activeProject = editor.project.getActive();
 	const { canvasPresets } = useEditorStore();

-	const findPresetIndexByAspectRatio = ({
-		presets,
-		targetAspectRatio,
-	}: {
-		presets: Array<{ width: number; height: number }>;
-		targetAspectRatio: string;
-	}) => {
-		for (let index = 0; index < presets.length; index++) {
-			const preset = presets[index];
-			const presetAspectRatio = dimensionToAspectRatio({
-				width: preset.width,
-				height: preset.height,
-			});
-			if (presetAspectRatio === targetAspectRatio) {
-				return index;
-			}
-		}
-		return -1;
-	};
-
 	const currentCanvasSize = activeProject.settings.canvasSize;
 	const currentAspectRatio = dimensionToAspectRatio(currentCanvasSize);
 	const originalCanvasSize = activeProject.settings.originalCanvasSize ?? null;
@ -87,12 +89,11 @@ function ProjectInfoContent() {
 		presets: canvasPresets,
 		targetAspectRatio: currentAspectRatio,
 	});
-	const originalPresetValue = "original";
 	const selectedPresetValue =
-		presetIndex !== -1 ? presetIndex.toString() : originalPresetValue;
+		presetIndex !== -1 ? presetIndex.toString() : ORIGINAL_PRESET_VALUE;

 	const handleAspectRatioChange = ({ value }: { value: string }) => {
-		if (value === originalPresetValue) {
+		if (value === ORIGINAL_PRESET_VALUE) {
 			const canvasSize = originalCanvasSize ?? currentCanvasSize;
 			editor.project.updateSettings({
 				settings: { canvasSize },
@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ function ProjectInfoContent() {
 		}
 	};

-	const handleFpsChange = (value: string) => {
+	const handleFpsChange = ({ value }: { value: string }) => {
 		const fps = parseFloat(value);
 		editor.project.updateSettings({ settings: { fps } });
 	};
@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ function ProjectInfoContent() {
 						<SelectValue placeholder="Select an aspect ratio" />
 					</SelectTrigger>
 					<SelectContent>
-						<SelectItem value={originalPresetValue}>Original</SelectItem>
+						<SelectItem value={ORIGINAL_PRESET_VALUE}>Original</SelectItem>
 						{canvasPresets.map((preset, index) => {
 							const label = dimensionToAspectRatio({
 								width: preset.width,
@ -148,7 +149,7 @@ function ProjectInfoContent() {
 				<Label>Frame rate</Label>
 				<Select
 					value={activeProject.settings.fps.toString()}
-					onValueChange={handleFpsChange}
+					onValueChange={(value) => handleFpsChange({ value })}
 				>
 					<SelectTrigger className="w-fit">
 						<SelectValue placeholder="Select a frame rate" />
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/preview/text-edit-overlay.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/preview/text-edit-overlay.tsx
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ export function TextEditOverlay({
 	}, [editor.timeline, trackId, elementId]);

 	const handleKeyDown = useCallback(
-		(event: React.KeyboardEvent) => {
+		({ event }: { event: React.KeyboardEvent }) => {
 			const { key } = event;
 			if (key === "Escape") {
 				event.preventDefault();
@ -98,10 +98,13 @@ export function TextEditOverlay({
 	const fontWeight = element.fontWeight === "bold" ? "bold" : "normal";
 	const fontStyle = element.fontStyle === "italic" ? "italic" : "normal";
 	const letterSpacing = element.letterSpacing ?? 0;
-	const backgroundColor =
-		element.background.color === "transparent"
-			? "transparent"
-			: element.background.color;
+	const shouldShowBackground =
+		element.background.enabled &&
+		element.background.color &&
+		element.background.color !== "transparent";
+	const backgroundColor = shouldShowBackground
+		? element.background.color
+		: "transparent";

 	return (
 		<div
@ -134,13 +137,12 @@ export function TextEditOverlay({
 					backgroundColor,
 					minHeight: displayFontSize * lineHeight,
 					textDecoration: element.textDecoration ?? "none",
-					padding:
-						backgroundColor === "transparent" ? 0 : TEXT_BACKGROUND_PADDING,
+					padding: shouldShowBackground ? TEXT_BACKGROUND_PADDING : 0,
 					minWidth: 1,
 				}}
 				onInput={handleInput}
 				onBlur={onCommit}
-				onKeyDown={handleKeyDown}
+				onKeyDown={(event) => handleKeyDown({ event })}
 			>
 				{element.content || ""}
 			</div>
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/preview/transform-handles.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/preview/transform-handles.tsx
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ const CORNERS: Corner[] = [
 	"bottom-right",
 ];

-function getCornerPosition({
+export function getCornerPosition({
 	bounds,
 	corner,
 }: {
@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ function getCornerPosition({
 	};
 }

-function getRotationHandlePosition({ bounds }: { bounds: ElementBounds }): {
+export function getRotationHandlePosition({ bounds }: { bounds: ElementBounds }): {
 	x: number;
 	y: number;
 } {
@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ function getRotationHandlePosition({ bounds }: { bounds: ElementBounds }): {
 	};
 }

-function getOverlayContext({
+export function getOverlayContext({
 	canvasRef,
 	containerRef,
 }: {
@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ function BoundingBoxOutline({
 				height: outlineHeight,
 				transform: `rotate(${rotation}deg)`,
 				transformOrigin: "center center",
-				border: "1px solid white",
+				border: "1px dashed white",
 				boxSizing: "border-box",
 				opacity: 0.75,
 			}}
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/audio-properties.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/audio-properties.tsx
@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-import type { AudioElement } from "@/types/timeline";
-
-export function AudioProperties({ _element }: { _element: AudioElement }) {
+export function AudioProperties() {
 	return <div className="space-y-4 p-5">Audio properties</div>;
 }
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/clip-effects-properties.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/clip-effects-properties.tsx
@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+"use client";
+
+import { useState } from "react";
+import type { Effect } from "@/types/effects";
+import type { VisualElement } from "@/types/timeline";
+import { getEffect } from "@/lib/effects/registry";
+import { useEditor } from "@/hooks/use-editor";
+import { usePropertiesStore } from "@/stores/properties-store";
+import {
+	Section,
+	SectionContent,
+	SectionHeader,
+	SectionTitle,
+	SectionFields,
+} from "./section";
+import { EffectParamField } from "./effect-param-field";
+import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
+import { HugeiconsIcon } from "@hugeicons/react";
+import {
+	ArrowLeft01Icon,
+	Delete02Icon,
+	ViewIcon,
+	ViewOffSlashIcon,
+} from "@hugeicons/core-free-icons";
+import { ScrollArea } from "@/components/ui/scroll-area";
+import { cn } from "@/utils/ui";
+export function ClipEffectsProperties({
+	element,
+	trackId,
+}: {
+	element: VisualElement;
+	trackId: string;
+}) {
+	const closeClipEffects = usePropertiesStore(
+		(state) => state.closeClipEffects,
+	);
+	const editor = useEditor();
+	const effects = element.effects ?? [];
+
+	const [dragIndex, setDragIndex] = useState<number | null>(null);
+	const [dropIndex, setDropIndex] = useState<number | null>(null);
+
+	const handleDragStart = ({ index }: { index: number }) => {
+		setDragIndex(index);
+	};
+
+	const handleDragOver = ({ event, index }: { event: React.DragEvent; index: number }) => {
+		event.preventDefault();
+		if (index !== dropIndex) setDropIndex(index);
+	};
+
+	const handleDrop = ({ toIndex }: { toIndex: number }) => {
+		if (dragIndex !== null && dragIndex !== toIndex) {
+			editor.timeline.reorderClipEffects({
+				trackId,
+				elementId: element.id,
+				fromIndex: dragIndex,
+				toIndex,
+			});
+		}
+		setDragIndex(null);
+		setDropIndex(null);
+	};
+
+	const handleDragEnd = () => {
+		setDragIndex(null);
+		setDropIndex(null);
+	};
+
+	return (
+		<div className="flex h-full flex-col">
+			<div className="flex h-11 shrink-0 items-center gap-2 border-b px-1.5">
+				<Button
+					variant="ghost"
+					size="icon"
+					onClick={closeClipEffects}
+					aria-label="Back to properties"
+				>
+					<HugeiconsIcon icon={ArrowLeft01Icon} />
+				</Button>
+				<span className="text-sm font-medium">Effects</span>
+			</div>
+			<ScrollArea className="flex-1 scrollbar-hidden">
+				{effects.map((effect, index) => (
+					// biome-ignore lint/a11y/noStaticElementInteractions: drag-and-drop list reorder
+					<div
+						key={effect.id}
+						draggable
+					onDragStart={() => handleDragStart({ index })}
+					onDragOver={(event) => handleDragOver({ event, index })}
+					onDrop={() => handleDrop({ toIndex: index })}
+						onDragEnd={handleDragEnd}
+						className={cn(
+							"group",
+							dragIndex === index && "opacity-40",
+							dropIndex === index &&
+								dragIndex !== null &&
+								dragIndex !== index &&
+								(index < dragIndex
+									? "border-t-2 border-primary"
+									: "border-b-2 border-primary"),
+						)}
+					>
+						<ClipEffectSection
+							effect={effect}
+							element={element}
+							trackId={trackId}
+						/>
+					</div>
+				))}
+			</ScrollArea>
+		</div>
+	);
+}
+
+function ClipEffectSection({
+	effect,
+	element,
+	trackId,
+}: {
+	effect: Effect;
+	element: VisualElement;
+	trackId: string;
+}) {
+	const editor = useEditor();
+	const definition = getEffect({ effectType: effect.type });
+
+	const previewParam = ({ key }: { key: string }) => (value: number | string | boolean) => {
+		const updatedEffects = (element.effects ?? []).map((existing) =>
+			existing.id !== effect.id
+				? existing
+				: { ...existing, params: { ...existing.params, [key]: value } },
+		);
+		editor.timeline.previewElements({
+			updates: [
+				{
+					trackId,
+					elementId: element.id,
+					updates: { effects: updatedEffects },
+				},
+			],
+		});
+	};
+
+	const commitParam = () => editor.timeline.commitPreview();
+
+	const toggleEffect = () =>
+		editor.timeline.toggleClipEffect({
+			trackId,
+			elementId: element.id,
+			effectId: effect.id,
+		});
+
+	const removeEffect = () =>
+		editor.timeline.removeClipEffect({
+			trackId,
+			elementId: element.id,
+			effectId: effect.id,
+		});
+
+	return (
+		<Section sectionKey={`clip-effect:${effect.id}`} showTopBorder={false}>
+			<SectionHeader
+				className="cursor-move"
+				trailing={
+					<>
+						<Button
+							variant={effect.enabled ? "secondary" : "ghost"}
+							size="icon"
+							aria-label={`Toggle ${definition.name}`}
+							onClick={toggleEffect}
+						>
+							<HugeiconsIcon
+								icon={effect.enabled ? ViewIcon : ViewOffSlashIcon}
+							/>
+						</Button>
+						<Button
+							variant="ghost"
+							size="icon"
+							aria-label={`Remove ${definition.name}`}
+							onClick={removeEffect}
+						>
+							<HugeiconsIcon icon={Delete02Icon} />
+						</Button>
+					</>
+				}
+			>
+				<SectionTitle
+					className={cn(!effect.enabled && "text-muted-foreground")}
+				>
+					{definition.name}
+				</SectionTitle>
+			</SectionHeader>
+			{effect.enabled && (
+				<SectionContent>
+					<SectionFields>
+						{definition.params.map((param) => (
+							<EffectParamField
+								key={param.key}
+								param={param}
+								value={effect.params[param.key] ?? param.default}
+								onPreview={previewParam({ key: param.key })}
+								onCommit={commitParam}
+							/>
+						))}
+					</SectionFields>
+				</SectionContent>
+			)}
+		</Section>
+	);
+}
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/effect-param-field.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/effect-param-field.tsx
@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+"use client";
+
+import type { EffectParamDefinition, NumberEffectParamDefinition } from "@/types/effects";
+import { clamp } from "@/utils/math";
+import { SectionField } from "./section";
+import { Slider } from "@/components/ui/slider";
+import { NumberField } from "@/components/ui/number-field";
+import { Switch } from "@/components/ui/switch";
+import {
+	Select,
+	SelectContent,
+	SelectItem,
+	SelectTrigger,
+	SelectValue,
+} from "@/components/ui/select";
+import { usePropertyDraft } from "./hooks/use-property-draft";
+
+export function EffectParamField({
+	param,
+	value,
+	onPreview,
+	onCommit,
+}: {
+	param: EffectParamDefinition;
+	value: number | string | boolean;
+	onPreview: (value: number | string | boolean) => void;
+	onCommit: () => void;
+}) {
+	return (
+		<SectionField label={param.label}>
+			<EffectParamInput param={param} value={value} onPreview={onPreview} onCommit={onCommit} />
+		</SectionField>
+	);
+}
+
+function EffectParamInput({
+	param,
+	value,
+	onPreview,
+	onCommit,
+}: {
+	param: EffectParamDefinition;
+	value: number | string | boolean;
+	onPreview: (value: number | string | boolean) => void;
+	onCommit: () => void;
+}) {
+	if (param.type === "number") {
+		return (
+			<NumberParamField
+				param={param}
+				value={typeof value === "number" ? value : Number(value)}
+				onPreview={onPreview}
+				onCommit={onCommit}
+			/>
+		);
+	}
+
+	if (param.type === "boolean") {
+		return (
+			<Switch
+				checked={Boolean(value)}
+				onCheckedChange={(checked) => {
+					onPreview(checked);
+					onCommit();
+				}}
+			/>
+		);
+	}
+
+	if (param.type === "select") {
+		return (
+			<Select
+				value={String(value)}
+				onValueChange={(selected) => {
+					onPreview(selected);
+					onCommit();
+				}}
+			>
+				<SelectTrigger className="w-full">
+					<SelectValue />
+				</SelectTrigger>
+				<SelectContent>
+					{param.options.map((option) => (
+						<SelectItem key={option.value} value={option.value}>
+							{option.label}
+						</SelectItem>
+					))}
+				</SelectContent>
+			</Select>
+		);
+	}
+
+	if (param.type === "color") {
+		return (
+			<input
+				type="color"
+				className="h-8 w-full cursor-pointer rounded border"
+				value={String(value)}
+				onChange={(event) => onPreview(event.target.value)}
+				onBlur={onCommit}
+			/>
+		);
+	}
+
+	return null;
+}
+
+function NumberParamField({
+	param,
+	value,
+	onPreview,
+	onCommit,
+}: {
+	param: NumberEffectParamDefinition;
+	value: number;
+	onPreview: (value: number) => void;
+	onCommit: () => void;
+}) {
+	const { min, max, step } = param;
+
+	const draft = usePropertyDraft({
+		displayValue: String(value),
+		parse: (input) => {
+			const parsed = parseFloat(input);
+			if (Number.isNaN(parsed)) return null;
+			return clamp({ value: parsed, min, max });
+		},
+		onPreview,
+		onCommit,
+	});
+
+	return (
+		<div className="flex items-center gap-3">
+			<Slider
+				className="flex-1"
+				min={min}
+				max={max}
+				step={step}
+				value={[value]}
+				onValueChange={([newValue]) => onPreview(newValue)}
+				onValueCommit={onCommit}
+			/>
+			<NumberField
+				className="w-16 shrink-0"
+				value={draft.displayValue}
+				onFocus={draft.onFocus}
+				onChange={draft.onChange}
+				onBlur={draft.onBlur}
+			/>
+		</div>
+	);
+}
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/effect-properties.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/effect-properties.tsx
@ -1,78 +1,16 @@
 "use client";

 import type { EffectElement } from "@/types/timeline";
-import type { EffectParamDefinition } from "@/types/effects";
 import { getEffect } from "@/lib/effects/registry";
 import { useEditor } from "@/hooks/use-editor";
-import { clamp } from "@/utils/math";
-import { Section, SectionContent, SectionHeader, SectionField, SectionFields } from "./section";
-import { Slider } from "@/components/ui/slider";
-import { NumberField } from "@/components/ui/number-field";
-import { usePropertyDraft } from "./hooks/use-property-draft";
-
-function EffectParamField({
-	param,
-	element,
-	trackId,
-}: {
-	param: EffectParamDefinition;
-	element: EffectElement;
-	trackId: string;
-}) {
-	const editor = useEditor();
-
-	const currentValue = Number(element.params[param.key] ?? param.default);
-	const min = param.min ?? 0;
-	const max = param.max ?? 100;
-	const step = param.step ?? 1;
-
-	const updateParam = (value: number) =>
-		editor.timeline.previewElements({
-			updates: [
-				{
-					trackId,
-					elementId: element.id,
-					updates: { params: { ...element.params, [param.key]: value } },
-				},
-			],
-		});
-
-	const commitParam = () => editor.timeline.commitPreview();
-
-	const draft = usePropertyDraft({
-		displayValue: String(currentValue),
-		parse: (input) => {
-			const parsed = parseFloat(input);
-			if (Number.isNaN(parsed)) return null;
-			return clamp({ value: parsed, min, max });
-		},
-		onPreview: updateParam,
-		onCommit: commitParam,
-	});
-
-	return (
-		<SectionField label={param.label}>
-			<div className="flex items-center gap-3">
-				<Slider
-					className="flex-1"
-					min={min}
-					max={max}
-					step={step}
-					value={[currentValue]}
-					onValueChange={([value]) => updateParam(value)}
-					onValueCommit={commitParam}
-				/>
-				<NumberField
-					className="w-16 shrink-0"
-					value={draft.displayValue}
-					onFocus={draft.onFocus}
-					onChange={draft.onChange}
-					onBlur={draft.onBlur}
-				/>
-			</div>
-		</SectionField>
-	);
-}
+import {
+	Section,
+	SectionContent,
+	SectionHeader,
+	SectionFields,
+	SectionTitle,
+} from "./section";
+import { EffectParamField } from "./effect-param-field";

 export function EffectProperties({
 	element,
@ -81,19 +19,36 @@ export function EffectProperties({
 	element: EffectElement;
 	trackId: string;
 }) {
+	const editor = useEditor();
 	const definition = getEffect({ effectType: element.effectType });

+	const previewParam =
+		({ key }: { key: string }) =>
+		(value: number | string | boolean) =>
+			editor.timeline.previewElements({
+				updates: [
+					{
+						trackId,
+						elementId: element.id,
+						updates: { params: { ...element.params, [key]: value } },
+					},
+				],
+			});
+
 	return (
-		<Section hasBorderTop={false}>
-			<SectionHeader title={definition.name} />
+		<Section showTopBorder={false}>
+			<SectionHeader>
+				<SectionTitle>{definition.name}</SectionTitle>
+			</SectionHeader>
 			<SectionContent>
 				<SectionFields>
 					{definition.params.map((param) => (
 						<EffectParamField
 							key={param.key}
 							param={param}
-							element={element}
-							trackId={trackId}
+							value={element.params[param.key] ?? param.default}
+							onPreview={previewParam({ key: param.key })}
+							onCommit={() => editor.timeline.commitPreview()}
 						/>
 					))}
 				</SectionFields>
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/index.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/index.tsx
@ -5,9 +5,12 @@ import { AudioProperties } from "./audio-properties";
 import { VideoProperties } from "./video-properties";
 import { TextProperties } from "./text-properties";
 import { EffectProperties } from "./effect-properties";
+import { ClipEffectsProperties } from "./clip-effects-properties";
 import { EmptyView } from "./empty-view";
 import { useEditor } from "@/hooks/use-editor";
 import { useElementSelection } from "@/hooks/timeline/element/use-element-selection";
+import { usePropertiesStore } from "@/stores/properties-store";
+import { isVisualElement } from "@/lib/timeline";
 import type { TimelineElement, TimelineTrack } from "@/types/timeline";

 function ElementProperties({
@ -21,7 +24,7 @@ function ElementProperties({
 		return <TextProperties element={element} trackId={track.id} />;
 	}
 	if (element.type === "audio") {
-		return <AudioProperties _element={element} />;
+		return <AudioProperties />;
 	}
 	if (
 		element.type === "video" ||
@ -39,16 +42,33 @@ function ElementProperties({
 export function PropertiesPanel() {
 	const editor = useEditor();
 	const { selectedElements } = useElementSelection();
+	const clipEffectsTarget = usePropertiesStore(
+		(state) => state.clipEffectsTarget,
+	);
+
+	const clipEffectsTrack = clipEffectsTarget
+		? editor.timeline.getTrackById({ trackId: clipEffectsTarget.trackId })
+		: null;
+	const clipEffectsElement = clipEffectsTrack?.elements.find(
+		(element) => element.id === clipEffectsTarget?.elementId,
+	);
+	const isShowingClipEffects =
+		clipEffectsTrack &&
+		clipEffectsElement &&
+		isVisualElement(clipEffectsElement);

 	const elementsWithTracks = editor.timeline.getElementsWithTracks({
 		elements: selectedElements,
 	});

-	const hasSelection = selectedElements.length > 0;
-
 	return (
 		<div className="panel bg-background h-full rounded-sm border overflow-hidden">
-			{hasSelection ? (
+			{isShowingClipEffects ? (
+				<ClipEffectsProperties
+					element={clipEffectsElement}
+					trackId={clipEffectsTrack.id}
+				/>
+			) : selectedElements.length > 0 ? (
 				<ScrollArea className="h-full scrollbar-hidden">
 					{elementsWithTracks.map(({ track, element }) => (
 						<ElementProperties
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/section.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/section.tsx
@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-import { createContext, useContext, useState } from "react";
+import { createContext, useContext, useEffect, useState } from "react";
 import { cn } from "@/utils/ui";
 import { HugeiconsIcon } from "@hugeicons/react";
 import { ArrowDownIcon } from "@hugeicons/core-free-icons";
 import { Label } from "@/components/ui/label";
+import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";

 const sectionExpandedCache = new Map<string, boolean>();
+const mountedSectionKeys = new Set<string>();

 interface SectionContext {
 	isOpen: boolean;
@ -24,8 +26,8 @@ interface SectionProps {
 	defaultOpen?: boolean;
 	sectionKey?: string;
 	className?: string;
-	hasBorderTop?: boolean;
-	hasBorderBottom?: boolean;
+	showTopBorder?: boolean;
+	showBottomBorder?: boolean;
 }

 export function Section({
@ -34,12 +36,21 @@ export function Section({
 	defaultOpen = true,
 	sectionKey,
 	className,
-	hasBorderTop = true,
-	hasBorderBottom = true,
+	showTopBorder = true,
+	showBottomBorder = true,
 }: SectionProps) {
 	const cached = sectionKey ? sectionExpandedCache.get(sectionKey) : undefined;
 	const [isOpen, setIsOpen] = useState(cached ?? defaultOpen);

+	useEffect(() => {
+		if (!sectionKey) return;
+		if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== "production" && mountedSectionKeys.has(sectionKey)) {
+			console.error(`[Section] duplicate sectionKey mounted simultaneously: "${sectionKey}"`);
+		}
+		mountedSectionKeys.add(sectionKey);
+		return () => { mountedSectionKeys.delete(sectionKey); };
+	}, [sectionKey]);
+
 	const toggle = () => {
 		const next = !isOpen;
 		setIsOpen(next);
@ -51,8 +62,8 @@ export function Section({
 			<div
 				className={cn(
 					"flex flex-col",
-					hasBorderTop && "border-t",
-					hasBorderBottom && "last:border-b",
+				showTopBorder && "border-t",
+				showBottomBorder && "last:border-b",
 					className,
 				)}
 			>
@ -63,15 +74,19 @@ export function Section({
 }

 interface SectionHeaderProps {
-	title: string;
 	children?: React.ReactNode;
+	trailing?: React.ReactNode;
+	leading?: React.ReactNode;
+	actions?: React.ReactNode;
 	onClick?: () => void;
 	className?: string;
 }

 export function SectionHeader({
-	title,
 	children,
+	trailing,
+	leading,
+	actions,
 	onClick,
 	className,
 }: SectionHeaderProps) {
@ -79,57 +94,108 @@ export function SectionHeader({
 	const isCollapsible = ctx?.collapsible ?? false;
 	const isOpen = ctx?.isOpen ?? true;
 	const isInteractive = isCollapsible || !!onClick;
-
 	const handleClick = isCollapsible ? ctx?.toggle : onClick;

-	const content = (
+	const chevronIcon = isCollapsible ? (
+		<HugeiconsIcon
+			icon={ArrowDownIcon}
+			className={cn(
+				"size-4 shrink-0 transition-transform duration-200 ease-out",
+				isOpen ? "rotate-0 text-foreground" : "-rotate-90 text-muted-foreground",
+			)}
+		/>
+	) : null;
+
+	const headerContent = (
 		<>
-			<span
-				className={cn(
-					"text-sm font-medium",
-					isOpen ? "text-foreground" : "text-muted-foreground",
-				)}
-			>
-				{title}
-			</span>
-			<div className="flex items-center gap-1">
-				{children}
-				{isCollapsible && (
-					<HugeiconsIcon
-						icon={ArrowDownIcon}
-						className={cn(
-							"size-3 shrink-0 transition-transform duration-200 ease-out",
-							isOpen
-								? "rotate-0 text-foreground"
-								: "-rotate-90 text-muted-foreground",
-						)}
-					/>
-				)}
-			</div>
+			{leading}
+			<div className="min-w-0 flex-1">{children}</div>
+			{(trailing || chevronIcon) && (
+				<div className="flex items-center">
+					{trailing}
+					{chevronIcon && (
+						<Button
+							variant="ghost"
+							size="icon"
+							aria-label={isOpen ? "Collapse section" : "Expand section"}
+							onClick={(event) => {
+								event.stopPropagation();
+								handleClick?.();
+							}}
+						>
+							{chevronIcon}
+						</Button>
+					)}
+				</div>
+			)}
+			{actions}
 		</>
 	);

-	const baseClassName = cn(
-		"flex w-full items-center justify-between h-11 px-3.5",
-		className,
-	);
+	if (!isInteractive) {
+		return (
+			<div className={cn("flex h-11 w-full items-center gap-2 px-3.5", className)}>
+				{headerContent}
+			</div>
+		);
+	}

-	if (isInteractive) {
+	return (
+		// biome-ignore lint/a11y/useSemanticElements: outer div intentionally wraps a nested <Button> (chevron), making <button> invalid HTML here
+		<div
+			role="button"
+			tabIndex={0}
+			className={cn(
+				"flex h-11 w-full cursor-pointer items-center gap-2 px-3.5",
+				className,
+			)}
+			onClick={handleClick}
+			onKeyDown={(event) => { if (event.key === "Enter" || event.key === " ") handleClick?.(); }}
+		>
+			{headerContent}
+		</div>
+	);
+}
+
+export function SectionTitle({
+	children,
+	className,
+	onClick,
+}: {
+	children: React.ReactNode;
+	className?: string;
+	onClick?: () => void;
+}) {
+	const ctx = useSectionContext();
+	const isOpen = ctx?.isOpen ?? true;
+
+	if (onClick) {
 		return (
 			<button
 				type="button"
-				className={cn(baseClassName, "cursor-pointer text-left")}
-				onClick={(event) => {
-					handleClick?.();
-					event.currentTarget.blur();
-				}}
+				className={cn(
+					"cursor-pointer text-sm font-medium",
+					isOpen ? "text-foreground" : "text-muted-foreground",
+					className,
+				)}
+				onClick={onClick}
 			>
-				{content}
+				{children}
 			</button>
 		);
 	}

-	return <div className={baseClassName}>{content}</div>;
+	return (
+		<span
+			className={cn(
+				"text-sm font-medium",
+				isOpen ? "text-foreground" : "text-muted-foreground",
+				className,
+			)}
+		>
+			{children}
+		</span>
+	);
 }

 export function SectionFields({
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/sections/blending.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/sections/blending.tsx
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
 } from "@/constants/timeline-constants";
 import { OcCheckerboardIcon } from "@opencut/ui/icons";
 import { Fragment, useRef } from "react";
-import { Section, SectionContent, SectionField, SectionHeader } from "../section";
+import { Section, SectionContent, SectionField, SectionHeader, SectionTitle } from "../section";
 import {
 	Select,
 	SelectContent,
@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ export function BlendingSection({
 		committedBlendModeRef.current = blendMode;
 	}

-	const previewBlendMode = (value: BlendMode) =>
+	const previewBlendMode = ({ value }: { value: BlendMode }) =>
 		editor.timeline.previewElements({
 			updates: [
 				{ trackId, elementId: element.id, updates: { blendMode: value } },
@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ export function BlendingSection({

 	return (
 		<Section collapsible sectionKey={`${element.type}:blending`}>
-			<SectionHeader title="Blending" />
+			<SectionHeader><SectionTitle>Blending</SectionTitle></SectionHeader>
 		<SectionContent>
 			<div className="flex items-start gap-2">
 				<SectionField label="Opacity" className="w-1/2">
@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ export function BlendingSection({
 											key={option.value}
 											value={option.value}
 											onPointerEnter={() =>
-												previewBlendMode(option.value as BlendMode)
+												previewBlendMode({ value: option.value as BlendMode })
 											}
 										>
 											{option.label}
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/sections/transform.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/sections/transform.tsx
@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
 	SectionField,
 	SectionFields,
 	SectionHeader,
+	SectionTitle,
 } from "../section";
 import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
 import { HugeiconsIcon } from "@hugeicons/react";
@ -24,12 +25,12 @@ import { getElementLocalTime, resolveTransformAtTime } from "@/lib/animation";
 import { KeyframeToggle } from "../keyframe-toggle";
 import { useKeyframedNumberProperty } from "../hooks/use-keyframed-number-property";

-function parseNumericInput({ input }: { input: string }): number | null {
+export function parseNumericInput({ input }: { input: string }): number | null {
 	const parsed = parseFloat(input);
 	return Number.isNaN(parsed) ? null : parsed;
 }

-function isPropertyAtDefault({
+export function isPropertyAtDefault({
 	hasAnimatedKeyframes,
 	isPlayheadWithinElementRange,
 	resolvedValue,
@ -55,9 +56,11 @@ function isPropertyAtDefault({
 export function TransformSection({
 	element,
 	trackId,
+	showTopBorder = true,
 }: {
 	element: VisualElement;
 	trackId: string;
+	showTopBorder?: boolean;
 }) {
 	const editor = useEditor();
 	const [isScaleLocked, setIsScaleLocked] = useState(false);
@ -239,8 +242,12 @@ export function TransformSection({
 	};

 	return (
-		<Section collapsible sectionKey={`${element.type}:transform`}>
-			<SectionHeader title="Transform" />
+		<Section
+			collapsible
+			sectionKey={`${element.type}:transform`}
+			showTopBorder={showTopBorder}
+		>
+			<SectionHeader><SectionTitle>Transform</SectionTitle></SectionHeader>
 			<SectionContent>
 				<SectionFields>
 					<SectionField
@ -261,11 +268,11 @@ export function TransformSection({
 									<NumberField icon="H" {...scaleFieldProps} />
 								</>
 							) : (
-									<NumberField
-										icon={<HugeiconsIcon icon={ArrowExpandIcon} />}
-										{...scaleFieldProps}
-										className="flex-1"
-									/>
+								<NumberField
+									icon={<HugeiconsIcon icon={ArrowExpandIcon} />}
+									{...scaleFieldProps}
+									className="flex-1"
+								/>
 							)}
 							<Button
 								type="button"
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/text-properties.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/text-properties.tsx
@ -3,13 +3,23 @@ import { FontPicker } from "@/components/ui/font-picker";
 import type { TextElement } from "@/types/timeline";
 import { NumberField } from "@/components/ui/number-field";
 import { useRef } from "react";
-import { Section, SectionContent, SectionField, SectionFields, SectionHeader } from "./section";
+import {
+	Section,
+	SectionContent,
+	SectionField,
+	SectionFields,
+	SectionHeader,
+	SectionTitle,
+} from "./section";
 import { ColorPicker } from "@/components/ui/color-picker";
+import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
 import { uppercase } from "@/utils/string";
 import { clamp } from "@/utils/math";
 import { useEditor } from "@/hooks/use-editor";
 import { DEFAULT_COLOR } from "@/constants/project-constants";
 import {
+	CORNER_RADIUS_MAX,
+	CORNER_RADIUS_MIN,
 	DEFAULT_LETTER_SPACING,
 	DEFAULT_LINE_HEIGHT,
 	DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND,
@ -20,30 +30,13 @@ import {
 import { usePropertyDraft } from "./hooks/use-property-draft";
 import { TransformSection, BlendingSection } from "./sections";
 import { HugeiconsIcon } from "@hugeicons/react";
-import { TextFontIcon } from "@hugeicons/core-free-icons";
+import {
+	TextFontIcon,
+	ViewIcon,
+	ViewOffSlashIcon,
+} from "@hugeicons/core-free-icons";
 import { OcTextHeightIcon, OcTextWidthIcon } from "@opencut/ui/icons";
-
-function createOffsetConverter({
-	defaultValue,
-	scale = 1,
-	min,
-}: {
-	defaultValue: number;
-	scale?: number;
-	min?: number;
-}) {
-	return {
-		toDisplay: (value: number) => Math.round((value - defaultValue) * scale),
-		fromDisplay: (display: number) => {
-			const stored = defaultValue + display / scale;
-			return min !== undefined ? Math.max(min, stored) : stored;
-		},
-	};
-}
-
-const lineHeightConverter = createOffsetConverter({ defaultValue: DEFAULT_LINE_HEIGHT, scale: 10 });
-const paddingXConverter = createOffsetConverter({ defaultValue: DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND.paddingX, min: 0 });
-const paddingYConverter = createOffsetConverter({ defaultValue: DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND.paddingY, min: 0 });
+import { cn } from "@/utils/ui";

 export function TextProperties({
 	element,
@ -86,8 +79,8 @@ function ContentSection({
 	});

 	return (
-		<Section collapsible sectionKey="text:content" hasBorderTop={false}>
-			<SectionHeader title="Content" />
+		<Section collapsible sectionKey="text:content" showTopBorder={false}>
+			<SectionHeader><SectionTitle>Content</SectionTitle></SectionHeader>
 			<SectionContent>
 				<Textarea
 					placeholder="Name"
@ -129,71 +122,71 @@ function TypographySection({

 	return (
 		<Section collapsible sectionKey="text:typography">
-		<SectionHeader title="Typography" />
-		<SectionContent>
-			<SectionFields>
-				<SectionField label="Font">
-					<FontPicker
-						defaultValue={element.fontFamily}
-						onValueChange={(value) =>
-							editor.timeline.updateElements({
-								updates: [
-									{
-										trackId,
-										elementId: element.id,
-										updates: { fontFamily: value },
-									},
-								],
-							})
-						}
-					/>
-				</SectionField>
-				<SectionField label="Size">
-					<NumberField
-						value={fontSize.displayValue}
-						min={MIN_FONT_SIZE}
-						max={MAX_FONT_SIZE}
-						onFocus={fontSize.onFocus}
-						onChange={fontSize.onChange}
-						onBlur={fontSize.onBlur}
-						onScrub={fontSize.scrubTo}
-						onScrubEnd={fontSize.commitScrub}
-						onReset={() =>
-							editor.timeline.updateElements({
-								updates: [
-									{
-										trackId,
-										elementId: element.id,
-										updates: { fontSize: DEFAULT_TEXT_ELEMENT.fontSize },
-									},
-								],
-							})
-						}
-						isDefault={element.fontSize === DEFAULT_TEXT_ELEMENT.fontSize}
-						icon={<HugeiconsIcon icon={TextFontIcon} />}
-					/>
-				</SectionField>
-				<SectionField label="Color">
-					<ColorPicker
-						value={uppercase({
-							string: (element.color || "FFFFFF").replace("#", ""),
-						})}
-						onChange={(color) =>
-							editor.timeline.previewElements({
-								updates: [
-									{
-										trackId,
-										elementId: element.id,
-										updates: { color: `#${color}` },
-									},
-								],
-							})
-						}
-						onChangeEnd={() => editor.timeline.commitPreview()}
-					/>
-				</SectionField>
-			</SectionFields>
-		</SectionContent>
+			<SectionHeader><SectionTitle>Typography</SectionTitle></SectionHeader>
+			<SectionContent>
+				<SectionFields>
+					<SectionField label="Font">
+						<FontPicker
+							defaultValue={element.fontFamily}
+							onValueChange={(value) =>
+								editor.timeline.updateElements({
+									updates: [
+										{
+											trackId,
+											elementId: element.id,
+											updates: { fontFamily: value },
+										},
+									],
+								})
+							}
+						/>
+					</SectionField>
+					<SectionField label="Size">
+						<NumberField
+							value={fontSize.displayValue}
+							min={MIN_FONT_SIZE}
+							max={MAX_FONT_SIZE}
+							onFocus={fontSize.onFocus}
+							onChange={fontSize.onChange}
+							onBlur={fontSize.onBlur}
+							onScrub={fontSize.scrubTo}
+							onScrubEnd={fontSize.commitScrub}
+							onReset={() =>
+								editor.timeline.updateElements({
+									updates: [
+										{
+											trackId,
+											elementId: element.id,
+											updates: { fontSize: DEFAULT_TEXT_ELEMENT.fontSize },
+										},
+									],
+								})
+							}
+							isDefault={element.fontSize === DEFAULT_TEXT_ELEMENT.fontSize}
+							icon={<HugeiconsIcon icon={TextFontIcon} />}
+						/>
+					</SectionField>
+					<SectionField label="Color">
+						<ColorPicker
+							value={uppercase({
+								string: (element.color || "FFFFFF").replace("#", ""),
+							})}
+							onChange={(color) =>
+								editor.timeline.previewElements({
+									updates: [
+										{
+											trackId,
+											elementId: element.id,
+											updates: { color: `#${color}` },
+										},
+									],
+								})
+							}
+							onChangeEnd={() => editor.timeline.commitPreview()}
+						/>
+					</SectionField>
+				</SectionFields>
+			</SectionContent>
 		</Section>
 	);
 }
@ -208,72 +201,98 @@ function SpacingSection({
 	const editor = useEditor();

 	const letterSpacing = usePropertyDraft({
-		displayValue: Math.round(element.letterSpacing ?? DEFAULT_LETTER_SPACING).toString(),
+		displayValue: Math.round(
+			element.letterSpacing ?? DEFAULT_LETTER_SPACING,
+		).toString(),
 		parse: (input) => {
 			const parsed = parseFloat(input);
 			return Number.isNaN(parsed) ? null : Math.round(parsed);
 		},
 		onPreview: (value) =>
 			editor.timeline.previewElements({
-				updates: [{ trackId, elementId: element.id, updates: { letterSpacing: value } }],
+				updates: [
+					{ trackId, elementId: element.id, updates: { letterSpacing: value } },
+				],
 			}),
 		onCommit: () => editor.timeline.commitPreview(),
 	});

 	const lineHeight = usePropertyDraft({
-		displayValue: lineHeightConverter.toDisplay(element.lineHeight ?? DEFAULT_LINE_HEIGHT).toString(),
+		displayValue: (element.lineHeight ?? DEFAULT_LINE_HEIGHT).toFixed(1),
 		parse: (input) => {
 			const parsed = parseFloat(input);
-			return Number.isNaN(parsed) ? null : lineHeightConverter.fromDisplay(Math.round(parsed));
+			return Number.isNaN(parsed)
+				? null
+				: Math.max(0.1, Math.round(parsed * 10) / 10);
 		},
 		onPreview: (value) =>
 			editor.timeline.previewElements({
-				updates: [{ trackId, elementId: element.id, updates: { lineHeight: value } }],
+				updates: [
+					{ trackId, elementId: element.id, updates: { lineHeight: value } },
+				],
 			}),
 		onCommit: () => editor.timeline.commitPreview(),
 	});

 	return (
-		<Section collapsible sectionKey="text:spacing" hasBorderBottom={false}>
-			<SectionHeader title="Spacing" />
-		<SectionContent>
-			<div className="flex items-start gap-2">
-				<SectionField label="Letter spacing" className="w-1/2">
-					<NumberField
-						value={letterSpacing.displayValue}
-						onFocus={letterSpacing.onFocus}
-						onChange={letterSpacing.onChange}
-						onBlur={letterSpacing.onBlur}
-						onScrub={letterSpacing.scrubTo}
-						onScrubEnd={letterSpacing.commitScrub}
-						onReset={() =>
-							editor.timeline.updateElements({
-								updates: [{ trackId, elementId: element.id, updates: { letterSpacing: DEFAULT_LETTER_SPACING } }],
-							})
-						}
-						isDefault={(element.letterSpacing ?? DEFAULT_LETTER_SPACING) === DEFAULT_LETTER_SPACING}
-						icon={<OcTextWidthIcon size={14} />}
-					/>
-				</SectionField>
-				<SectionField label="Line height" className="w-1/2">
-					<NumberField
-						value={lineHeight.displayValue}
-						onFocus={lineHeight.onFocus}
-						onChange={lineHeight.onChange}
-						onBlur={lineHeight.onBlur}
-						onScrub={lineHeight.scrubTo}
-						onScrubEnd={lineHeight.commitScrub}
-						onReset={() =>
-							editor.timeline.updateElements({
-								updates: [{ trackId, elementId: element.id, updates: { lineHeight: DEFAULT_LINE_HEIGHT } }],
-							})
-						}
-						isDefault={(element.lineHeight ?? DEFAULT_LINE_HEIGHT) === DEFAULT_LINE_HEIGHT}
-						icon={<OcTextHeightIcon size={14} />}
-					/>
-				</SectionField>
-			</div>
-		</SectionContent>
+		<Section collapsible sectionKey="text:spacing" showBottomBorder={false}>
+			<SectionHeader><SectionTitle>Spacing</SectionTitle></SectionHeader>
+			<SectionContent>
+				<div className="flex items-start gap-2">
+					<SectionField label="Letter spacing" className="w-1/2">
+						<NumberField
+							value={letterSpacing.displayValue}
+							onFocus={letterSpacing.onFocus}
+							onChange={letterSpacing.onChange}
+							onBlur={letterSpacing.onBlur}
+							onScrub={letterSpacing.scrubTo}
+							onScrubEnd={letterSpacing.commitScrub}
+							onReset={() =>
+								editor.timeline.updateElements({
+									updates: [
+										{
+											trackId,
+											elementId: element.id,
+											updates: { letterSpacing: DEFAULT_LETTER_SPACING },
+										},
+									],
+								})
+							}
+							isDefault={
+								(element.letterSpacing ?? DEFAULT_LETTER_SPACING) ===
+								DEFAULT_LETTER_SPACING
+							}
+							icon={<OcTextWidthIcon size={14} />}
+						/>
+					</SectionField>
+					<SectionField label="Line height" className="w-1/2">
+						<NumberField
+							value={lineHeight.displayValue}
+							onFocus={lineHeight.onFocus}
+							onChange={lineHeight.onChange}
+							onBlur={lineHeight.onBlur}
+							onScrub={lineHeight.scrubTo}
+							onScrubEnd={lineHeight.commitScrub}
+							onReset={() =>
+								editor.timeline.updateElements({
+									updates: [
+										{
+											trackId,
+											elementId: element.id,
+											updates: { lineHeight: DEFAULT_LINE_HEIGHT },
+										},
+									],
+								})
+							}
+							isDefault={
+								(element.lineHeight ?? DEFAULT_LINE_HEIGHT) ===
+								DEFAULT_LINE_HEIGHT
+							}
+							icon={<OcTextHeightIcon size={14} />}
+						/>
+					</SectionField>
+				</div>
+			</SectionContent>
 		</Section>
 	);
 }
@ -289,10 +308,21 @@ function BackgroundSection({
 	const lastSelectedColor = useRef(DEFAULT_COLOR);

 	const cornerRadius = usePropertyDraft({
-		displayValue: Math.round(element.background.cornerRadius ?? 0).toString(),
+		displayValue: Math.round(
+			clamp({
+				value: element.background.cornerRadius ?? 0,
+				min: CORNER_RADIUS_MIN,
+				max: CORNER_RADIUS_MAX,
+			}),
+		).toString(),
 		parse: (input) => {
 			const parsed = parseFloat(input);
-			return Number.isNaN(parsed) ? null : Math.max(0, Math.round(parsed));
+			if (Number.isNaN(parsed)) return null;
+			return clamp({
+				value: Math.round(parsed),
+				min: CORNER_RADIUS_MIN,
+				max: CORNER_RADIUS_MAX,
+			});
 		},
 		onPreview: (value) =>
 			editor.timeline.previewElements({
@ -310,10 +340,12 @@ function BackgroundSection({
 	});

 	const paddingX = usePropertyDraft({
-		displayValue: paddingXConverter.toDisplay(element.background.paddingX ?? DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND.paddingX).toString(),
+		displayValue: Math.round(
+			element.background.paddingX ?? DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND.paddingX,
+		).toString(),
 		parse: (input) => {
 			const parsed = parseFloat(input);
-			return Number.isNaN(parsed) ? null : paddingXConverter.fromDisplay(Math.round(parsed));
+			return Number.isNaN(parsed) ? null : Math.max(0, Math.round(parsed));
 		},
 		onPreview: (value) =>
 			editor.timeline.previewElements({
@ -329,10 +361,12 @@ function BackgroundSection({
 	});

 	const paddingY = usePropertyDraft({
-		displayValue: paddingYConverter.toDisplay(element.background.paddingY ?? DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND.paddingY).toString(),
+		displayValue: Math.round(
+			element.background.paddingY ?? DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND.paddingY,
+		).toString(),
 		parse: (input) => {
 			const parsed = parseFloat(input);
-			return Number.isNaN(parsed) ? null : paddingYConverter.fromDisplay(Math.round(parsed));
+			return Number.isNaN(parsed) ? null : Math.max(0, Math.round(parsed));
 		},
 		onPreview: (value) =>
 			editor.timeline.previewElements({
@ -385,14 +419,63 @@ function BackgroundSection({
 		onCommit: () => editor.timeline.commitPreview(),
 	});

+	const toggleBackgroundEnabled = () => {
+		const enabled = !element.background.enabled;
+		const color =
+			enabled && element.background.color === "transparent"
+				? lastSelectedColor.current
+				: element.background.color;
+		editor.timeline.updateElements({
+			updates: [
+				{
+					trackId,
+					elementId: element.id,
+					updates: {
+						background: {
+							...element.background,
+							enabled,
+							color,
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			],
+		});
+	};
+
 	return (
-		<Section collapsible sectionKey="text:background">
-			<SectionHeader title="Background" />
-			<SectionContent>
+		<Section
+			collapsible
+			defaultOpen={element.background.enabled}
+			sectionKey="text:background"
+		>
+			<SectionHeader
+				trailing={
+					<Button
+						variant="ghost"
+						size="icon"
+						onClick={(event) => {
+							event.stopPropagation();
+							toggleBackgroundEnabled();
+						}}
+					>
+						<HugeiconsIcon
+							icon={element.background.enabled ? ViewIcon : ViewOffSlashIcon}
+						/>
+					</Button>
+				}
+			>
+				<SectionTitle>Background</SectionTitle>
+			</SectionHeader>
+			<SectionContent
+				className={cn(
+					!element.background.enabled && "pointer-events-none opacity-50",
+				)}
+			>
 				<SectionFields>
 					<SectionField label="Color">
 						<ColorPicker
 							value={
+								!element.background.enabled ||
 								element.background.color === "transparent"
 									? lastSelectedColor.current.replace("#", "")
 									: element.background.color.replace("#", "")
@ -415,19 +498,14 @@ function BackgroundSection({
 								});
 							}}
 							onChangeEnd={() => editor.timeline.commitPreview()}
-							className={
-								element.background.color === "transparent"
-									? "pointer-events-none opacity-50"
-									: ""
-							}
 						/>
 					</SectionField>
 					<div className="flex items-start gap-2">
-					<SectionField label="Width" className="w-1/2">
-						<NumberField
-							icon="W"
-							value={paddingX.displayValue}
-							min={0}
+						<SectionField label="Width" className="w-1/2">
+							<NumberField
+								icon="W"
+								value={paddingX.displayValue}
+								min={0}
 								onFocus={paddingX.onFocus}
 								onChange={paddingX.onChange}
 								onBlur={paddingX.onBlur}
@ -450,16 +528,17 @@ function BackgroundSection({
 									})
 								}
 								isDefault={
-									(element.background.paddingX ?? DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND.paddingX) ===
+									(element.background.paddingX ??
+										DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND.paddingX) ===
 									DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND.paddingX
 								}
 							/>
 						</SectionField>
-					<SectionField label="Height" className="w-1/2">
-						<NumberField
-							icon="H"
-							value={paddingY.displayValue}
-							min={0}
+						<SectionField label="Height" className="w-1/2">
+							<NumberField
+								icon="H"
+								value={paddingY.displayValue}
+								min={0}
 								onFocus={paddingY.onFocus}
 								onChange={paddingY.onChange}
 								onBlur={paddingY.onBlur}
@ -482,17 +561,18 @@ function BackgroundSection({
 									})
 								}
 								isDefault={
-									(element.background.paddingY ?? DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND.paddingY) ===
+									(element.background.paddingY ??
+										DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND.paddingY) ===
 									DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND.paddingY
 								}
 							/>
 						</SectionField>
 					</div>
 					<div className="flex items-start gap-2">
-					<SectionField label="X-offset" className="w-1/2">
-						<NumberField
-							icon="X"
-							value={offsetX.displayValue}
+						<SectionField label="X-offset" className="w-1/2">
+							<NumberField
+								icon="X"
+								value={offsetX.displayValue}
 								onFocus={offsetX.onFocus}
 								onChange={offsetX.onChange}
 								onBlur={offsetX.onBlur}
@ -505,19 +585,19 @@ function BackgroundSection({
 												trackId,
 												elementId: element.id,
 												updates: {
-													background: { ...element.background, offsetX: 0 },
-												},
+												background: { ...element.background, offsetX: DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND.offsetX },
 											},
-										],
-									})
-								}
-								isDefault={(element.background.offsetX ?? 0) === 0}
+										},
+									],
+								})
+							}
+							isDefault={(element.background.offsetX ?? DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND.offsetX) === DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND.offsetX}
 							/>
 						</SectionField>
-					<SectionField label="Y-offset" className="w-1/2">
-						<NumberField
-							icon="Y"
-							value={offsetY.displayValue}
+						<SectionField label="Y-offset" className="w-1/2">
+							<NumberField
+								icon="Y"
+								value={offsetY.displayValue}
 								onFocus={offsetY.onFocus}
 								onChange={offsetY.onChange}
 								onBlur={offsetY.onBlur}
@ -530,21 +610,22 @@ function BackgroundSection({
 												trackId,
 												elementId: element.id,
 												updates: {
-													background: { ...element.background, offsetY: 0 },
-												},
+												background: { ...element.background, offsetY: DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND.offsetY },
 											},
-										],
-									})
-								}
-								isDefault={(element.background.offsetY ?? 0) === 0}
+										},
+									],
+								})
+							}
+							isDefault={(element.background.offsetY ?? DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND.offsetY) === DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND.offsetY}
 							/>
 						</SectionField>
 					</div>
-				<SectionField label="Corner Radius">
-					<NumberField
-						icon="R"
-						value={cornerRadius.displayValue}
-						min={0}
+					<SectionField label="Corner radius">
+						<NumberField
+							icon="R"
+							value={cornerRadius.displayValue}
+							min={CORNER_RADIUS_MIN}
+							max={CORNER_RADIUS_MAX}
 							onFocus={cornerRadius.onFocus}
 							onChange={cornerRadius.onChange}
 							onBlur={cornerRadius.onBlur}
@ -557,16 +638,18 @@ function BackgroundSection({
 											trackId,
 											elementId: element.id,
 											updates: {
-												background: {
-													...element.background,
-													cornerRadius: 0,
-												},
+											background: {
+												...element.background,
+												cornerRadius: CORNER_RADIUS_MIN,
+											},
 											},
 										},
 									],
 								})
 							}
-							isDefault={(element.background.cornerRadius ?? 0) === 0}
+							isDefault={
+								(element.background.cornerRadius ?? 0) === CORNER_RADIUS_MIN
+							}
 						/>
 					</SectionField>
 				</SectionFields>
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/video-properties.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/video-properties.tsx
@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-import type { ImageElement, StickerElement, VideoElement } from "@/types/timeline";
+import type {
+	ImageElement,
+	StickerElement,
+	VideoElement,
+} from "@/types/timeline";
 import { BlendingSection, TransformSection } from "./sections";

 export function VideoProperties({
@ -10,7 +14,11 @@ export function VideoProperties({
 }) {
 	return (
 		<div className="flex h-full flex-col">
-			<TransformSection element={element} trackId={trackId} />
+			<TransformSection
+				element={element}
+				trackId={trackId}
+				showTopBorder={false}
+			/>
 			<BlendingSection element={element} trackId={trackId} />
 		</div>
 	);
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/timeline/drag-line.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/timeline/drag-line.tsx
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ export function DragLine({

 	return (
 		<div
-			className="bg-primary pointer-events-none absolute right-0 left-0 z-50 h-0.5"
+			className="bg-primary pointer-events-none absolute right-0 left-0 h-0.5"
 			style={{ top: `${lineTop}px` }}
 		/>
 	);
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/timeline/index.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/timeline/index.tsx
@ -55,16 +55,18 @@ import { useTimelinePlayhead } from "@/hooks/timeline/use-timeline-playhead";
 import { DragLine } from "./drag-line";
 import { invokeAction } from "@/lib/actions";

+const TRACKS_CONTAINER_MAX_HEIGHT = 800;
+const FALLBACK_CONTAINER_WIDTH = 1000;
+
 export function Timeline() {
-	const tracksContainerHeight = { min: 0, max: 800 };
-	const { snappingEnabled } = useTimelineStore();
+	const tracksContainerHeight = { min: 0, max: TRACKS_CONTAINER_MAX_HEIGHT };
+	const snappingEnabled = useTimelineStore((s) => s.snappingEnabled);
 	const { clearElementSelection, setElementSelection } = useElementSelection();
 	const editor = useEditor();
 	const timeline = editor.timeline;
 	const tracks = timeline.getTracks();
 	const seek = (time: number) => editor.playback.seek({ time });

-	// refs
 	const timelineRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
 	const timelineHeaderRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
 	const rulerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
@ -74,7 +76,6 @@ export function Timeline() {
 	const playheadRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
 	const trackLabelsScrollRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);

-	// state
 	const [isResizing, setIsResizing] = useState(false);
 	const [currentSnapPoint, setCurrentSnapPoint] = useState<SnapPoint | null>(
 		null,
@ -151,6 +152,7 @@ export function Timeline() {
 	const { isDragOver, dropTarget, dragProps } = useTimelineDragDrop({
 		containerRef: tracksContainerRef,
 		headerRef: timelineHeaderRef,
+		tracksScrollRef,
 		zoomLevel,
 	});

@ -169,7 +171,7 @@ export function Timeline() {
 		zoomLevel,
 	});

-	const containerWidth = tracksContainerRef.current?.clientWidth || 1000;
+	const containerWidth = tracksContainerRef.current?.clientWidth || FALLBACK_CONTAINER_WIDTH;
 	const contentWidth =
 		timelineDuration * TIMELINE_CONSTANTS.PIXELS_PER_SECOND * zoomLevel;
 	const paddingPx = getTimelinePaddingPx({
@ -422,7 +424,20 @@ export function Timeline() {
 									{tracks.length === 0 ? (
 										<div />
 									) : (
-										tracks.map((track, index) => (
+										[...tracks]
+											.map((track, index) => ({ track, index }))
+											.sort((a, b) => {
+											const aHasDragged = a.track.elements.some(
+												(element) => element.id === dragState.elementId,
+											);
+											const bHasDragged = b.track.elements.some(
+												(element) => element.id === dragState.elementId,
+											);
+												if (aHasDragged) return 1;
+												if (bHasDragged) return -1;
+												return 0;
+											})
+											.map(({ track, index }) => (
 											<ContextMenu key={track.id}>
 												<ContextMenuTrigger asChild>
 													<div
@ -465,50 +480,50 @@ export function Timeline() {
 												<ContextMenuContent className="w-40">
 													<ContextMenuItem
 														icon={<HugeiconsIcon icon={TaskAdd02Icon} />}
-														onClick={(e) => {
-															e.stopPropagation();
-															invokeAction("paste-copied");
-														}}
-													>
-														Paste elements
-													</ContextMenuItem>
-													<ContextMenuItem
-														onClick={(e) => {
-															e.stopPropagation();
-															timeline.toggleTrackMute({
-																trackId: track.id,
-															});
-														}}
-													>
-														<HugeiconsIcon icon={VolumeHighIcon} />
-														<span>
-															{canTracktHaveAudio(track) && track.muted
-																? "Unmute track"
-																: "Mute track"}
-														</span>
-													</ContextMenuItem>
-													<ContextMenuItem
-														onClick={(e) => {
-															e.stopPropagation();
-															timeline.toggleTrackVisibility({
-																trackId: track.id,
-															});
-														}}
-													>
-														<HugeiconsIcon icon={ViewIcon} />
-														<span>
-															{canTrackBeHidden(track) && track.hidden
-																? "Show track"
-																: "Hide track"}
-														</span>
-													</ContextMenuItem>
-													<ContextMenuItem
-														onClick={(e) => {
-															e.stopPropagation();
-															timeline.removeTrack({
-																trackId: track.id,
-															});
-														}}
+												onClick={(event) => {
+														event.stopPropagation();
+														invokeAction("paste-copied");
+													}}
+												>
+													Paste elements
+												</ContextMenuItem>
+												<ContextMenuItem
+													onClick={(event) => {
+														event.stopPropagation();
+														timeline.toggleTrackMute({
+															trackId: track.id,
+														});
+													}}
+												>
+													<HugeiconsIcon icon={VolumeHighIcon} />
+													<span>
+														{canTracktHaveAudio(track) && track.muted
+															? "Unmute track"
+															: "Mute track"}
+													</span>
+												</ContextMenuItem>
+												<ContextMenuItem
+													onClick={(event) => {
+														event.stopPropagation();
+														timeline.toggleTrackVisibility({
+															trackId: track.id,
+														});
+													}}
+												>
+													<HugeiconsIcon icon={ViewIcon} />
+													<span>
+														{canTrackBeHidden(track) && track.hidden
+															? "Show track"
+															: "Hide track"}
+													</span>
+												</ContextMenuItem>
+												<ContextMenuItem
+													onClick={(event) => {
+														event.stopPropagation();
+														timeline.removeTrack({
+															trackId: track.id,
+														});
+													}}
 														variant="destructive"
 													>
 														<HugeiconsIcon icon={Delete02Icon} />
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/timeline/timeline-element.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/timeline/timeline-element.tsx
@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ import { useEditor } from "@/hooks/use-editor";
 import { useAssetsPanelStore } from "@/stores/assets-panel-store";
 import AudioWaveform from "./audio-waveform";
 import { useTimelineElementResize } from "@/hooks/timeline/element/use-element-resize";
+import {
+	useKeyframeDrag,
+	type KeyframeDragState,
+} from "@/hooks/timeline/element/use-keyframe-drag";
 import { useKeyframeSelection } from "@/hooks/timeline/element/use-keyframe-selection";
 import type { SnapPoint } from "@/lib/timeline/snap-utils";
 import { getElementKeyframes } from "@/lib/animation";
@ -26,6 +30,7 @@ import {
 import type {
 	TimelineElement as TimelineElementType,
 	TimelineTrack,
+	VisualElement,
 	ElementDragState,
 } from "@/types/timeline";
 import type { MediaAsset } from "@/types/assets";
@ -53,8 +58,11 @@ import { uppercase } from "@/utils/string";
 import type { ComponentProps, ReactNode } from "react";
 import type { SelectedKeyframeRef, ElementKeyframe } from "@/types/animation";
 import { cn } from "@/utils/ui";
+import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
+import { usePropertiesStore } from "@/stores/properties-store";

 const KEYFRAME_INDICATOR_MIN_WIDTH_PX = 40;
+const ELEMENT_RING_WIDTH_PX = 1.5;

 interface KeyframeIndicator {
 	time: number;
@ -62,7 +70,7 @@ interface KeyframeIndicator {
 	keyframes: SelectedKeyframeRef[];
 }

-function buildKeyframeIndicator({
+export function buildKeyframeIndicator({
 	keyframe,
 	trackId,
 	elementId,
@ -98,7 +106,7 @@ function buildKeyframeIndicator({
 	};
 }

-function getKeyframeIndicators({
+export function getKeyframeIndicators({
 	keyframes,
 	trackId,
 	elementId,
@ -145,8 +153,8 @@ function getKeyframeIndicators({
 	return [...keyframesByTime.values()].sort((a, b) => a.time - b.time);
 }

-function getDisplayShortcut(action: TAction) {
-	const { defaultShortcuts } = getActionDefinition(action);
+export function getDisplayShortcut({ action }: { action: TAction }) {
+	const { defaultShortcuts } = getActionDefinition({ action });
 	if (!defaultShortcuts?.length) {
 		return "";
 	}
@ -164,10 +172,13 @@ interface TimelineElementProps {
 	onSnapPointChange?: (snapPoint: SnapPoint | null) => void;
 	onResizeStateChange?: (params: { isResizing: boolean }) => void;
 	onElementMouseDown: (
-		e: React.MouseEvent,
+		event: React.MouseEvent,
+		element: TimelineElementType,
+	) => void;
+	onElementClick: (
+		event: React.MouseEvent,
 		element: TimelineElementType,
 	) => void;
-	onElementClick: (e: React.MouseEvent, element: TimelineElementType) => void;
 	dragState: ElementDragState;
 	isDropTarget?: boolean;
 }
@ -188,12 +199,12 @@ export function TimelineElement({
 	const { selectedElements } = useElementSelection();
 	const { requestRevealMedia } = useAssetsPanelStore();

-	const mediaAssets = editor.media.getAssets();
 	let mediaAsset: MediaAsset | null = null;

 	if (hasMediaId(element)) {
 		mediaAsset =
-			mediaAssets.find((asset) => asset.id === element.mediaId) ?? null;
+			editor.media.getAssets().find((asset) => asset.id === element.mediaId) ??
+			null;
 	}

 	const hasAudio = mediaSupportsAudio({ media: mediaAsset });
@ -242,6 +253,13 @@ export function TimelineElement({
 				elementWidth,
 			})
 		: [];
+
+	const {
+		keyframeDragState,
+		handleKeyframeMouseDown,
+		handleKeyframeClick,
+		getVisualOffsetPx,
+	} = useKeyframeDrag({ zoomLevel, element });
 	const handleRevealInMedia = ({ event }: { event: React.MouseEvent }) => {
 		event.stopPropagation();
 		if (hasMediaId(element)) {
@ -255,7 +273,7 @@ export function TimelineElement({
 		<ContextMenu>
 			<ContextMenuTrigger asChild>
 				<div
-					className={`absolute top-0 h-full select-none`}
+					className="absolute top-0 h-full select-none"
 					style={{
 						left: `${elementLeft}px`,
 						width: `${elementWidth}px`,
@ -269,15 +287,24 @@ export function TimelineElement({
 						element={element}
 						track={track}
 						isSelected={isSelected}
-						hasAudio={hasAudio}
-						isMuted={isMuted}
-						mediaAssets={mediaAssets}
 						onElementClick={onElementClick}
 						onElementMouseDown={onElementMouseDown}
 						handleResizeStart={handleResizeStart}
 						isDropTarget={isDropTarget}
 					/>
-					{isSelected && <KeyframeIndicators indicators={keyframeIndicators} />}
+					{isSelected && (
+						<div className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 overflow-hidden">
+							<KeyframeIndicators
+								indicators={keyframeIndicators}
+								dragState={keyframeDragState}
+								displayedStartTime={displayedStartTime}
+								elementLeft={elementLeft}
+								onKeyframeMouseDown={handleKeyframeMouseDown}
+								onKeyframeClick={handleKeyframeClick}
+								getVisualOffsetPx={getVisualOffsetPx}
+							/>
+						</div>
+					)}
 				</div>
 			</ContextMenuTrigger>
 			<ContextMenuContent className="w-64">
@ -344,9 +371,6 @@ function ElementInner({
 	element,
 	track,
 	isSelected,
-	hasAudio,
-	isMuted,
-	mediaAssets,
 	onElementClick,
 	onElementMouseDown,
 	handleResizeStart,
@ -355,12 +379,12 @@ function ElementInner({
 	element: TimelineElementType;
 	track: TimelineTrack;
 	isSelected: boolean;
-	hasAudio: boolean;
-	isMuted: boolean;
-	mediaAssets: MediaAsset[];
-	onElementClick: (e: React.MouseEvent, element: TimelineElementType) => void;
+	onElementClick: (
+		event: React.MouseEvent,
+		element: TimelineElementType,
+	) => void;
 	onElementMouseDown: (
-		e: React.MouseEvent,
+		event: React.MouseEvent,
 		element: TimelineElementType,
 	) => void;
 	handleResizeStart: (params: {
@ -374,47 +398,56 @@ function ElementInner({
 		(canElementBeHidden(element) && element.hidden) || isDropTarget
 			? "opacity-50"
 			: "";
+	const closeClipEffects = usePropertiesStore(
+		(state) => state.closeClipEffects,
+	);

 	return (
 		<div
-			className={`relative h-full cursor-pointer overflow-hidden rounded-[0.5rem] ${getTrackClasses(
-				{
-					type: track.type,
-				},
-			)} ${opacityClass}`}
+			className="relative h-full cursor-pointer"
+			style={{ marginInline: ELEMENT_RING_WIDTH_PX }}
 		>
-			<button
-				type="button"
-				className="absolute inset-0 size-full cursor-pointer"
-				onClick={(e) => onElementClick(e, element)}
-				onMouseDown={(e) => onElementMouseDown(e, element)}
+			<div
+				className={cn(
+					"absolute inset-0 overflow-hidden rounded-sm",
+					getTrackClasses({ type: track.type }),
+					opacityClass,
+				)}
+				style={
+					isSelected
+						? {
+								boxShadow: `0 0 0 ${ELEMENT_RING_WIDTH_PX}px var(--foreground)`,
+							}
+						: undefined
+				}
 			>
-				<div className="absolute inset-0 flex h-full items-center">
-					<ElementContent
-						element={element}
-						track={track}
-						isSelected={isSelected}
-						mediaAssets={mediaAssets}
+				<button
+					type="button"
+					className="absolute inset-0 size-full cursor-pointer flex flex-col"
+					onClick={(event) => {
+						closeClipEffects();
+						onElementClick(event, element);
+					}}
+					onMouseDown={(event) => onElementMouseDown(event, element)}
+				>
+					<div className="flex flex-1 min-h-0 items-center overflow-hidden">
+						<ElementContent
+							element={element}
+							track={track}
+							isSelected={isSelected}
+						/>
+					</div>
+				</button>
+			</div>
+
+			{element.type !== "audio" && element.type !== "effect" && (
+				<div className="sticky left-1 z-10 mt-1 ml-1 w-fit">
+					<EffectsButton
+						element={element as VisualElement}
+						trackId={track.id}
 					/>
 				</div>
-				{(hasAudio
-					? isMuted
-					: canElementBeHidden(element) && element.hidden) && (
-					<div className="bg-opacity-50 pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center bg-black">
-						{hasAudio ? (
-							<HugeiconsIcon
-								icon={VolumeHighIcon}
-								className="size-6 text-white"
-							/>
-						) : (
-							<HugeiconsIcon
-								icon={VolumeOffIcon}
-								className="size-6 text-white"
-							/>
-						)}
-					</div>
-				)}
-			</button>
+			)}

 			{isSelected && (
 				<>
@ -451,68 +484,82 @@ function ResizeHandle({
 	return (
 		<button
 			type="button"
-			className={`bg-primary absolute top-0 bottom-0 flex w-[0.6rem] items-center justify-center ${isLeft ? "left-0 cursor-w-resize" : "right-0 cursor-e-resize"}`}
+			className={cn(
+				"absolute top-0 bottom-0 w-2",
+				isLeft ? "-left-1 cursor-w-resize" : "-right-1 cursor-e-resize",
+			)}
 			onMouseDown={(event) => handleResizeStart({ event, elementId, side })}
+			onClick={(event) => event.stopPropagation()}
 			aria-label={`${isLeft ? "Left" : "Right"} resize handle`}
-		>
-			<div className="bg-foreground h-[1.5rem] w-[0.2rem] rounded-full" />
-		</button>
+		></button>
 	);
 }

 function KeyframeIndicators({
 	indicators,
+	dragState,
+	displayedStartTime,
+	elementLeft,
+	onKeyframeMouseDown,
+	onKeyframeClick,
+	getVisualOffsetPx,
 }: {
 	indicators: KeyframeIndicator[];
+	dragState: KeyframeDragState;
+	displayedStartTime: number;
+	elementLeft: number;
+	onKeyframeMouseDown: (params: {
+		event: React.MouseEvent;
+		keyframes: SelectedKeyframeRef[];
+	}) => void;
+	onKeyframeClick: (params: {
+		event: React.MouseEvent;
+		keyframes: SelectedKeyframeRef[];
+		orderedKeyframes: SelectedKeyframeRef[];
+	}) => void;
+	getVisualOffsetPx: (params: {
+		indicatorTime: number;
+		indicatorOffsetPx: number;
+		isBeingDragged: boolean;
+		displayedStartTime: number;
+		elementLeft: number;
+	}) => number;
 }) {
-	const { isKeyframeSelected, toggleKeyframeSelection, selectKeyframeRange } =
-		useKeyframeSelection();
+	const { isKeyframeSelected } = useKeyframeSelection();
 	const orderedKeyframes = indicators.flatMap(
 		(indicator) => indicator.keyframes,
 	);

-	const handleKeyframeMouseDown = ({ event }: { event: React.MouseEvent }) => {
-		event.preventDefault();
-		event.stopPropagation();
-	};
-
-	const handleKeyframeClick = ({
-		event,
-		keyframes,
-	}: {
-		event: React.MouseEvent;
-		keyframes: SelectedKeyframeRef[];
-	}) => {
-		event.stopPropagation();
-		if (event.shiftKey) {
-			selectKeyframeRange({
-				orderedKeyframes,
-				targetKeyframes: keyframes,
-				isAdditive: event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey,
-			});
-			return;
-		}
-
-		toggleKeyframeSelection({
-			keyframes,
-			isMultiKey: event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey,
-		});
-	};
-
 	return indicators.map((indicator) => {
 		const isIndicatorSelected = indicator.keyframes.some((keyframe) =>
 			isKeyframeSelected({ keyframe }),
 		);
+		const isBeingDragged = indicator.keyframes.some((kf) =>
+			dragState.draggingKeyframeIds.has(kf.keyframeId),
+		);
+		const visualOffsetPx = getVisualOffsetPx({
+			indicatorTime: indicator.time,
+			indicatorOffsetPx: indicator.offsetPx,
+			isBeingDragged,
+			displayedStartTime,
+			elementLeft,
+		});

 		return (
 			<button
 				key={indicator.time}
 				type="button"
-				className="absolute top-1/2 -translate-x-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 cursor-pointer"
-				style={{ left: indicator.offsetPx }}
-				onMouseDown={(event) => handleKeyframeMouseDown({ event })}
+				className="pointer-events-auto absolute top-1/2 -translate-x-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 cursor-grab"
+				style={{ left: visualOffsetPx }}
+				onMouseDown={(event) =>
+					onKeyframeMouseDown({ event, keyframes: indicator.keyframes })
+				}
 				onClick={(event) =>
-					handleKeyframeClick({ event, keyframes: indicator.keyframes })
+					onKeyframeClick({
+						event,
+						keyframes: indicator.keyframes,
+						orderedKeyframes,
+					})
 				}
 				aria-label="Select keyframe"
 			>
@ -533,10 +580,82 @@ interface ElementContentProps {
 	element: TimelineElementType;
 	track: TimelineTrack;
 	isSelected: boolean;
+}
+
+interface ElementContentRendererProps extends ElementContentProps {
 	mediaAssets: MediaAsset[];
 }

-type ElementContentRenderer = (props: ElementContentProps) => ReactNode;
+type ElementContentRenderer = (props: ElementContentRendererProps) => ReactNode;
+
+export function renderTiledMedia({
+	element,
+	imageUrl,
+	track,
+}: {
+	element: VisualElement;
+	imageUrl: string | undefined;
+	track: ElementContentProps["track"];
+}): ReactNode {
+	if (!imageUrl) {
+		return (
+			<span className="text-foreground/80 truncate text-xs">
+				{element.name}
+			</span>
+		);
+	}
+
+	const trackHeight = getTrackHeight({ type: track.type });
+	const tileWidth = trackHeight * (16 / 9);
+
+	return (
+		<div
+			className="absolute inset-0"
+			style={{
+				backgroundImage: `url(${imageUrl})`,
+				backgroundRepeat: "repeat-x",
+				backgroundSize: `${tileWidth}px ${trackHeight}px`,
+				backgroundPosition: "left center",
+				pointerEvents: "none",
+			}}
+		/>
+	);
+}
+
+function EffectsButton({
+	element,
+	trackId,
+	className,
+}: {
+	element: VisualElement;
+	trackId: string;
+	className?: string;
+}) {
+	const openClipEffects = usePropertiesStore((state) => state.openClipEffects);
+	const { selectElement } = useElementSelection();
+
+	if (!element.effects?.length) {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	const handleClick = (event: React.MouseEvent) => {
+		event.stopPropagation();
+		selectElement({ elementId: element.id, trackId });
+		openClipEffects({ elementId: element.id, trackId });
+	};
+
+	return (
+		<Button
+			variant="text"
+			size="icon"
+			className={cn("rounded-sm !size-5 bg-background/50", className)}
+			onClick={handleClick}
+			onMouseDown={(event) => event.stopPropagation()}
+		>
+			<HugeiconsIcon icon={MagicWand05Icon} />
+		</Button>
+	);
+}

 const ELEMENT_CONTENT_RENDERERS: Record<
 	TimelineElementType["type"],
@ -548,7 +667,7 @@ const ELEMENT_CONTENT_RENDERERS: Record<
 			{ type: "text" }
 		>;
 		return (
-			<div className="flex size-full items-center justify-start pl-3">
+			<div className="flex size-full items-center justify-start pl-2">
 				<span className="truncate text-xs text-white">
 					{textElement.content}
 				</span>
@ -557,8 +676,11 @@ const ELEMENT_CONTENT_RENDERERS: Record<
 	},
 	effect: ({ element }) => (
 		<div className="flex size-full items-center justify-start gap-1 pl-2">
-			<HugeiconsIcon icon={MagicWand05Icon} className="size-4 shrink-0 text-white" />
-			<span className="truncate text-xs text-white">{element.name}</span>
+			<HugeiconsIcon
+				icon={MagicWand05Icon}
+				className="size-4 shrink-0 text-white"
+			/>
+			<span className="truncate text-xs text-white ml-1">{element.name}</span>
 		</div>
 	),
 	sticker: ({ element }) => {
@ -618,7 +740,7 @@ const ELEMENT_CONTENT_RENDERERS: Record<
 			</span>
 		);
 	},
-	video: ({ element, track, isSelected, mediaAssets }) => {
+	video: ({ element, track, mediaAssets }) => {
 		const videoElement = element as Extract<
 			TimelineElementType,
 			{ type: "video" }
@ -626,48 +748,13 @@ const ELEMENT_CONTENT_RENDERERS: Record<
 		const mediaAsset = mediaAssets.find(
 			(asset) => asset.id === videoElement.mediaId,
 		);
-
-		if (!mediaAsset) {
-			return (
-				<span className="text-foreground/80 truncate text-xs">
-					{videoElement.name}
-				</span>
-			);
-		}
-
-		if (mediaAsset.thumbnailUrl) {
-			const trackHeight = getTrackHeight({ type: track.type });
-			const tileWidth = trackHeight * (16 / 9);
-
-			return (
-				<div className="flex size-full items-center justify-center">
-					<div
-						className={`relative size-full ${isSelected ? "bg-primary" : "bg-transparent"}`}
-					>
-						<div
-							className="absolute right-0 left-0"
-							style={{
-								backgroundImage: `url(${mediaAsset.thumbnailUrl})`,
-								backgroundRepeat: "repeat-x",
-								backgroundSize: `${tileWidth}px ${trackHeight}px`,
-								backgroundPosition: "left center",
-								pointerEvents: "none",
-								top: isSelected ? "0.25rem" : "0rem",
-								bottom: isSelected ? "0.25rem" : "0rem",
-							}}
-						/>
-					</div>
-				</div>
-			);
-		}
-
-		return (
-			<span className="text-foreground/80 truncate text-xs">
-				{videoElement.name}
-			</span>
-		);
+		return renderTiledMedia({
+			element: videoElement,
+			imageUrl: mediaAsset?.thumbnailUrl,
+			track,
+		});
 	},
-	image: ({ element, track, isSelected, mediaAssets }) => {
+	image: ({ element, track, mediaAssets }) => {
 		const imageElement = element as Extract<
 			TimelineElementType,
 			{ type: "image" }
@ -675,44 +762,27 @@ const ELEMENT_CONTENT_RENDERERS: Record<
 		const mediaAsset = mediaAssets.find(
 			(asset) => asset.id === imageElement.mediaId,
 		);
-
-		if (!mediaAsset?.url) {
-			return (
-				<span className="text-foreground/80 truncate text-xs">
-					{imageElement.name}
-				</span>
-			);
-		}
-
-		const trackHeight = getTrackHeight({ type: track.type });
-		const tileWidth = trackHeight * (16 / 9);
-
-		return (
-			<div className="flex size-full items-center justify-center">
-				<div
-					className={`relative size-full ${isSelected ? "bg-primary" : "bg-transparent"}`}
-				>
-					<div
-						className="absolute right-0 left-0"
-						style={{
-							backgroundImage: `url(${mediaAsset.url})`,
-							backgroundRepeat: "repeat-x",
-							backgroundSize: `${tileWidth}px ${trackHeight}px`,
-							backgroundPosition: "left center",
-							pointerEvents: "none",
-							top: isSelected ? "0.25rem" : "0rem",
-							bottom: isSelected ? "0.25rem" : "0rem",
-						}}
-					/>
-				</div>
-			</div>
-		);
+		return renderTiledMedia({
+			element: imageElement,
+			imageUrl: mediaAsset?.url,
+			track,
+		});
 	},
 };

-function ElementContent(props: ElementContentProps) {
-	const renderer = ELEMENT_CONTENT_RENDERERS[props.element.type];
-	return <>{renderer(props)}</>;
+function ElementContent({ element, track, isSelected }: ElementContentProps) {
+	const editor = useEditor();
+	const renderer = ELEMENT_CONTENT_RENDERERS[element.type];
+	return (
+		<>
+			{renderer({
+				element,
+				track,
+				isSelected,
+				mediaAssets: editor.media.getAssets(),
+			})}
+		</>
+	);
 }

 function CopyMenuItem() {
@ -740,9 +810,9 @@ function MuteMenuItem({
 			return <HugeiconsIcon icon={VolumeMute02Icon} />;
 		}
 		return isMuted ? (
-			<HugeiconsIcon icon={VolumeHighIcon} />
-		) : (
 			<HugeiconsIcon icon={VolumeOffIcon} />
+		) : (
+			<HugeiconsIcon icon={VolumeHighIcon} />
 		);
 	};

@ -823,7 +893,7 @@ function ActionMenuItem({
 				event.stopPropagation();
 				invokeAction(action);
 			}}
-			textRight={getDisplayShortcut(action)}
+			textRight={getDisplayShortcut({ action })}
 			{...props}
 		>
 			{children}
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/timeline/timeline-toolbar.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/timeline/timeline-toolbar.tsx
@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ export function TimelineToolbar({
 function ToolbarLeftSection() {
 	const editor = useEditor();
 	const currentTime = editor.playback.getCurrentTime();
-	const currentBookmarked = editor.scenes.isBookmarked({ time: currentTime });
+	const isCurrentlyBookmarked = editor.scenes.isBookmarked({ time: currentTime });

 	const handleAction = ({
 		action,
@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ function ToolbarLeftSection() {

 				<ToolbarButton
 					icon={<SplitSquareHorizontal />}
-					tooltip="Coming soon" /* separate audio */
+					tooltip="Separate audio (coming soon)"
 					disabled={true}
 					onClick={({ event: _event }) => {}}
 				/>
@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ function ToolbarLeftSection() {

 				<ToolbarButton
 					icon={<HugeiconsIcon icon={SnowIcon} />}
-					tooltip="Coming soon" /* freeze frame */
+					tooltip="Freeze frame (coming soon)"
 					disabled={true}
 					onClick={({ event: _event }) => {}}
 				/>
@ -149,8 +149,8 @@ function ToolbarLeftSection() {
 				<Tooltip>
 					<ToolbarButton
 						icon={<HugeiconsIcon icon={Bookmark02Icon} />}
-						isActive={currentBookmarked}
-						tooltip={currentBookmarked ? "Remove bookmark" : "Add bookmark"}
+				isActive={isCurrentlyBookmarked}
+					tooltip={isCurrentlyBookmarked ? "Remove bookmark" : "Add bookmark"}
 						onClick={({ event }) =>
 							handleAction({ action: "toggle-bookmark", event })
 						}
@ -191,12 +191,10 @@ function ToolbarRightSection({
 	onZoomChange: (zoom: number) => void;
 	onZoom: (options: { direction: "in" | "out" }) => void;
 }) {
-	const {
-		snappingEnabled,
-		rippleEditingEnabled,
-		toggleSnapping,
-		toggleRippleEditing,
-	} = useTimelineStore();
+	const snappingEnabled = useTimelineStore((s) => s.snappingEnabled);
+	const rippleEditingEnabled = useTimelineStore((s) => s.rippleEditingEnabled);
+	const toggleSnapping = useTimelineStore((s) => s.toggleSnapping);
+	const toggleRippleEditing = useTimelineStore((s) => s.toggleRippleEditing);

 	return (
 		<div className="flex items-center gap-1">
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/timeline/timeline-track.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/timeline/timeline-track.tsx
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ export function TimelineTrackContent({
 	targetElementId = null,
 }: TimelineTrackContentProps) {
 	const editor = useEditor();
-	const { isElementSelected, clearElementSelection } = useElementSelection();
+	const { isElementSelected } = useElementSelection();

 	const duration = editor.timeline.getTotalDuration();

@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ export function TimelineTrackContent({
 			className="size-full"
 			onClick={(event) => {
 				if (shouldIgnoreClick?.()) return;
-				clearElementSelection();
 				onTrackClick?.(event);
 			}}
 			onMouseDown={(event) => {
--- a/apps/web/src/components/ui/context-menu.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/ui/context-menu.tsx
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ const contextMenuItemVariants = cva(
 				default:
 					"focus:bg-accent focus:text-accent-foreground [&_svg]:text-muted-foreground",
 				destructive:
-					"text-destructive focus:bg-destructive/5 focus:text-destructive [&_svg]:text-destructive",
+					"text-destructive focus:bg-destructive/10 focus:text-destructive [&_svg]:text-destructive",
 			},
 		},
 		defaultVariants: {
--- a/apps/web/src/constants/text-constants.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/constants/text-constants.ts
@ -17,7 +17,11 @@ export const FONT_SIZE_SCALE_REFERENCE = 90;
 export const DEFAULT_LETTER_SPACING = 0;
 export const DEFAULT_LINE_HEIGHT = 1.2;

+export const CORNER_RADIUS_MIN = 0;
+export const CORNER_RADIUS_MAX = 100;
+
 export const DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND = {
+	enabled: false,
 	color: "#000000",
 	cornerRadius: 0,
 	paddingX: 30,
--- a/apps/web/src/core/managers/project-manager.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/core/managers/project-manager.ts
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import type {
 	TProjectSettings,
 	TTimelineViewState,
 } from "@/types/project";
-import type { ExportOptions, ExportResult } from "@/types/export";
+import type { ExportOptions, ExportResult, ExportState } from "@/types/export";
 import { storageService } from "@/services/storage/service";
 import { toast } from "sonner";
 import { generateUUID } from "@/utils/id";
@ -51,6 +51,12 @@ export class ProjectManager {
 		toVersion: null,
 		projectName: null,
 	};
+	private exportState: ExportState = {
+		isExporting: false,
+		progress: 0,
+		result: null,
+	};
+	private exportCancelRequested = false;

 	constructor(private editor: EditorCore) {}

@ -191,7 +197,40 @@ export class ProjectManager {
 	}

 	async export({ options }: { options: ExportOptions }): Promise<ExportResult> {
-		return this.editor.renderer.exportProject({ options });
+		this.exportCancelRequested = false;
+		this.exportState = { isExporting: true, progress: 0, result: null };
+		this.notify();
+
+		const result = await this.editor.renderer.exportProject({
+			options,
+			onProgress: ({ progress }) => {
+				this.exportState = { ...this.exportState, progress };
+				this.notify();
+			},
+			onCancel: () => this.exportCancelRequested,
+		});
+
+		this.exportState = {
+			isExporting: false,
+			progress: this.exportState.progress,
+			result,
+		};
+		this.notify();
+
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	cancelExport(): void {
+		this.exportCancelRequested = true;
+	}
+
+	clearExportState(): void {
+		this.exportState = { isExporting: false, progress: 0, result: null };
+		this.notify();
+	}
+
+	getExportState(): ExportState {
+		return this.exportState;
 	}

 	async loadAllProjects(): Promise<void> {
--- a/apps/web/src/core/managers/renderer-manager.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/core/managers/renderer-manager.ts
@ -88,11 +88,14 @@ export class RendererManager {

 	async exportProject({
 		options,
+		onProgress,
+		onCancel,
 	}: {
 		options: ExportOptions;
+		onProgress?: ({ progress }: { progress: number }) => void;
+		onCancel?: () => boolean;
 	}): Promise<ExportResult> {
-		const { format, quality, fps, includeAudio, onProgress, onCancel } =
-			options;
+		const { format, quality, fps, includeAudio } = options;

 		try {
 			const tracks = this.editor.timeline.getTracks();
--- a/apps/web/src/core/managers/timeline-manager.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/core/managers/timeline-manager.ts
@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { EditorCore } from "@/core";
+import type { EffectParamValues } from "@/types/effects";
 import type {
 	TrackType,
 	TimelineTrack,
@ -32,6 +33,13 @@ import {
 	UpsertKeyframeCommand,
 	RemoveKeyframeCommand,
 	RetimeKeyframeCommand,
+	AddClipEffectCommand,
+	RemoveClipEffectCommand,
+	UpdateClipEffectParamsCommand,
+	ToggleClipEffectCommand,
+	ReorderClipEffectsCommand,
+	UpsertEffectParamKeyframeCommand,
+	RemoveEffectParamKeyframeCommand,
 } from "@/lib/commands/timeline";
 import { BatchCommand, PreviewTracker } from "@/lib/commands";
 import type { InsertElementParams } from "@/lib/commands/timeline/element/insert-element";
@ -62,17 +70,23 @@ export class TimelineManager {
 		elementId,
 		trimStart,
 		trimEnd,
+		startTime,
+		duration,
 		pushHistory = true,
 	}: {
 		elementId: string;
 		trimStart: number;
 		trimEnd: number;
+		startTime?: number;
+		duration?: number;
 		pushHistory?: boolean;
 	}): void {
 		const command = new UpdateElementTrimCommand({
 			elementId,
 			trimStart,
 			trimEnd,
+			startTime,
+			duration,
 		});
 		if (pushHistory) {
 			this.editor.command.execute({ command });
@ -124,12 +138,14 @@ export class TimelineManager {
 		elementId,
 		newStartTime,
 		createTrack,
+		rippleEnabled = false,
 	}: {
 		sourceTrackId: string;
 		targetTrackId: string;
 		elementId: string;
 		newStartTime: number;
 		createTrack?: { type: TrackType; index: number };
+		rippleEnabled?: boolean;
 	}): void {
 		const command = new MoveElementCommand({
 			sourceTrackId,
@ -137,6 +153,7 @@ export class TimelineManager {
 			elementId,
 			newStartTime,
 			createTrack,
+			rippleEnabled,
 		});
 		this.editor.command.execute({ command });
 	}
@ -253,6 +270,104 @@ export class TimelineManager {
 		}
 	}

+	addClipEffect({
+		trackId,
+		elementId,
+		effectType,
+	}: {
+		trackId: string;
+		elementId: string;
+		effectType: string;
+	}): string {
+		const command = new AddClipEffectCommand({
+			trackId,
+			elementId,
+			effectType,
+		});
+		this.editor.command.execute({ command });
+		return command.getEffectId() ?? "";
+	}
+
+	removeClipEffect({
+		trackId,
+		elementId,
+		effectId,
+	}: {
+		trackId: string;
+		elementId: string;
+		effectId: string;
+	}): void {
+		const command = new RemoveClipEffectCommand({
+			trackId,
+			elementId,
+			effectId,
+		});
+		this.editor.command.execute({ command });
+	}
+
+	updateClipEffectParams({
+		trackId,
+		elementId,
+		effectId,
+		params,
+		pushHistory = true,
+	}: {
+		trackId: string;
+		elementId: string;
+		effectId: string;
+		params: Partial<EffectParamValues>;
+		pushHistory?: boolean;
+	}): void {
+		const command = new UpdateClipEffectParamsCommand({
+			trackId,
+			elementId,
+			effectId,
+			params,
+		});
+		if (pushHistory) {
+			this.editor.command.execute({ command });
+		} else {
+			command.execute();
+		}
+	}
+
+	toggleClipEffect({
+		trackId,
+		elementId,
+		effectId,
+	}: {
+		trackId: string;
+		elementId: string;
+		effectId: string;
+	}): void {
+		const command = new ToggleClipEffectCommand({
+			trackId,
+			elementId,
+			effectId,
+		});
+		this.editor.command.execute({ command });
+	}
+
+	reorderClipEffects({
+		trackId,
+		elementId,
+		fromIndex,
+		toIndex,
+	}: {
+		trackId: string;
+		elementId: string;
+		fromIndex: number;
+		toIndex: number;
+	}): void {
+		const command = new ReorderClipEffectsCommand({
+			trackId,
+			elementId,
+			fromIndex,
+			toIndex,
+		});
+		this.editor.command.execute({ command });
+	}
+
 	upsertKeyframes({
 		keyframes,
 	}: {
@ -346,6 +461,61 @@ export class TimelineManager {
 		this.editor.command.execute({ command });
 	}

+	upsertEffectParamKeyframe({
+		trackId,
+		elementId,
+		effectId,
+		paramKey,
+		time,
+		value,
+		interpolation,
+		keyframeId,
+	}: {
+		trackId: string;
+		elementId: string;
+		effectId: string;
+		paramKey: string;
+		time: number;
+		value: number;
+		interpolation?: "linear" | "hold";
+		keyframeId?: string;
+	}): void {
+		const command = new UpsertEffectParamKeyframeCommand({
+			trackId,
+			elementId,
+			effectId,
+			paramKey,
+			time,
+			value,
+			interpolation,
+			keyframeId,
+		});
+		this.editor.command.execute({ command });
+	}
+
+	removeEffectParamKeyframe({
+		trackId,
+		elementId,
+		effectId,
+		paramKey,
+		keyframeId,
+	}: {
+		trackId: string;
+		elementId: string;
+		effectId: string;
+		paramKey: string;
+		keyframeId: string;
+	}): void {
+		const command = new RemoveEffectParamKeyframeCommand({
+			trackId,
+			elementId,
+			effectId,
+			paramKey,
+			keyframeId,
+		});
+		this.editor.command.execute({ command });
+	}
+
 	isPreviewActive(): boolean {
 		return this.previewTracker.isActive();
 	}
--- a/apps/web/src/hooks/actions/use-editor-actions.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/hooks/actions/use-editor-actions.ts
@ -4,19 +4,19 @@ import { useTimelineStore } from "@/stores/timeline-store";
 import { useActionHandler } from "@/hooks/actions/use-action-handler";
 import { useEditor } from "../use-editor";
 import { useElementSelection } from "../timeline/element/use-element-selection";
+import { useKeyframeSelection } from "../timeline/element/use-keyframe-selection";
 import { getElementsAtTime } from "@/lib/timeline";

 export function useEditorActions() {
 	const editor = useEditor();
 	const activeProject = editor.project.getActive();
 	const { selectedElements, setElementSelection } = useElementSelection();
-	const {
-		clipboard,
-		setClipboard,
-		toggleSnapping,
-		rippleEditingEnabled,
-		toggleRippleEditing,
-	} = useTimelineStore();
+	const { selectedKeyframes, clearKeyframeSelection } = useKeyframeSelection();
+	const clipboard = useTimelineStore((s) => s.clipboard);
+	const setClipboard = useTimelineStore((s) => s.setClipboard);
+	const toggleSnapping = useTimelineStore((s) => s.toggleSnapping);
+	const rippleEditingEnabled = useTimelineStore((s) => s.rippleEditingEnabled);
+	const toggleRippleEditing = useTimelineStore((s) => s.toggleRippleEditing);

 	useActionHandler(
 		"toggle-play",
@ -209,6 +209,11 @@ export function useEditorActions() {
 	useActionHandler(
 		"delete-selected",
 		() => {
+			if (selectedKeyframes.length > 0) {
+				editor.timeline.removeKeyframes({ keyframes: selectedKeyframes });
+				clearKeyframeSelection();
+				return;
+			}
 			if (selectedElements.length === 0) {
 				return;
 			}
@ -235,6 +240,19 @@ export function useEditorActions() {
 		undefined,
 	);

+	useActionHandler(
+		"deselect-all",
+		() => {
+			setElementSelection({ elements: [] });
+			clearKeyframeSelection();
+			const activeElement = document.activeElement;
+			if (activeElement instanceof HTMLButtonElement) {
+				activeElement.blur();
+			}
+		},
+		undefined,
+	);
+
 	useActionHandler(
 		"duplicate-selected",
 		() => {
@ -278,7 +296,7 @@ export function useEditorActions() {
 				elements: selectedElements,
 			});
 			const items = results.map(({ track, element }) => {
-				const { ...elementWithoutId } = element;
+				const { id: _, ...elementWithoutId } = element;
 				return {
 					trackId: track.id,
 					trackType: track.type,
--- a/apps/web/src/hooks/timeline/element/use-element-interaction.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/hooks/timeline/element/use-element-interaction.ts
@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
 } from "react";
 import { useEditor } from "@/hooks/use-editor";
 import { useShiftKey } from "@/hooks/use-shift-key";
+import { useTimelineStore } from "@/stores/timeline-store";
 import { useElementSelection } from "@/hooks/timeline/element/use-element-selection";
 import {
 	DRAG_THRESHOLD_PX,
@ -38,6 +39,8 @@ interface UseElementInteractionProps {
 	onSnapPointChange?: (snapPoint: SnapPoint | null) => void;
 }

+const MOUSE_BUTTON_RIGHT = 2;
+
 const initialDragState: ElementDragState = {
 	isDragging: false,
 	elementId: null,
@ -162,6 +165,7 @@ export function useElementInteraction({
 	onSnapPointChange,
 }: UseElementInteractionProps) {
 	const editor = useEditor();
+	const rippleEditingEnabled = useTimelineStore((s) => s.rippleEditingEnabled);
 	const isShiftHeldRef = useShiftKey();
 	const tracks = editor.timeline.getTracks();
 	const {
@ -441,27 +445,33 @@ export function useElementInteraction({
 				return;
 			}

-			if (dropTarget.isNewTrack) {
-				const newTrackId = generateUUID();
+		if (dropTarget.isNewTrack) {
+			const newTrackId = generateUUID();

+			editor.timeline.moveElement({
+				sourceTrackId: dragState.trackId,
+				targetTrackId: newTrackId,
+				elementId: dragState.elementId,
+				newStartTime: snappedTime,
+				createTrack: { type: sourceTrack.type, index: dropTarget.trackIndex },
+				rippleEnabled: rippleEditingEnabled,
+			});
+			selectElement({ trackId: newTrackId, elementId: dragState.elementId });
+		} else {
+			const targetTrack = tracks[dropTarget.trackIndex];
+			if (targetTrack) {
 				editor.timeline.moveElement({
 					sourceTrackId: dragState.trackId,
-					targetTrackId: newTrackId,
+					targetTrackId: targetTrack.id,
 					elementId: dragState.elementId,
 					newStartTime: snappedTime,
-					createTrack: { type: sourceTrack.type, index: dropTarget.trackIndex },
+					rippleEnabled: rippleEditingEnabled,
 				});
-			} else {
-				const targetTrack = tracks[dropTarget.trackIndex];
-				if (targetTrack) {
-					editor.timeline.moveElement({
-						sourceTrackId: dragState.trackId,
-						targetTrackId: targetTrack.id,
-						elementId: dragState.elementId,
-						newStartTime: snappedTime,
-					});
+				if (targetTrack.id !== dragState.trackId) {
+					selectElement({ trackId: targetTrack.id, elementId: dragState.elementId });
 				}
 			}
+		}

 			endDrag();
 			onSnapPointChange?.(null);
@ -483,6 +493,8 @@ export function useElementInteraction({
 		tracksContainerRef,
 		tracksScrollRef,
 		headerRef,
+		rippleEditingEnabled,
+		selectElement,
 	]);

 	useEffect(() => {
@ -508,10 +520,10 @@ export function useElementInteraction({
 			element: TimelineElement;
 			track: TimelineTrack;
 		}) => {
-			const isRightClick = event.button === 2;
+		const isRightClick = event.button === MOUSE_BUTTON_RIGHT;

-			// right-click: don't stop propagation so ContextMenu can open
-			if (isRightClick) {
+		// right-click: don't stop propagation so ContextMenu can open
+		if (isRightClick) {
 				const alreadySelected = isElementSelected({
 					trackId: track.id,
 					elementId: element.id,
@ -526,14 +538,12 @@ export function useElementInteraction({
 				return;
 			}

-			// left-click: stop propagation for drag operations
-			event.stopPropagation();
-			mouseDownLocationRef.current = { x: event.clientX, y: event.clientY };
+		event.stopPropagation();
+		mouseDownLocationRef.current = { x: event.clientX, y: event.clientY };

-			const isMultiSelect = event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey || event.shiftKey;
+		const isMultiSelect = event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey || event.shiftKey;

-			// multi-select: toggle selection
-			if (isMultiSelect) {
+		if (isMultiSelect) {
 				handleSelectionClick({
 					trackId: track.id,
 					elementId: element.id,
@ -541,8 +551,7 @@ export function useElementInteraction({
 				});
 			}

-			// start drag
-			const clickOffsetTime = getClickOffsetTime({
+		const clickOffsetTime = getClickOffsetTime({
 				clientX: event.clientX,
 				elementRect: event.currentTarget.getBoundingClientRect(),
 				zoomLevel,
@ -570,10 +579,9 @@ export function useElementInteraction({
 			element: TimelineElement;
 			track: TimelineTrack;
 		}) => {
-			event.stopPropagation();
+		event.stopPropagation();

-			// was it a drag or a click?
-			if (mouseDownLocationRef.current) {
+		if (mouseDownLocationRef.current) {
 				const deltaX = Math.abs(event.clientX - mouseDownLocationRef.current.x);
 				const deltaY = Math.abs(event.clientY - mouseDownLocationRef.current.y);
 				if (deltaX > DRAG_THRESHOLD_PX || deltaY > DRAG_THRESHOLD_PX) {
@ -585,8 +593,7 @@ export function useElementInteraction({
 			// modifier keys already handled in mousedown
 			if (event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey || event.shiftKey) return;

-			// single click: select if not selected
-			const alreadySelected = isElementSelected({
+		const alreadySelected = isElementSelected({
 				trackId: track.id,
 				elementId: element.id,
 			});
--- a/apps/web/src/hooks/timeline/element/use-element-resize.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/hooks/timeline/element/use-element-resize.ts
@ -137,18 +137,52 @@ export function useTimelineElementResize({
 			}
 			onSnapPointChange?.(resizeSnapPoint);

+			const otherElements = track.elements.filter(({ id }) => id !== element.id);
+			const initialEndTime = resizing.initialStartTime + resizing.initialDuration;
+
+			const rightNeighborBound =
+				resizing.side === "right"
+					? otherElements
+							.filter(({ startTime }) => startTime >= initialEndTime)
+							.reduce((min, { startTime }) => Math.min(min, startTime), Infinity)
+					: Infinity;
+
+			const leftNeighborBound =
+				resizing.side === "left"
+					? otherElements
+							.filter(
+								({ startTime, duration }) =>
+									startTime + duration <= resizing.initialStartTime,
+							)
+							.reduce(
+								(max, { startTime, duration }) =>
+									Math.max(max, startTime + duration),
+								-Infinity,
+							)
+					: -Infinity;
+
 			if (resizing.side === "left") {
 				const sourceDuration =
 					resizing.initialTrimStart +
 					resizing.initialDuration +
 					resizing.initialTrimEnd;
+				const minTrimStartForNeighbor = Number.isFinite(leftNeighborBound)
+					? Math.max(
+							0,
+							resizing.initialTrimStart +
+								(leftNeighborBound - resizing.initialStartTime),
+						)
+					: 0;
 				const maxAllowed =
 					sourceDuration - resizing.initialTrimEnd - minDurationSeconds;
 				const calculated = resizing.initialTrimStart + deltaTime;

 				if (calculated >= 0 && calculated <= maxAllowed) {
 					const newTrimStart = snapTimeToFrame({
-						time: Math.min(maxAllowed, calculated),
+						time: Math.min(
+							maxAllowed,
+							Math.max(minTrimStartForNeighbor, calculated),
+						),
 						fps: projectFps,
 					});
 					const trimDelta = newTrimStart - resizing.initialTrimStart;
@ -171,7 +205,16 @@ export function useTimelineElementResize({
 					if (canExtendElementDuration()) {
 						const extensionAmount = Math.abs(calculated);
 						const maxExtension = resizing.initialStartTime;
-						const actualExtension = Math.min(extensionAmount, maxExtension);
+						const actualExtension = Math.max(
+							0,
+							Number.isFinite(leftNeighborBound)
+								? Math.min(
+										extensionAmount,
+										maxExtension,
+										resizing.initialStartTime - leftNeighborBound,
+									)
+								: Math.min(extensionAmount, maxExtension),
+						);
 						const newStartTime = snapTimeToFrame({
 							time: resizing.initialStartTime - actualExtension,
 							fps: projectFps,
@ -188,7 +231,8 @@ export function useTimelineElementResize({
 						currentStartTimeRef.current = newStartTime;
 						currentDurationRef.current = newDuration;
 					} else {
-						const trimDelta = 0 - resizing.initialTrimStart;
+						const trimDelta =
+							minTrimStartForNeighbor - resizing.initialTrimStart;
 						const newStartTime = snapTimeToFrame({
 							time: resizing.initialStartTime + trimDelta,
 							fps: projectFps,
@ -198,10 +242,10 @@ export function useTimelineElementResize({
 							fps: projectFps,
 						});

-						setCurrentTrimStart(0);
+						setCurrentTrimStart(minTrimStartForNeighbor);
 						setCurrentStartTime(newStartTime);
 						setCurrentDuration(newDuration);
-						currentTrimStartRef.current = 0;
+						currentTrimStartRef.current = minTrimStartForNeighbor;
 						currentStartTimeRef.current = newStartTime;
 						currentDurationRef.current = newDuration;
 					}
@ -212,6 +256,9 @@ export function useTimelineElementResize({
 					resizing.initialDuration +
 					resizing.initialTrimEnd;
 				const newTrimEnd = resizing.initialTrimEnd - deltaTime;
+				const maxAllowedDuration = Number.isFinite(rightNeighborBound)
+					? rightNeighborBound - resizing.initialStartTime
+					: Infinity;

 				if (newTrimEnd < 0) {
 					if (canExtendElementDuration()) {
@ -219,7 +266,7 @@ export function useTimelineElementResize({
 						const baseDuration =
 							resizing.initialDuration + resizing.initialTrimEnd;
 						const newDuration = snapTimeToFrame({
-							time: baseDuration + extensionNeeded,
+							time: Math.min(baseDuration + extensionNeeded, maxAllowedDuration),
 							fps: projectFps,
 						});

@ -230,7 +277,10 @@ export function useTimelineElementResize({
 					} else {
 						const extensionToLimit = resizing.initialTrimEnd;
 						const newDuration = snapTimeToFrame({
-							time: resizing.initialDuration + extensionToLimit,
+							time: Math.min(
+								resizing.initialDuration + extensionToLimit,
+								maxAllowedDuration,
+							),
 							fps: projectFps,
 						});

@ -240,9 +290,20 @@ export function useTimelineElementResize({
 						currentTrimEndRef.current = 0;
 					}
 				} else {
+					const minTrimEndForNeighbor = Number.isFinite(maxAllowedDuration)
+						? Math.max(
+								0,
+								resizing.initialDuration +
+									resizing.initialTrimEnd -
+									maxAllowedDuration,
+							)
+						: 0;
 					const maxTrimEnd =
 						sourceDuration - resizing.initialTrimStart - minDurationSeconds;
-					const clampedTrimEnd = Math.min(maxTrimEnd, Math.max(0, newTrimEnd));
+					const clampedTrimEnd = Math.min(
+						maxTrimEnd,
+						Math.max(minTrimEndForNeighbor, newTrimEnd),
+					);
 					const finalTrimEnd = snapTimeToFrame({
 						time: clampedTrimEnd,
 						fps: projectFps,
@ -267,6 +328,7 @@ export function useTimelineElementResize({
 			snappingEnabled,
 			editor,
 			element.id,
+			track.elements,
 			onSnapPointChange,
 			canExtendElementDuration,
 			isShiftHeldRef,
@ -285,26 +347,13 @@ export function useTimelineElementResize({
 		const startTimeChanged = finalStartTime !== resizing.initialStartTime;
 		const durationChanged = finalDuration !== resizing.initialDuration;

-		if (trimStartChanged || trimEndChanged) {
+		if (trimStartChanged || trimEndChanged || startTimeChanged || durationChanged) {
 			editor.timeline.updateElementTrim({
 				elementId: element.id,
 				trimStart: finalTrimStart,
 				trimEnd: finalTrimEnd,
-			});
-		}
-
-		if (startTimeChanged) {
-			editor.timeline.updateElementStartTime({
-				elements: [{ trackId: track.id, elementId: element.id }],
-				startTime: finalStartTime,
-			});
-		}
-
-		if (durationChanged) {
-			editor.timeline.updateElementDuration({
-				trackId: track.id,
-				elementId: element.id,
-				duration: finalDuration,
+				startTime: startTimeChanged ? finalStartTime : undefined,
+				duration: durationChanged ? finalDuration : undefined,
 			});
 		}

@ -315,7 +364,6 @@ export function useTimelineElementResize({
 		resizing,
 		editor.timeline,
 		element.id,
-		track.id,
 		onResizeStateChange,
 		onSnapPointChange,
 	]);
--- a/apps/web/src/hooks/timeline/element/use-keyframe-drag.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/hooks/timeline/element/use-keyframe-drag.ts
@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+import {
+	useState,
+	useCallback,
+	useEffect,
+	useRef,
+	type MouseEvent as ReactMouseEvent,
+} from "react";
+import { useEditor } from "@/hooks/use-editor";
+import { useKeyframeSelection } from "./use-keyframe-selection";
+import { snapTimeToFrame } from "@/lib/time";
+import { timelineTimeToSnappedPixels } from "@/lib/timeline";
+import { DRAG_THRESHOLD_PX, TIMELINE_CONSTANTS } from "@/constants/timeline-constants";
+import { RetimeKeyframeCommand } from "@/lib/commands/timeline/element/keyframes/retime-keyframe";
+import { BatchCommand } from "@/lib/commands";
+import type { SelectedKeyframeRef } from "@/types/animation";
+import type { TimelineElement } from "@/types/timeline";
+import type { Command } from "@/lib/commands/base-command";
+
+export interface KeyframeDragState {
+	isDragging: boolean;
+	draggingKeyframeIds: Set<string>;
+	deltaTime: number;
+}
+
+const initialDragState: KeyframeDragState = {
+	isDragging: false,
+	draggingKeyframeIds: new Set(),
+	deltaTime: 0,
+};
+
+interface PendingKeyframeDrag {
+	keyframeRefs: SelectedKeyframeRef[];
+	startMouseX: number;
+}
+
+export function useKeyframeDrag({
+	zoomLevel,
+	element,
+}: {
+	zoomLevel: number;
+	element: TimelineElement;
+}) {
+	const editor = useEditor();
+	const {
+		selectedKeyframes,
+		isKeyframeSelected,
+		toggleKeyframeSelection,
+		selectKeyframeRange,
+	} = useKeyframeSelection();
+
+	const [dragState, setDragState] =
+		useState<KeyframeDragState>(initialDragState);
+	const [isPendingDrag, setIsPendingDrag] = useState(false);
+
+	const pendingDragRef = useRef<PendingKeyframeDrag | null>(null);
+	const mouseDownXRef = useRef<number | null>(null);
+
+	const activeProject = editor.project.getActive();
+	const fps = activeProject.settings.fps;
+
+	const pixelsPerSecond = TIMELINE_CONSTANTS.PIXELS_PER_SECOND * zoomLevel;
+
+	const endDrag = useCallback(() => {
+		setDragState(initialDragState);
+	}, []);
+
+	const commitDrag = useCallback(
+		({
+			keyframeRefs,
+			deltaTime,
+		}: {
+			keyframeRefs: SelectedKeyframeRef[];
+			deltaTime: number;
+		}) => {
+			const commands: Command[] = keyframeRefs.flatMap((keyframeRef) => {
+				const channel = element.animations?.channels[keyframeRef.propertyPath];
+			const keyframe = channel?.keyframes.find(
+				(keyframe) => keyframe.id === keyframeRef.keyframeId,
+			);
+				if (!keyframe) return [];
+				const nextTime = Math.max(
+					0,
+					Math.min(element.duration, keyframe.time + deltaTime),
+				);
+				return [
+					new RetimeKeyframeCommand({
+						trackId: keyframeRef.trackId,
+						elementId: keyframeRef.elementId,
+						propertyPath: keyframeRef.propertyPath,
+						keyframeId: keyframeRef.keyframeId,
+						nextTime,
+					}),
+				];
+			});
+
+			if (commands.length === 1) {
+				editor.command.execute({ command: commands[0] });
+			} else if (commands.length > 1) {
+				editor.command.execute({ command: new BatchCommand(commands) });
+			}
+		},
+		[editor.command, element],
+	);
+
+	useEffect(() => {
+		if (!dragState.isDragging && !isPendingDrag) return;
+
+		const handleMouseMove = ({ clientX }: MouseEvent) => {
+			if (isPendingDrag && pendingDragRef.current) {
+				const deltaX = Math.abs(clientX - pendingDragRef.current.startMouseX);
+				if (deltaX <= DRAG_THRESHOLD_PX) return;
+
+				const pending = pendingDragRef.current;
+				pendingDragRef.current = null;
+				setIsPendingDrag(false);
+				setDragState({
+					isDragging: true,
+				draggingKeyframeIds: new Set(
+					pending.keyframeRefs.map((keyframe) => keyframe.keyframeId),
+				),
+					deltaTime: 0,
+				});
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if (!dragState.isDragging) return;
+
+			const startX = mouseDownXRef.current ?? clientX;
+			const rawDelta = (clientX - startX) / pixelsPerSecond;
+			const snappedDelta = snapTimeToFrame({ time: rawDelta, fps });
+
+			setDragState((previous) => ({ ...previous, deltaTime: snappedDelta }));
+		};
+
+		document.addEventListener("mousemove", handleMouseMove);
+		return () => document.removeEventListener("mousemove", handleMouseMove);
+	}, [dragState.isDragging, isPendingDrag, pixelsPerSecond, fps]);
+
+	useEffect(() => {
+		if (!dragState.isDragging) return;
+
+		const handleMouseUp = () => {
+		const draggingRefs = selectedKeyframes.filter(
+			(keyframe) =>
+				keyframe.elementId === element.id &&
+				dragState.draggingKeyframeIds.has(keyframe.keyframeId),
+		);
+
+			if (draggingRefs.length > 0 && dragState.deltaTime !== 0) {
+				commitDrag({
+					keyframeRefs: draggingRefs,
+					deltaTime: dragState.deltaTime,
+				});
+			}
+
+			endDrag();
+		};
+
+		document.addEventListener("mouseup", handleMouseUp);
+		return () => document.removeEventListener("mouseup", handleMouseUp);
+	}, [
+		dragState.isDragging,
+		dragState.draggingKeyframeIds,
+		dragState.deltaTime,
+		selectedKeyframes,
+		element.id,
+		commitDrag,
+		endDrag,
+	]);
+
+	useEffect(() => {
+		if (!isPendingDrag) return;
+
+		const handleMouseUp = () => {
+			pendingDragRef.current = null;
+			setIsPendingDrag(false);
+		};
+
+		document.addEventListener("mouseup", handleMouseUp);
+		return () => document.removeEventListener("mouseup", handleMouseUp);
+	}, [isPendingDrag]);
+
+	const handleKeyframeMouseDown = useCallback(
+		({
+			event,
+			keyframes,
+		}: {
+			event: ReactMouseEvent;
+			keyframes: SelectedKeyframeRef[];
+		}) => {
+			event.preventDefault();
+			event.stopPropagation();
+
+			mouseDownXRef.current = event.clientX;
+
+		const anySelected = keyframes.some((keyframe) =>
+			isKeyframeSelected({ keyframe }),
+		);
+			const keyframeRefsToTrack = anySelected ? selectedKeyframes : keyframes;
+
+			pendingDragRef.current = {
+				keyframeRefs: keyframeRefsToTrack,
+				startMouseX: event.clientX,
+			};
+			setIsPendingDrag(true);
+		},
+		[isKeyframeSelected, selectedKeyframes],
+	);
+
+	const handleKeyframeClick = useCallback(
+		({
+			event,
+			keyframes,
+			orderedKeyframes,
+		}: {
+			event: ReactMouseEvent;
+			keyframes: SelectedKeyframeRef[];
+			orderedKeyframes: SelectedKeyframeRef[];
+		}) => {
+			event.stopPropagation();
+
+			const wasDrag =
+				mouseDownXRef.current !== null &&
+				Math.abs(event.clientX - mouseDownXRef.current) > DRAG_THRESHOLD_PX;
+			mouseDownXRef.current = null;
+
+			if (wasDrag) return;
+
+			if (event.shiftKey) {
+				selectKeyframeRange({
+					orderedKeyframes,
+					targetKeyframes: keyframes,
+					isAdditive: event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey,
+				});
+				return;
+			}
+
+			toggleKeyframeSelection({
+				keyframes,
+				isMultiKey: event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey,
+			});
+		},
+		[toggleKeyframeSelection, selectKeyframeRange],
+	);
+
+	const getVisualOffsetPx = useCallback(
+		({
+			indicatorTime,
+			indicatorOffsetPx,
+			isBeingDragged,
+			displayedStartTime,
+			elementLeft,
+		}: {
+			indicatorTime: number;
+			indicatorOffsetPx: number;
+			isBeingDragged: boolean;
+			displayedStartTime: number;
+			elementLeft: number;
+		}): number => {
+			if (!isBeingDragged) return indicatorOffsetPx;
+			const clampedTime = Math.max(
+				0,
+				Math.min(element.duration, indicatorTime + dragState.deltaTime),
+			);
+			return (
+				timelineTimeToSnappedPixels({
+					time: displayedStartTime + clampedTime,
+					zoomLevel,
+				}) - elementLeft
+			);
+		},
+		[dragState.deltaTime, element.duration, zoomLevel],
+	);
+
+	return {
+		keyframeDragState: dragState,
+		handleKeyframeMouseDown,
+		handleKeyframeClick,
+		getVisualOffsetPx,
+	};
+}
--- a/apps/web/src/hooks/timeline/use-timeline-drag-drop.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/hooks/timeline/use-timeline-drag-drop.ts
@ -26,12 +26,14 @@ import type {
 interface UseTimelineDragDropProps {
 	containerRef: RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>;
 	headerRef?: RefObject<HTMLElement | null>;
+	tracksScrollRef?: RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>;
 	zoomLevel: number;
 }

 export function useTimelineDragDrop({
 	containerRef,
 	headerRef,
+	tracksScrollRef,
 	zoomLevel,
 }: UseTimelineDragDropProps) {
 	const editor = useEditor();
@ -104,11 +106,16 @@ export function useTimelineDragDrop({
 		(e: React.DragEvent) => {
 			e.preventDefault();

-			const rect = containerRef.current?.getBoundingClientRect();
-			if (!rect) return;
+			const scrollContainer = tracksScrollRef?.current;
+			const referenceRect =
+				scrollContainer?.getBoundingClientRect() ??
+				containerRef.current?.getBoundingClientRect();
+			if (!referenceRect) return;

 			const headerHeight =
 				headerRef?.current?.getBoundingClientRect().height ?? 0;
+			const scrollLeft = scrollContainer?.scrollLeft ?? 0;
+			const scrollTop = scrollContainer?.scrollTop ?? 0;
 			const hasFiles = e.dataTransfer.types.includes("Files");
 			const isExternal =
 				hasFiles && !hasDragData({ dataTransfer: e.dataTransfer });
@ -131,8 +138,8 @@ export function useTimelineDragDrop({
 				mediaId: dragData?.type === "media" ? dragData.id : undefined,
 			});

-			const mouseX = e.clientX - rect.left;
-			const mouseY = Math.max(0, e.clientY - rect.top - headerHeight);
+			const mouseX = e.clientX - referenceRect.left + scrollLeft;
+			const mouseY = e.clientY - referenceRect.top + scrollTop - headerHeight;

 			const targetElementTypes =
 				dragData?.type === "effect"
@ -162,6 +169,7 @@ export function useTimelineDragDrop({
 		[
 			containerRef,
 			headerRef,
+			tracksScrollRef,
 			tracks,
 			currentTime,
 			zoomLevel,
@ -200,19 +208,6 @@ export function useTimelineDragDrop({
 			target: DropTarget;
 			dragData: { name?: string; content?: string };
 		}) => {
-			let trackId: string;
-
-			if (target.isNewTrack) {
-				trackId = editor.timeline.addTrack({
-					type: "text",
-					index: target.trackIndex,
-				});
-			} else {
-				const track = tracks[target.trackIndex];
-				if (!track) return;
-				trackId = track.id;
-			}
-
 			const element = buildTextElement({
 				raw: {
 					name: dragData.name ?? "",
@ -221,12 +216,26 @@ export function useTimelineDragDrop({
 				startTime: target.xPosition,
 			});

+			if (target.isNewTrack) {
+				const addTrackCmd = new AddTrackCommand("text", target.trackIndex);
+				const insertCmd = new InsertElementCommand({
+					element,
+					placement: { mode: "explicit", trackId: addTrackCmd.getTrackId() },
+				});
+				editor.command.execute({
+					command: new BatchCommand([addTrackCmd, insertCmd]),
+				});
+				return;
+			}
+
+			const track = tracks[target.trackIndex];
+			if (!track) return;
 			editor.timeline.insertElement({
-				placement: { mode: "explicit", trackId },
+				placement: { mode: "explicit", trackId: track.id },
 				element,
 			});
 		},
-		[editor.timeline, tracks],
+		[editor.command, editor.timeline, tracks],
 	);

 	const executeStickerDrop = useCallback(
@ -237,31 +246,32 @@ export function useTimelineDragDrop({
 			target: DropTarget;
 			dragData: StickerDragData;
 		}) => {
-			let trackId: string;
-
-			if (target.isNewTrack) {
-				trackId = editor.timeline.addTrack({
-					type: "sticker",
-					index: target.trackIndex,
-				});
-			} else {
-				const track = tracks[target.trackIndex];
-				if (!track) return;
-				trackId = track.id;
-			}
-
 			const element = buildStickerElement({
 				stickerId: dragData.stickerId,
 				name: dragData.name,
 				startTime: target.xPosition,
 			});

+			if (target.isNewTrack) {
+				const addTrackCmd = new AddTrackCommand("sticker", target.trackIndex);
+				const insertCmd = new InsertElementCommand({
+					element,
+					placement: { mode: "explicit", trackId: addTrackCmd.getTrackId() },
+				});
+				editor.command.execute({
+					command: new BatchCommand([addTrackCmd, insertCmd]),
+				});
+				return;
+			}
+
+			const track = tracks[target.trackIndex];
+			if (!track) return;
 			editor.timeline.insertElement({
-				placement: { mode: "explicit", trackId },
+				placement: { mode: "explicit", trackId: track.id },
 				element,
 			});
 		},
-		[editor.timeline, tracks],
+		[editor.command, editor.timeline, tracks],
 	);

 	const executeMediaDrop = useCallback(
@ -276,18 +286,6 @@ export function useTimelineDragDrop({

 			const trackType: TrackType =
 				dragData.mediaType === "audio" ? "audio" : "video";
-			let trackId: string;
-
-			if (target.isNewTrack) {
-				trackId = editor.timeline.addTrack({
-					type: trackType,
-					index: target.trackIndex,
-				});
-			} else {
-				const track = tracks[target.trackIndex];
-				if (!track) return;
-				trackId = track.id;
-			}

 			const duration =
 				mediaAsset.duration ?? TIMELINE_CONSTANTS.DEFAULT_ELEMENT_DURATION;
@ -299,31 +297,63 @@ export function useTimelineDragDrop({
 				startTime: target.xPosition,
 			});

+			if (target.isNewTrack) {
+				const addTrackCmd = new AddTrackCommand(trackType, target.trackIndex);
+				const insertCmd = new InsertElementCommand({
+					element,
+					placement: { mode: "explicit", trackId: addTrackCmd.getTrackId() },
+				});
+				editor.command.execute({
+					command: new BatchCommand([addTrackCmd, insertCmd]),
+				});
+				return;
+			}
+
+			const track = tracks[target.trackIndex];
+			if (!track) return;
 			editor.timeline.insertElement({
-				placement: { mode: "explicit", trackId },
+				placement: { mode: "explicit", trackId: track.id },
 				element,
 			});
 		},
-		[editor.timeline, mediaAssets, tracks],
+		[editor.command, editor.timeline, mediaAssets, tracks],
 	);

 	const executeEffectDrop = useCallback(
-		({ target, dragData }: { target: DropTarget; dragData: EffectDragData }) => {
+		({
+			target,
+			dragData,
+		}: {
+			target: DropTarget;
+			dragData: EffectDragData;
+		}) => {
+			if (target.targetElement) {
+				editor.timeline.addClipEffect({
+					trackId: target.targetElement.trackId,
+					elementId: target.targetElement.elementId,
+					effectType: dragData.effectType,
+				});
+				return;
+			}
+
 			const effectTrack = tracks.find((t) => t.type === "effect");
 			let trackId: string;

-			if (effectTrack && !target.targetElement) {
+			if (effectTrack) {
 				trackId = effectTrack.id;
-			} else if (target.targetElement) {
-				trackId = effectTrack?.id ?? editor.timeline.addTrack({
-					type: "effect",
-					index: 0,
-				});
 			} else if (target.isNewTrack) {
-				trackId = editor.timeline.addTrack({
-					type: "effect",
-					index: target.trackIndex,
+				const addTrackCmd = new AddTrackCommand("effect", target.trackIndex);
+				const insertCmd = new InsertElementCommand({
+					element: buildEffectElement({
+						effectType: dragData.effectType,
+						startTime: target.xPosition,
+					}),
+					placement: { mode: "explicit", trackId: addTrackCmd.getTrackId() },
 				});
+				editor.command.execute({
+					command: new BatchCommand([addTrackCmd, insertCmd]),
+				});
+				return;
 			} else {
 				const track = tracks[target.trackIndex];
 				if (!track || track.type !== "effect") return;
@ -340,7 +370,7 @@ export function useTimelineDragDrop({
 				element,
 			});
 		},
-		[editor.timeline, tracks],
+		[editor.command, editor.timeline, tracks],
 	);

 	const executeFileDrop = useCallback(
@ -452,12 +482,18 @@ export function useTimelineDragDrop({
 						executeMediaDrop({ target: currentTarget, dragData });
 					}
 				} else if (hasFiles) {
-					const rect = containerRef.current?.getBoundingClientRect();
-					if (!rect) return;
-					const mouseX = e.clientX - rect.left;
+					const scrollContainer = tracksScrollRef?.current;
+					const referenceRect =
+						scrollContainer?.getBoundingClientRect() ??
+						containerRef.current?.getBoundingClientRect();
+					if (!referenceRect) return;
+					const scrollLeft = scrollContainer?.scrollLeft ?? 0;
+					const scrollTop = scrollContainer?.scrollTop ?? 0;
+					const mouseX = e.clientX - referenceRect.left + scrollLeft;
 					const headerHeight =
 						headerRef?.current?.getBoundingClientRect().height ?? 0;
-					const mouseY = Math.max(0, e.clientY - rect.top - headerHeight);
+					const mouseY =
+						e.clientY - referenceRect.top + scrollTop - headerHeight;
 					await executeFileDrop({
 						files: Array.from(e.dataTransfer.files),
 						mouseX,
@ -478,6 +514,7 @@ export function useTimelineDragDrop({
 			executeFileDrop,
 			containerRef,
 			headerRef,
+			tracksScrollRef,
 		],
 	);

--- a/apps/web/src/hooks/use-transform-handles.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/hooks/use-transform-handles.ts
@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-import { useCallback, useRef, useState } from "react";
+import { useCallback, useRef, useState, useSyncExternalStore } from "react";
 import { useEditor } from "@/hooks/use-editor";
 import { useShiftKey } from "@/hooks/use-shift-key";
-import { useSyncExternalStore } from "react";
 import {
 	getVisibleElementsWithBounds,
 	type ElementWithBounds,
@ -18,7 +17,13 @@ import {
 	type SnapLine,
 } from "@/lib/preview/preview-snap";
 import { isVisualElement } from "@/lib/timeline/element-utils";
+import {
+	getElementLocalTime,
+	resolveTransformAtTime,
+	setChannel,
+} from "@/lib/animation";
 import type { Transform } from "@/types/timeline";
+import type { ElementAnimations } from "@/types/animation";

 type Corner = "top-left" | "top-right" | "bottom-left" | "bottom-right";
 type HandleType = Corner | "rotation";
@ -32,6 +37,8 @@ interface ScaleState {
 	initialBoundsCy: number;
 	baseWidth: number;
 	baseHeight: number;
+	shouldClearScaleAnimation: boolean;
+	animationsWithoutScale: ElementAnimations | undefined;
 }

 interface RotationState {
@ -78,16 +85,16 @@ function getCornerDistance({
 	};
 	corner: Corner;
 }): number {
-	const halfW = bounds.width / 2;
-	const halfH = bounds.height / 2;
+	const halfWidth = bounds.width / 2;
+	const halfHeight = bounds.height / 2;
 	const angleRad = (bounds.rotation * Math.PI) / 180;
 	const cos = Math.cos(angleRad);
 	const sin = Math.sin(angleRad);

 	const localX =
-		corner === "top-left" || corner === "bottom-left" ? -halfW : halfW;
+		corner === "top-left" || corner === "bottom-left" ? -halfWidth : halfWidth;
 	const localY =
-		corner === "top-left" || corner === "top-right" ? -halfH : halfH;
+		corner === "top-left" || corner === "top-right" ? -halfHeight : halfHeight;

 	const rotatedX = localX * cos - localY * sin;
 	const rotatedY = localX * sin + localY * cos;
@ -114,6 +121,8 @@ export function useTransformHandles({

 	const tracks = editor.timeline.getTracks();
 	const currentTime = editor.playback.getCurrentTime();
+	const currentTimeRef = useRef(currentTime);
+	currentTimeRef.current = currentTime;
 	const mediaAssets = editor.media.getAssets();
 	const canvasSize = editor.project.getActive().settings.canvasSize;

@ -144,19 +153,41 @@ export function useTransformHandles({
 			const { bounds, trackId, elementId, element } = selectedWithBounds;
 			if (!isVisualElement(element)) return;

+			const localTime = getElementLocalTime({
+				timelineTime: currentTimeRef.current,
+				elementStartTime: element.startTime,
+				elementDuration: element.duration,
+			});
+			const resolvedTransform = resolveTransformAtTime({
+				baseTransform: element.transform,
+				animations: element.animations,
+				localTime,
+			});
+
 			const initialDistance = getCornerDistance({ bounds, corner });
-			const baseWidth = bounds.width / element.transform.scale;
-			const baseHeight = bounds.height / element.transform.scale;
+			const baseWidth = bounds.width / resolvedTransform.scale;
+			const baseHeight = bounds.height / resolvedTransform.scale;
+			const shouldClearScaleAnimation =
+				!!element.animations?.channels["transform.scale"];
+			const animationsWithoutScale = shouldClearScaleAnimation
+				? setChannel({
+						animations: element.animations,
+						propertyPath: "transform.scale",
+						channel: undefined,
+					})
+				: element.animations;

 			scaleStateRef.current = {
 				trackId,
 				elementId,
-				initialTransform: element.transform,
+				initialTransform: resolvedTransform,
 				initialDistance,
 				initialBoundsCx: bounds.cx,
 				initialBoundsCy: bounds.cy,
 				baseWidth,
 				baseHeight,
+				shouldClearScaleAnimation,
+				animationsWithoutScale,
 			};
 			setActiveHandle(corner);
 			(event.currentTarget as HTMLElement).setPointerCapture(event.pointerId);
@ -172,19 +203,30 @@ export function useTransformHandles({
 			const { bounds, trackId, elementId, element } = selectedWithBounds;
 			if (!isVisualElement(element)) return;

+			const localTime = getElementLocalTime({
+				timelineTime: currentTimeRef.current,
+				elementStartTime: element.startTime,
+				elementDuration: element.duration,
+			});
+			const resolvedTransform = resolveTransformAtTime({
+				baseTransform: element.transform,
+				animations: element.animations,
+				localTime,
+			});
+
 			const position = screenToCanvas({
 				clientX: event.clientX,
 				clientY: event.clientY,
 				canvas: canvasRef.current,
 			});
-			const dx = position.x - bounds.cx;
-			const dy = position.y - bounds.cy;
-			const initialAngle = (Math.atan2(dy, dx) * 180) / Math.PI;
+		const deltaX = position.x - bounds.cx;
+		const deltaY = position.y - bounds.cy;
+		const initialAngle = (Math.atan2(deltaY, deltaX) * 180) / Math.PI;

 			rotationStateRef.current = {
 				trackId,
 				elementId,
-				initialTransform: element.transform,
+				initialTransform: resolvedTransform,
 				initialAngle,
 				initialBoundsCx: bounds.cx,
 				initialBoundsCy: bounds.cy,
@ -220,11 +262,13 @@ export function useTransformHandles({
 					initialBoundsCy,
 					baseWidth,
 					baseHeight,
+					shouldClearScaleAnimation,
+					animationsWithoutScale,
 				} = scaleStateRef.current;

-				const dx = position.x - initialBoundsCx;
-				const dy = position.y - initialBoundsCy;
-				const currentDistance = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy) || 1;
+			const deltaX = position.x - initialBoundsCx;
+			const deltaY = position.y - initialBoundsCy;
+			const currentDistance = Math.sqrt(deltaX * deltaX + deltaY * deltaY) || 1;
 				const scaleFactor = currentDistance / initialDistance;
 				const proposedScale = Math.max(
 					MIN_SCALE,
@ -258,14 +302,22 @@ export function useTransformHandles({
 					setSnapLines(activeLines);
 				}

+				const updates: {
+					transform: Transform;
+					animations?: ElementAnimations;
+				} = {
+					transform: { ...initialTransform, scale: snappedScale },
+				};
+				if (shouldClearScaleAnimation) {
+					updates.animations = animationsWithoutScale;
+				}
+
 				editor.timeline.previewElements({
 					updates: [
 						{
 							trackId,
 							elementId,
-							updates: {
-								transform: { ...initialTransform, scale: snappedScale },
-							},
+							updates,
 						},
 					],
 				});
@ -282,9 +334,9 @@ export function useTransformHandles({
 					initialBoundsCy,
 				} = rotationStateRef.current;

-				const dx = position.x - initialBoundsCx;
-				const dy = position.y - initialBoundsCy;
-				const currentAngle = (Math.atan2(dy, dx) * 180) / Math.PI;
+			const deltaX = position.x - initialBoundsCx;
+			const deltaY = position.y - initialBoundsCy;
+			const currentAngle = (Math.atan2(deltaY, deltaX) * 180) / Math.PI;
 				let deltaAngle = currentAngle - initialAngle;
 				if (deltaAngle > 180) deltaAngle -= 360;
 				if (deltaAngle < -180) deltaAngle += 360;
--- a/apps/web/src/lib/actions/definitions.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/lib/actions/definitions.ts
@ -114,6 +114,11 @@ export const ACTIONS = {
 		category: "selection",
 		defaultShortcuts: ["ctrl+a"],
 	},
+	"deselect-all": {
+		description: "Deselect all elements",
+		category: "selection",
+		defaultShortcuts: ["escape"],
+	},
 	"duplicate-selected": {
 		description: "Duplicate selected element",
 		category: "selection",
@ -145,7 +150,7 @@ export const ACTIONS = {

 export type TAction = keyof typeof ACTIONS;

-export function getActionDefinition(action: TAction): TActionDefinition {
+export function getActionDefinition({ action }: { action: TAction }): TActionDefinition {
 	return ACTIONS[action];
 }

--- a/apps/web/src/lib/animation/effect-param-channel.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/lib/animation/effect-param-channel.ts
@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+import type { Effect, EffectParamValues } from "@/types/effects";
+import type {
+	ElementAnimations,
+	NumberAnimationChannel,
+} from "@/types/animation";
+import {
+	getChannel,
+	removeKeyframe,
+	setChannel,
+	upsertKeyframe,
+} from "./keyframes";
+import { getChannelValueAtTime } from "./interpolation";
+
+const EFFECT_PARAM_PATH_PREFIX = "effects.";
+const EFFECT_PARAM_PATH_SUFFIX = ".params.";
+
+function buildEffectParamPath({
+	effectId,
+	paramKey,
+}: {
+	effectId: string;
+	paramKey: string;
+}): string {
+	return `${EFFECT_PARAM_PATH_PREFIX}${effectId}${EFFECT_PARAM_PATH_SUFFIX}${paramKey}`;
+}
+
+export function resolveEffectParamsAtTime({
+	effect,
+	animations,
+	localTime,
+}: {
+	effect: Effect;
+	animations: ElementAnimations | undefined;
+	localTime: number;
+}): EffectParamValues {
+	const resolved: EffectParamValues = {};
+
+	for (const [paramKey, staticValue] of Object.entries(effect.params)) {
+		const path = buildEffectParamPath({ effectId: effect.id, paramKey });
+		const channel = getChannel({ animations, propertyPath: path });
+		if (channel && channel.keyframes.length > 0) {
+			resolved[paramKey] = getChannelValueAtTime({
+				channel,
+				time: localTime,
+				fallbackValue: staticValue,
+			}) as number | string | boolean;
+		} else {
+			resolved[paramKey] = staticValue;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return resolved;
+}
+
+const EMPTY_NUMBER_CHANNEL: NumberAnimationChannel = {
+	valueKind: "number",
+	keyframes: [],
+};
+
+export function upsertEffectParamKeyframe({
+	animations,
+	effectId,
+	paramKey,
+	time,
+	value,
+	interpolation,
+	keyframeId,
+}: {
+	animations: ElementAnimations | undefined;
+	effectId: string;
+	paramKey: string;
+	time: number;
+	value: number;
+	interpolation?: "linear" | "hold";
+	keyframeId?: string;
+}): ElementAnimations | undefined {
+	const path = buildEffectParamPath({ effectId, paramKey });
+	const channel = getChannel({ animations, propertyPath: path });
+	const targetChannel =
+		channel && channel.valueKind === "number" ? channel : EMPTY_NUMBER_CHANNEL;
+	const updatedChannel = upsertKeyframe({
+		channel: targetChannel,
+		time,
+		value,
+		interpolation: interpolation ?? "linear",
+		keyframeId,
+	});
+
+	return (
+		setChannel({
+			animations,
+			propertyPath: path,
+			channel: updatedChannel,
+		}) ?? { channels: {} }
+	);
+}
+
+export function removeEffectParamKeyframe({
+	animations,
+	effectId,
+	paramKey,
+	keyframeId,
+}: {
+	animations: ElementAnimations | undefined;
+	effectId: string;
+	paramKey: string;
+	keyframeId: string;
+}): ElementAnimations | undefined {
+	const path = buildEffectParamPath({ effectId, paramKey });
+	const channel = getChannel({ animations, propertyPath: path });
+	const updatedChannel = removeKeyframe({ channel, keyframeId });
+	return setChannel({
+		animations,
+		propertyPath: path,
+		channel: updatedChannel,
+	});
+}
--- a/apps/web/src/lib/animation/keyframes.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/lib/animation/keyframes.ts
@ -127,7 +127,9 @@ function buildKeyframe({
 	}

 	if (typeof value !== "string" && typeof value !== "boolean") {
-		throw new Error("Discrete channel keyframes require boolean or string values");
+		throw new Error(
+			"Discrete channel keyframes require boolean or string values",
+		);
 	}

 	return {
@ -145,14 +147,23 @@ function createEmptyChannel({
 }): AnimationChannel {
 	const propertyDefinition = getAnimationPropertyDefinition({ propertyPath });
 	if (propertyDefinition.valueKind === "number") {
-		return { valueKind: "number", keyframes: [] } satisfies NumberAnimationChannel;
+		return {
+			valueKind: "number",
+			keyframes: [],
+		} satisfies NumberAnimationChannel;
 	}

 	if (propertyDefinition.valueKind === "color") {
-		return { valueKind: "color", keyframes: [] } satisfies ColorAnimationChannel;
+		return {
+			valueKind: "color",
+			keyframes: [],
+		} satisfies ColorAnimationChannel;
 	}

-	return { valueKind: "discrete", keyframes: [] } satisfies DiscreteAnimationChannel;
+	return {
+		valueKind: "discrete",
+		keyframes: [],
+	} satisfies DiscreteAnimationChannel;
 }

 export function upsertKeyframe({
@ -432,7 +443,10 @@ export function splitAnimationsAtTime({
 		const hasBoundaryOnRight = rightKeyframes.some((keyframe) =>
 			isNearlySameTime({ leftTime: keyframe.time, rightTime: 0 }),
 		);
-		if (shouldIncludeSplitBoundary && (!hasBoundaryOnLeft || !hasBoundaryOnRight)) {
+		if (
+			shouldIncludeSplitBoundary &&
+			(!hasBoundaryOnLeft || !hasBoundaryOnRight)
+		) {
 			const boundaryValue = getChannelValueAtTime({
 				channel: normalizedChannel,
 				time: splitTime,
@ -442,7 +456,9 @@ export function splitAnimationsAtTime({
 				? (propertyPath as AnimationPropertyPath)
 				: null;
 			const boundaryInterpolation = knownPropertyPath
-				? getDefaultInterpolationForProperty({ propertyPath: knownPropertyPath })
+				? getDefaultInterpolationForProperty({
+						propertyPath: knownPropertyPath,
+					})
 				: normalizedChannel.valueKind === "discrete"
 					? "hold"
 					: "linear";
@ -523,7 +539,9 @@ export function upsertElementKeyframe({
 		return animations;
 	}

-	const defaultInterpolation = getDefaultInterpolationForProperty({ propertyPath });
+	const defaultInterpolation = getDefaultInterpolationForProperty({
+		propertyPath,
+	});
 	const propertyDefinition = getAnimationPropertyDefinition({ propertyPath });
 	const channel = getChannel({ animations, propertyPath });
 	const targetChannel =
--- a/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/effects/add-effect.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/effects/add-effect.ts
@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+import { Command } from "@/lib/commands/base-command";
+import { EditorCore } from "@/core";
+import { isVisualElement, updateElementInTracks } from "@/lib/timeline";
+import type { TimelineTrack, VisualElement } from "@/types/timeline";
+import { buildDefaultEffectInstance } from "@/lib/effects";
+
+function addEffectToElement({
+	element,
+	effectType,
+}: {
+	element: VisualElement;
+	effectType: string;
+}): VisualElement {
+	const instance = buildDefaultEffectInstance({ effectType });
+	const currentEffects = element.effects ?? [];
+	return { ...element, effects: [...currentEffects, instance] };
+}
+
+export class AddClipEffectCommand extends Command {
+	private savedState: TimelineTrack[] | null = null;
+	private effectId: string | null = null;
+	private readonly trackId: string;
+	private readonly elementId: string;
+	private readonly effectType: string;
+
+	constructor({
+		trackId,
+		elementId,
+		effectType,
+	}: {
+		trackId: string;
+		elementId: string;
+		effectType: string;
+	}) {
+		super();
+		this.trackId = trackId;
+		this.elementId = elementId;
+		this.effectType = effectType;
+	}
+
+	execute(): void {
+		const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
+		this.savedState = editor.timeline.getTracks();
+
+		const updatedTracks = updateElementInTracks({
+			tracks: this.savedState,
+			trackId: this.trackId,
+			elementId: this.elementId,
+			elementPredicate: isVisualElement,
+		update: (element) => {
+			const updated = addEffectToElement({
+				element: element as VisualElement,
+				effectType: this.effectType,
+			});
+				const effects = updated.effects ?? [];
+				this.effectId = effects[effects.length - 1]?.id ?? null;
+				return updated;
+			},
+		});
+
+		editor.timeline.updateTracks(updatedTracks);
+	}
+
+	undo(): void {
+		if (this.savedState) {
+			const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
+			editor.timeline.updateTracks(this.savedState);
+		}
+	}
+
+	getEffectId(): string | null {
+		return this.effectId;
+	}
+}
--- a/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/effects/index.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/effects/index.ts
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+export { AddClipEffectCommand } from "./add-effect";
+export { RemoveClipEffectCommand } from "./remove-effect";
+export { ToggleClipEffectCommand } from "./toggle-effect";
+export { UpdateClipEffectParamsCommand } from "./update-effect-params";
+export { ReorderClipEffectsCommand } from "./reorder-effect";
--- a/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/effects/remove-effect.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/effects/remove-effect.ts
@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import { Command } from "@/lib/commands/base-command";
+import { EditorCore } from "@/core";
+import { isVisualElement, updateElementInTracks } from "@/lib/timeline";
+import type { TimelineTrack, VisualElement } from "@/types/timeline";
+
+function removeEffectFromElement({
+	element,
+	effectId,
+}: {
+	element: VisualElement;
+	effectId: string;
+}): VisualElement {
+	const currentEffects = element.effects ?? [];
+	const filtered = currentEffects.filter((effect) => effect.id !== effectId);
+	return { ...element, effects: filtered };
+}
+
+export class RemoveClipEffectCommand extends Command {
+	private savedState: TimelineTrack[] | null = null;
+	private readonly trackId: string;
+	private readonly elementId: string;
+	private readonly effectId: string;
+
+	constructor({
+		trackId,
+		elementId,
+		effectId,
+	}: {
+		trackId: string;
+		elementId: string;
+		effectId: string;
+	}) {
+		super();
+		this.trackId = trackId;
+		this.elementId = elementId;
+		this.effectId = effectId;
+	}
+
+	execute(): void {
+		const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
+		this.savedState = editor.timeline.getTracks();
+
+		const updatedTracks = updateElementInTracks({
+			tracks: this.savedState,
+			trackId: this.trackId,
+			elementId: this.elementId,
+			elementPredicate: isVisualElement,
+		update: (element) => {
+			return removeEffectFromElement({
+				element: element as VisualElement,
+				effectId: this.effectId,
+			});
+			},
+		});
+
+		editor.timeline.updateTracks(updatedTracks);
+	}
+
+	undo(): void {
+		if (this.savedState) {
+			const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
+			editor.timeline.updateTracks(this.savedState);
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/effects/reorder-effect.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/effects/reorder-effect.ts
@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import { Command } from "@/lib/commands/base-command";
+import { EditorCore } from "@/core";
+import { isVisualElement, updateElementInTracks } from "@/lib/timeline";
+import type { TimelineTrack, VisualElement } from "@/types/timeline";
+
+function reorderEffectsOnElement({
+	element,
+	fromIndex,
+	toIndex,
+}: {
+	element: VisualElement;
+	fromIndex: number;
+	toIndex: number;
+}): VisualElement {
+	const effects = [...(element.effects ?? [])];
+	const [moved] = effects.splice(fromIndex, 1);
+	effects.splice(toIndex, 0, moved);
+	return { ...element, effects };
+}
+
+export class ReorderClipEffectsCommand extends Command {
+	private savedState: TimelineTrack[] | null = null;
+	private readonly trackId: string;
+	private readonly elementId: string;
+	private readonly fromIndex: number;
+	private readonly toIndex: number;
+
+	constructor({
+		trackId,
+		elementId,
+		fromIndex,
+		toIndex,
+	}: {
+		trackId: string;
+		elementId: string;
+		fromIndex: number;
+		toIndex: number;
+	}) {
+		super();
+		this.trackId = trackId;
+		this.elementId = elementId;
+		this.fromIndex = fromIndex;
+		this.toIndex = toIndex;
+	}
+
+	execute(): void {
+		const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
+		this.savedState = editor.timeline.getTracks();
+
+		const updatedTracks = updateElementInTracks({
+			tracks: this.savedState,
+			trackId: this.trackId,
+			elementId: this.elementId,
+			elementPredicate: isVisualElement,
+		update: (element) => {
+			return reorderEffectsOnElement({
+				element: element as VisualElement,
+				fromIndex: this.fromIndex,
+				toIndex: this.toIndex,
+			});
+			},
+		});
+
+		editor.timeline.updateTracks(updatedTracks);
+	}
+
+	undo(): void {
+		if (this.savedState) {
+			const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
+			editor.timeline.updateTracks(this.savedState);
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/effects/toggle-effect.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/effects/toggle-effect.ts
@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+import { Command } from "@/lib/commands/base-command";
+import { EditorCore } from "@/core";
+import { isVisualElement, updateElementInTracks } from "@/lib/timeline";
+import type { TimelineTrack, VisualElement } from "@/types/timeline";
+
+export function toggleEffectOnElement({
+	element,
+	effectId,
+}: {
+	element: VisualElement;
+	effectId: string;
+}): VisualElement {
+	const currentEffects = element.effects ?? [];
+	const updated = currentEffects.map((effect) =>
+		effect.id === effectId ? { ...effect, enabled: !effect.enabled } : effect,
+	);
+	return { ...element, effects: updated };
+}
+
+export class ToggleClipEffectCommand extends Command {
+	private savedState: TimelineTrack[] | null = null;
+	private readonly trackId: string;
+	private readonly elementId: string;
+	private readonly effectId: string;
+
+	constructor({
+		trackId,
+		elementId,
+		effectId,
+	}: {
+		trackId: string;
+		elementId: string;
+		effectId: string;
+	}) {
+		super();
+		this.trackId = trackId;
+		this.elementId = elementId;
+		this.effectId = effectId;
+	}
+
+	execute(): void {
+		const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
+		this.savedState = editor.timeline.getTracks();
+
+		const updatedTracks = updateElementInTracks({
+			tracks: this.savedState,
+			trackId: this.trackId,
+			elementId: this.elementId,
+			elementPredicate: isVisualElement,
+		update: (element) => {
+			return toggleEffectOnElement({
+				element: element as VisualElement,
+				effectId: this.effectId,
+			});
+			},
+		});
+
+		editor.timeline.updateTracks(updatedTracks);
+	}
+
+	undo(): void {
+		if (this.savedState) {
+			const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
+			editor.timeline.updateTracks(this.savedState);
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/effects/update-effect-params.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/effects/update-effect-params.ts
@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+import { Command } from "@/lib/commands/base-command";
+import { EditorCore } from "@/core";
+import { isVisualElement, updateElementInTracks } from "@/lib/timeline";
+import type { EffectParamValues } from "@/types/effects";
+import type { TimelineTrack, VisualElement } from "@/types/timeline";
+
+function updateEffectParamsOnElement({
+	element,
+	effectId,
+	params,
+}: {
+	element: VisualElement;
+	effectId: string;
+	params: Partial<EffectParamValues>;
+}): VisualElement {
+	const currentEffects = element.effects ?? [];
+	const updated = currentEffects.map((effect) => {
+		if (effect.id !== effectId) {
+			return effect;
+		}
+
+		const nextParams = { ...effect.params };
+		for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(params)) {
+			if (value !== undefined) {
+				nextParams[key] = value;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return { ...effect, params: nextParams };
+	});
+	return { ...element, effects: updated };
+}
+
+export class UpdateClipEffectParamsCommand extends Command {
+	private savedState: TimelineTrack[] | null = null;
+	private readonly trackId: string;
+	private readonly elementId: string;
+	private readonly effectId: string;
+	private readonly params: Partial<EffectParamValues>;
+
+	constructor({
+		trackId,
+		elementId,
+		effectId,
+		params,
+	}: {
+		trackId: string;
+		elementId: string;
+		effectId: string;
+		params: Partial<EffectParamValues>;
+	}) {
+		super();
+		this.trackId = trackId;
+		this.elementId = elementId;
+		this.effectId = effectId;
+		this.params = params;
+	}
+
+	execute(): void {
+		const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
+		this.savedState = editor.timeline.getTracks();
+
+		const updatedTracks = updateElementInTracks({
+			tracks: this.savedState,
+			trackId: this.trackId,
+			elementId: this.elementId,
+			elementPredicate: isVisualElement,
+		update: (element) => {
+			return updateEffectParamsOnElement({
+				element: element as VisualElement,
+				effectId: this.effectId,
+				params: this.params,
+			});
+			},
+		});
+
+		editor.timeline.updateTracks(updatedTracks);
+	}
+
+	undo(): void {
+		if (this.savedState) {
+			const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
+			editor.timeline.updateTracks(this.savedState);
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/index.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/index.ts
@ -10,3 +10,4 @@ export { ToggleElementsVisibilityCommand } from "./toggle-elements-visibility";
 export { ToggleElementsMutedCommand } from "./toggle-elements-muted";
 export { MoveElementCommand } from "./move-elements";
 export * from "./keyframes";
+export * from "./effects";
--- a/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/keyframes/index.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/keyframes/index.ts
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+export * from "./remove-effect-param-keyframe";
 export * from "./remove-keyframe";
 export * from "./retime-keyframe";
+export * from "./upsert-effect-param-keyframe";
 export * from "./upsert-keyframe";
--- a/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/keyframes/remove-effect-param-keyframe.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/keyframes/remove-effect-param-keyframe.ts
@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+import { EditorCore } from "@/core";
+import { Command } from "@/lib/commands/base-command";
+import { removeEffectParamKeyframe } from "@/lib/animation/effect-param-channel";
+import { updateElementInTracks } from "@/lib/timeline";
+import { isVisualElement } from "@/lib/timeline/element-utils";
+import type { TimelineTrack } from "@/types/timeline";
+
+export class RemoveEffectParamKeyframeCommand extends Command {
+	private savedState: TimelineTrack[] | null = null;
+	private readonly trackId: string;
+	private readonly elementId: string;
+	private readonly effectId: string;
+	private readonly paramKey: string;
+	private readonly keyframeId: string;
+
+	constructor({
+		trackId,
+		elementId,
+		effectId,
+		paramKey,
+		keyframeId,
+	}: {
+		trackId: string;
+		elementId: string;
+		effectId: string;
+		paramKey: string;
+		keyframeId: string;
+	}) {
+		super();
+		this.trackId = trackId;
+		this.elementId = elementId;
+		this.effectId = effectId;
+		this.paramKey = paramKey;
+		this.keyframeId = keyframeId;
+	}
+
+	execute(): void {
+		const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
+		this.savedState = editor.timeline.getTracks();
+
+		const updatedTracks = updateElementInTracks({
+			tracks: this.savedState,
+			trackId: this.trackId,
+			elementId: this.elementId,
+			elementPredicate: isVisualElement,
+			update: (element) => {
+				const animations = removeEffectParamKeyframe({
+					animations: element.animations,
+					effectId: this.effectId,
+					paramKey: this.paramKey,
+					keyframeId: this.keyframeId,
+				});
+				return { ...element, animations };
+			},
+		});
+
+		editor.timeline.updateTracks(updatedTracks);
+	}
+
+	undo(): void {
+		if (!this.savedState) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
+		editor.timeline.updateTracks(this.savedState);
+	}
+}
--- a/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/keyframes/upsert-effect-param-keyframe.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/keyframes/upsert-effect-param-keyframe.ts
@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+import { EditorCore } from "@/core";
+import { Command } from "@/lib/commands/base-command";
+import { upsertEffectParamKeyframe } from "@/lib/animation/effect-param-channel";
+import { updateElementInTracks } from "@/lib/timeline";
+import { isVisualElement } from "@/lib/timeline/element-utils";
+import type { TimelineTrack } from "@/types/timeline";
+
+export class UpsertEffectParamKeyframeCommand extends Command {
+	private savedState: TimelineTrack[] | null = null;
+	private readonly trackId: string;
+	private readonly elementId: string;
+	private readonly effectId: string;
+	private readonly paramKey: string;
+	private readonly time: number;
+	private readonly value: number;
+	private readonly interpolation: "linear" | "hold" | undefined;
+	private readonly keyframeId: string | undefined;
+
+	constructor({
+		trackId,
+		elementId,
+		effectId,
+		paramKey,
+		time,
+		value,
+		interpolation,
+		keyframeId,
+	}: {
+		trackId: string;
+		elementId: string;
+		effectId: string;
+		paramKey: string;
+		time: number;
+		value: number;
+		interpolation?: "linear" | "hold";
+		keyframeId?: string;
+	}) {
+		super();
+		this.trackId = trackId;
+		this.elementId = elementId;
+		this.effectId = effectId;
+		this.paramKey = paramKey;
+		this.time = time;
+		this.value = value;
+		this.interpolation = interpolation;
+		this.keyframeId = keyframeId;
+	}
+
+	execute(): void {
+		const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
+		this.savedState = editor.timeline.getTracks();
+
+		const updatedTracks = updateElementInTracks({
+			tracks: this.savedState,
+			trackId: this.trackId,
+			elementId: this.elementId,
+			elementPredicate: isVisualElement,
+			update: (element) => {
+				const boundedTime = Math.max(0, Math.min(this.time, element.duration));
+				const animations = upsertEffectParamKeyframe({
+					animations: element.animations,
+					effectId: this.effectId,
+					paramKey: this.paramKey,
+					time: boundedTime,
+					value: this.value,
+					interpolation: this.interpolation,
+					keyframeId: this.keyframeId,
+				});
+				return { ...element, animations };
+			},
+		});
+
+		editor.timeline.updateTracks(updatedTracks);
+	}
+
+	undo(): void {
+		if (!this.savedState) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
+		editor.timeline.updateTracks(this.savedState);
+	}
+}
--- a/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/move-elements.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/lib/commands/timeline/element/move-elements.ts
@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {
 	validateElementTrackCompatibility,
 	enforceMainTrackStart,
 } from "@/lib/timeline/track-utils";
+import { rippleShiftElements } from "@/lib/timeline/ripple-utils";

 export class MoveElementCommand extends Command {
 	private savedState: TimelineTrack[] | null = null;
@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ export class MoveElementCommand extends Command {
 	private readonly elementId: string;
 	private readonly newStartTime: number;
 	private readonly createTrack: { type: TrackType; index: number } | undefined;
+	private readonly rippleEnabled: boolean;

 	constructor({
 		sourceTrackId,
@ -26,12 +28,14 @@ export class MoveElementCommand extends Command {
 		elementId,
 		newStartTime,
 		createTrack,
+		rippleEnabled = false,
 	}: {
 		sourceTrackId: string;
 		targetTrackId: string;
 		elementId: string;
 		newStartTime: number;
 		createTrack?: { type: TrackType; index: number };
+		rippleEnabled?: boolean;
 	}) {
 		super();
 		this.sourceTrackId = sourceTrackId;
@ -39,6 +43,7 @@ export class MoveElementCommand extends Command {
 		this.elementId = elementId;
 		this.newStartTime = newStartTime;
 		this.createTrack = createTrack;
+		this.rippleEnabled = rippleEnabled;
 	}

 	execute(): void {
@ -53,8 +58,7 @@ export class MoveElementCommand extends Command {
 		);

 		if (!sourceTrack || !element) {
-			console.error("Source track or element not found");
-			return;
+			throw new Error("Source track or element not found");
 		}

 		let targetTrack = this.savedState.find((track) => track.id === this.targetTrackId);
@ -69,8 +73,7 @@ export class MoveElementCommand extends Command {
 			targetTrack = newTrack;
 		}
 		if (!targetTrack) {
-			console.error("Target track not found");
-			return;
+			throw new Error("Target track not found");
 		}

 		const validation = validateElementTrackCompatibility({
@ -79,8 +82,7 @@ export class MoveElementCommand extends Command {
 		});

 		if (!validation.isValid) {
-			console.error(validation.errorMessage);
-			return;
+			throw new Error(validation.errorMessage);
 		}

 		const adjustedStartTime = enforceMainTrackStart({
@ -105,27 +107,32 @@ export class MoveElementCommand extends Command {
 					elements: track.elements.map((trackElement) =>
 						trackElement.id === this.elementId ? movedElement : trackElement,
 					),
-				};
+				} as typeof track;
 			}

 			if (track.id === this.sourceTrackId) {
-				return {
-					...track,
-					elements: track.elements.filter(
-						(trackElement) => trackElement.id !== this.elementId,
-					),
-				};
+				const remainingElements = track.elements.filter(
+					(trackElement) => trackElement.id !== this.elementId,
+				);
+				const shiftedElements = this.rippleEnabled
+					? rippleShiftElements({
+							elements: remainingElements,
+							afterTime: element.startTime,
+							shiftAmount: element.duration,
+						})
+					: remainingElements;
+				return { ...track, elements: shiftedElements } as typeof track;
 			}

 			if (track.id === this.targetTrackId) {
 				return {
 					...track,
 					elements: [...track.elements, movedElement],
-				};
+				} as typeof track;
 			}

-		return track;
-	});
+			return track;
+		});

 		if (!isSameTrack) {
 			const sourceTrackAfterMove = updatedTracks.find(
--- a/apps/web/src/lib/export.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/lib/export.ts
@ -16,3 +16,23 @@ export function getExportFileExtension({
 }): string {
 	return `.${format}`;
 }
+
+export function downloadBuffer({
+	buffer,
+	filename,
+	mimeType,
+}: {
+	buffer: ArrayBuffer;
+	filename: string;
+	mimeType: string;
+}): void {
+	const blob = new Blob([buffer], { type: mimeType });
+	const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
+	const downloadLink = document.createElement("a");
+	downloadLink.href = url;
+	downloadLink.download = filename;
+	document.body.appendChild(downloadLink);
+	downloadLink.click();
+	document.body.removeChild(downloadLink);
+	URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
+}
--- a/apps/web/src/lib/text/layout.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/lib/text/layout.ts
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { DEFAULT_TEXT_BACKGROUND } from "@/constants/text-constants";
-import type { TextElement } from "@/types/timeline";
+import type { TextBackground, TextElement } from "@/types/timeline";

 type TextRect = {
 	left: number;
@ -74,8 +74,12 @@ function getTextRect({
 	textAlign: TextElement["textAlign"];
 	block: TextBlockMeasurement;
 }): TextRect {
-	const left =
-		textAlign === "left" ? 0 : textAlign === "right" ? -block.maxWidth : -block.maxWidth / 2;
+	const textAlignToLeft: Record<typeof textAlign, number> = {
+		left: 0,
+		right: -block.maxWidth,
+		center: -block.maxWidth / 2,
+	};
+	const left = textAlignToLeft[textAlign];

 	return {
 		left,
@ -88,9 +92,13 @@ function getTextRect({
 function isTextBackgroundVisible({
 	background,
 }: {
-	background: TextElement["background"];
+	background: TextBackground;
 }): boolean {
-	return Boolean(background.color) && background.color !== "transparent";
+	return (
+		background.enabled &&
+		Boolean(background.color) &&
+		background.color !== "transparent"
+	);
 }

 export function getTextBackgroundRect({
@ -101,7 +109,7 @@ export function getTextBackgroundRect({
 }: {
 	textAlign: TextElement["textAlign"];
 	block: TextBlockMeasurement;
-	background: TextElement["background"];
+	background: TextBackground;
 	fontSizeRatio?: number;
 }): TextRect | null {
 	if (!isTextBackgroundVisible({ background })) {
@ -132,7 +140,7 @@ export function getTextVisualRect({
 }: {
 	textAlign: TextElement["textAlign"];
 	block: TextBlockMeasurement;
-	background: TextElement["background"];
+	background: TextBackground;
 	fontSizeRatio?: number;
 }): TextRect {
 	const textRect = getTextRect({ textAlign, block });
--- a/apps/web/src/lib/timeline/element-utils.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/lib/timeline/element-utils.ts
@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import type {
 	CreateStickerElement,
 	CreateUploadAudioElement,
 	CreateLibraryAudioElement,
+	TextBackground,
 	TextElement,
 	TimelineElement,
 	TimelineTrack,
@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ export function isVisualElement(
 export function canElementBeHidden(
 	element: TimelineElement,
 ): element is VisualElement {
-	return element.type !== "audio";
+	return isVisualElement(element);
 }

 export function hasMediaId(
@ -127,13 +128,30 @@ export function wouldElementOverlap({
 	endTime: number;
 	excludeElementId?: string;
 }): boolean {
-	return elements.some((el) => {
-		if (excludeElementId && el.id === excludeElementId) return false;
-		const elEnd = el.startTime + el.duration;
-		return startTime < elEnd && endTime > el.startTime;
+	return elements.some((element) => {
+		if (excludeElementId && element.id === excludeElementId) return false;
+		const elementEnd = element.startTime + element.duration;
+		return startTime < elementEnd && endTime > element.startTime;
 	});
 }

+function buildTextBackground(
+	raw: Partial<TextBackground> | undefined,
+): TextBackground {
+	const color = raw?.color ?? DEFAULT_TEXT_ELEMENT.background.color;
+	const enabled =
+		typeof raw?.enabled === "boolean" ? raw.enabled : color !== "transparent";
+	return {
+		enabled,
+		color,
+		cornerRadius: raw?.cornerRadius,
+		paddingX: raw?.paddingX,
+		paddingY: raw?.paddingY,
+		offsetX: raw?.offsetX,
+		offsetY: raw?.offsetY,
+	};
+}
+
 export function buildTextElement({
 	raw,
 	startTime,
@ -157,14 +175,7 @@ export function buildTextElement({
 				: DEFAULT_TEXT_ELEMENT.fontSize,
 		fontFamily: t.fontFamily ?? DEFAULT_TEXT_ELEMENT.fontFamily,
 		color: t.color ?? DEFAULT_TEXT_ELEMENT.color,
-		background: {
-			color: t.background?.color ?? DEFAULT_TEXT_ELEMENT.background.color,
-			cornerRadius: t.background?.cornerRadius,
-			paddingX: t.background?.paddingX,
-			paddingY: t.background?.paddingY,
-			offsetX: t.background?.offsetX,
-			offsetY: t.background?.offsetY,
-		},
+		background: buildTextBackground(t.background),
 		textAlign: t.textAlign ?? DEFAULT_TEXT_ELEMENT.textAlign,
 		fontWeight: t.fontWeight ?? DEFAULT_TEXT_ELEMENT.fontWeight,
 		fontStyle: t.fontStyle ?? DEFAULT_TEXT_ELEMENT.fontStyle,
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/text-node.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/text-node.ts
@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 import type { CanvasRenderer } from "../canvas-renderer";
+import { createOffscreenCanvas } from "../canvas-utils";
 import { BaseNode } from "./base-node";
 import type { TextElement } from "@/types/timeline";
 import {
 	DEFAULT_TEXT_ELEMENT,
 	DEFAULT_LINE_HEIGHT,
 	FONT_SIZE_SCALE_REFERENCE,
+	CORNER_RADIUS_MAX,
+	CORNER_RADIUS_MIN,
 } from "@/constants/text-constants";
 import {
 	getMetricAscent,
@ -17,6 +20,10 @@ import {
 	resolveOpacityAtTime,
 	resolveTransformAtTime,
 } from "@/lib/animation";
+import { resolveEffectParamsAtTime } from "@/lib/animation/effect-param-channel";
+import { getEffect } from "@/lib/effects";
+import { webglEffectRenderer } from "../webgl-effect-renderer";
+import { clamp } from "@/utils/math";

 function scaleFontSize({
 	fontSize,
@ -32,6 +39,9 @@ function quoteFontFamily({ fontFamily }: { fontFamily: string }): string {
 	return `"${fontFamily.replace(/"/g, '\\"')}"`;
 }

+const TEXT_DECORATION_THICKNESS_RATIO = 0.07;
+const STRIKETHROUGH_VERTICAL_RATIO = 0.35;
+
 function drawTextDecoration({
 	ctx,
 	textDecoration,
@ -51,7 +61,7 @@ function drawTextDecoration({
 }): void {
 	if (textDecoration === "none" || !textDecoration) return;

-	const thickness = Math.max(1, scaledFontSize * 0.07);
+	const thickness = Math.max(1, scaledFontSize * TEXT_DECORATION_THICKNESS_RATIO);
 	const ascent = getMetricAscent({ metrics, fallbackFontSize: scaledFontSize });
 	const descent = getMetricDescent({ metrics, fallbackFontSize: scaledFontSize });

@ -65,7 +75,7 @@ function drawTextDecoration({
 	}

 	if (textDecoration === "line-through") {
-		const strikeY = lineY - (ascent - descent) * 0.35;
+		const strikeY = lineY - (ascent - descent) * STRIKETHROUGH_VERTICAL_RATIO;
 		ctx.fillRect(xStart, strikeY, lineWidth, thickness);
 	}
 }
@ -89,8 +99,6 @@ export class TextNode extends BaseNode<TextNodeParams> {
 			return;
 		}

-		renderer.context.save();
-
 		const localTime = getElementLocalTime({
 			timelineTime: time,
 			elementStartTime: this.params.startTime,
@ -106,15 +114,10 @@ export class TextNode extends BaseNode<TextNodeParams> {
 			animations: this.params.animations,
 			localTime,
 		});
+
 		const x = transform.position.x + this.params.canvasCenter.x;
 		const y = transform.position.y + this.params.canvasCenter.y;

-		renderer.context.translate(x, y);
-		renderer.context.scale(transform.scale, transform.scale);
-		if (transform.rotate) {
-			renderer.context.rotate((transform.rotate * Math.PI) / 180);
-		}
-
 		const fontWeight = this.params.fontWeight === "bold" ? "bold" : "normal";
 		const fontStyle = this.params.fontStyle === "italic" ? "italic" : "normal";
 		const scaledFontSize = scaleFontSize({
@ -122,83 +125,147 @@ export class TextNode extends BaseNode<TextNodeParams> {
 			canvasHeight: this.params.canvasHeight,
 		});
 		const fontFamily = quoteFontFamily({ fontFamily: this.params.fontFamily });
-		renderer.context.font = `${fontStyle} ${fontWeight} ${scaledFontSize}px ${fontFamily}, sans-serif`;
-		renderer.context.textAlign = this.params.textAlign;
-		renderer.context.fillStyle = this.params.color;
-
+		const fontString = `${fontStyle} ${fontWeight} ${scaledFontSize}px ${fontFamily}, sans-serif`;
 		const letterSpacing = this.params.letterSpacing ?? 0;
 		const lineHeight = this.params.lineHeight ?? DEFAULT_LINE_HEIGHT;
-		if ("letterSpacing" in renderer.context) {
-			(
-				renderer.context as CanvasRenderingContext2D & { letterSpacing: string }
-			).letterSpacing = `${letterSpacing}px`;
-		}
-
 		const lines = this.params.content.split("\n");
 		const lineHeightPx = scaledFontSize * lineHeight;
 		const fontSizeRatio = this.params.fontSize / DEFAULT_TEXT_ELEMENT.fontSize;
 		const baseline = this.params.textBaseline ?? "middle";
-
-		renderer.context.textBaseline = baseline;
-		const lineMetrics = lines.map((line) => renderer.context.measureText(line));
-		const lineCount = lines.length;
-
-		const block = measureTextBlock({
-			lineMetrics,
-			lineHeightPx,
-			fallbackFontSize: scaledFontSize,
-		});
-
-		const prevAlpha = renderer.context.globalAlpha;
-		renderer.context.globalCompositeOperation = (
+		const blendMode = (
 			this.params.blendMode && this.params.blendMode !== "normal"
 				? this.params.blendMode
 				: "source-over"
 		) as GlobalCompositeOperation;
-		renderer.context.globalAlpha = opacity;

-		if (
-			this.params.background.color &&
-			this.params.background.color !== "transparent" &&
-			lineCount > 0
-		) {
-			const { color, cornerRadius = 0 } = this.params.background;
-			const backgroundRect = getTextBackgroundRect({
-				textAlign: this.params.textAlign,
-				block,
-				background: this.params.background,
-				fontSizeRatio,
-			});
-			if (backgroundRect) {
-				renderer.context.fillStyle = color;
-				renderer.context.beginPath();
-				renderer.context.roundRect(
-					backgroundRect.left,
-					backgroundRect.top,
-					backgroundRect.width,
-					backgroundRect.height,
-					cornerRadius,
-				);
-				renderer.context.fill();
-				renderer.context.fillStyle = this.params.color;
+	renderer.context.save();
+		renderer.context.font = fontString;
+		renderer.context.textBaseline = baseline;
+		if ("letterSpacing" in renderer.context) {
+			(renderer.context as CanvasRenderingContext2D & { letterSpacing: string }).letterSpacing = `${letterSpacing}px`;
+		}
+		const lineMetrics = lines.map((line) => renderer.context.measureText(line));
+		renderer.context.restore();
+
+		const lineCount = lines.length;
+		const block = measureTextBlock({ lineMetrics, lineHeightPx, fallbackFontSize: scaledFontSize });
+
+	const drawContent = (ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D | OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D) => {
+			ctx.font = fontString;
+			ctx.textAlign = this.params.textAlign;
+			ctx.textBaseline = baseline;
+			ctx.fillStyle = this.params.color;
+			if ("letterSpacing" in ctx) {
+				(ctx as CanvasRenderingContext2D & { letterSpacing: string }).letterSpacing = `${letterSpacing}px`;
 			}
+
+			if (
+				this.params.background.enabled &&
+				this.params.background.color &&
+				this.params.background.color !== "transparent" &&
+				lineCount > 0
+			) {
+				const { color, cornerRadius = 0 } = this.params.background;
+				const backgroundRect = getTextBackgroundRect({
+					textAlign: this.params.textAlign,
+					block,
+					background: this.params.background,
+					fontSizeRatio,
+				});
+				if (backgroundRect) {
+					const p = clamp({ value: cornerRadius, min: CORNER_RADIUS_MIN, max: CORNER_RADIUS_MAX }) / 100;
+					const radius = Math.min(backgroundRect.width, backgroundRect.height) / 2 * p;
+					ctx.fillStyle = color;
+					ctx.beginPath();
+					ctx.roundRect(backgroundRect.left, backgroundRect.top, backgroundRect.width, backgroundRect.height, radius);
+					ctx.fill();
+					ctx.fillStyle = this.params.color;
+				}
+			}
+
+			for (let i = 0; i < lineCount; i++) {
+				const lineY = i * lineHeightPx - block.visualCenterOffset;
+				ctx.fillText(lines[i], 0, lineY);
+				drawTextDecoration({
+					ctx,
+					textDecoration: this.params.textDecoration ?? "none",
+					lineWidth: lineMetrics[i].width,
+					lineY,
+					metrics: lineMetrics[i],
+					scaledFontSize,
+					textAlign: this.params.textAlign,
+				});
+			}
+		};
+
+		const applyTransform = (ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D | OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D) => {
+			ctx.translate(x, y);
+			ctx.scale(transform.scale, transform.scale);
+			if (transform.rotate) {
+				ctx.rotate((transform.rotate * Math.PI) / 180);
+			}
+		};
+
+		const enabledEffects = this.params.effects?.filter((effect) => effect.enabled) ?? [];
+
+		if (enabledEffects.length === 0) {
+			renderer.context.save();
+			applyTransform(renderer.context);
+			renderer.context.globalCompositeOperation = blendMode;
+			renderer.context.globalAlpha = opacity;
+			drawContent(renderer.context);
+			renderer.context.restore();
+			return;
 		}

-		for (let i = 0; i < lineCount; i++) {
-			const y = i * lineHeightPx - block.visualCenterOffset;
-			renderer.context.fillText(lines[i], 0, y);
-			drawTextDecoration({
-				ctx: renderer.context,
-				textDecoration: this.params.textDecoration ?? "none",
-				lineWidth: lineMetrics[i].width,
-				lineY: y,
-				metrics: lineMetrics[i],
-				scaledFontSize,
-				textAlign: this.params.textAlign,
+		// Effects path: render text to a same-size offscreen canvas so the blur
+		// can spread into the surrounding transparent area without hard clipping.
+		const offscreen = createOffscreenCanvas({ width: renderer.width, height: renderer.height });
+		const offscreenCtx = offscreen.getContext("2d") as OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D | null;
+
+		if (!offscreenCtx) {
+		renderer.context.save();
+			applyTransform(renderer.context);
+			renderer.context.globalCompositeOperation = blendMode;
+			renderer.context.globalAlpha = opacity;
+			drawContent(renderer.context);
+			renderer.context.restore();
+			return;
+		}
+
+		offscreenCtx.save();
+		applyTransform(offscreenCtx);
+		drawContent(offscreenCtx);
+		offscreenCtx.restore();
+
+		let currentSource: CanvasImageSource = offscreen;
+		for (const effect of enabledEffects) {
+			const resolvedParams = resolveEffectParamsAtTime({
+				effect,
+				animations: this.params.animations,
+				localTime,
+			});
+			const definition = getEffect({ effectType: effect.type });
+			const passes = definition.renderer.passes.map((pass) => ({
+				fragmentShader: pass.fragmentShader,
+				uniforms: pass.uniforms({
+					effectParams: resolvedParams,
+					width: renderer.width,
+					height: renderer.height,
+				}),
+			}));
+			currentSource = webglEffectRenderer.applyEffect({
+				source: currentSource,
+				width: renderer.width,
+				height: renderer.height,
+				passes,
 			});
 		}

-		renderer.context.globalAlpha = prevAlpha;
+		renderer.context.save();
+		renderer.context.globalCompositeOperation = blendMode;
+		renderer.context.globalAlpha = opacity;
+		renderer.context.drawImage(currentSource, 0, 0);
 		renderer.context.restore();
 	}
 }
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/visual-node.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/visual-node.ts
@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
 	resolveOpacityAtTime,
 	resolveTransformAtTime,
 } from "@/lib/animation";
+import { resolveEffectParamsAtTime } from "@/lib/animation/effect-param-channel";
 import { TIME_EPSILON_SECONDS } from "@/constants/animation-constants";
 import { getEffect } from "@/lib/effects";
 import { webglEffectRenderer } from "../webgl-effect-renderer";
@ -127,11 +128,16 @@ export abstract class VisualNode<
 		let currentResult: CanvasImageSource = elementCanvas;

 		for (const effect of enabledEffects) {
+			const resolvedParams = resolveEffectParamsAtTime({
+				effect,
+				animations: this.params.animations,
+				localTime: animationLocalTime,
+			});
 			const definition = getEffect({ effectType: effect.type });
 			const passes = definition.renderer.passes.map((pass) => ({
 				fragmentShader: pass.fragmentShader,
 				uniforms: pass.uniforms({
-					effectParams: effect.params,
+					effectParams: resolvedParams,
 					width: scaledWidth,
 					height: scaledHeight,
 				}),
--- a/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/tests/v8-to-v9.test.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/tests/v8-to-v9.test.ts
@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+import { describe, expect, test } from "bun:test";
+import { transformProjectV8ToV9 } from "../transformers/v8-to-v9";
+
+const v8ProjectWithText = {
+	id: "project-v8-text",
+	version: 8,
+	metadata: {
+		id: "project-v8-text",
+		name: "V8 Project with Text",
+		createdAt: "2024-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
+		updatedAt: "2024-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
+	},
+	settings: {
+		fps: 30,
+		canvasSize: { width: 1920, height: 1080 },
+		background: { type: "color", color: "#000000" },
+	},
+	currentSceneId: "scene-main",
+	scenes: [
+		{
+			id: "scene-main",
+			name: "Main scene",
+			isMain: true,
+			tracks: [
+				{
+					id: "track-text",
+					type: "text",
+					name: "Text Track",
+					hidden: false,
+					elements: [
+						{
+							id: "el-1",
+							type: "text",
+							content: "With color",
+							startTime: 0,
+							duration: 5,
+							background: {
+								color: "#ff0000",
+								cornerRadius: 0,
+								paddingX: 8,
+								paddingY: 4,
+							},
+						},
+						{
+							id: "el-2",
+							type: "text",
+							content: "Transparent",
+							startTime: 5,
+							duration: 5,
+							background: {
+								color: "transparent",
+								paddingX: 30,
+								paddingY: 42,
+							},
+						},
+					],
+				},
+			],
+			bookmarks: [],
+			createdAt: "2024-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
+			updatedAt: "2024-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
+		},
+	],
+} as Parameters<typeof transformProjectV8ToV9>[0]["project"];
+
+describe("V8 to V9 Migration", () => {
+	test("adds background.enabled from color (transparent => false, otherwise true)", () => {
+		const result = transformProjectV8ToV9({ project: v8ProjectWithText });
+
+		expect(result.skipped).toBe(false);
+		expect(result.project.version).toBe(9);
+
+		const track = (
+			result.project.scenes as Array<{ tracks: Array<{ elements: unknown[] }> }>
+		)[0].tracks[0];
+		const elements = track.elements as Array<{ background: { enabled: boolean; color: string } }>;
+
+		expect(elements[0].background.enabled).toBe(true);
+		expect(elements[0].background.color).toBe("#ff0000");
+
+		expect(elements[1].background.enabled).toBe(false);
+		expect(elements[1].background.color).toBe("transparent");
+	});
+
+	test("preserves existing background.enabled if already present", () => {
+		const projectWithEnabled = {
+			...v8ProjectWithText,
+			scenes: [
+				{
+					...(v8ProjectWithText.scenes as Record<string, unknown>[])[0],
+					tracks: [
+						{
+							id: "track-text",
+							type: "text",
+							name: "Text Track",
+							hidden: false,
+							elements: [
+								{
+									id: "el-1",
+									type: "text",
+									content: "Already has enabled",
+									startTime: 0,
+									duration: 5,
+									background: {
+										enabled: false,
+										color: "#00ff00",
+									},
+								},
+							],
+						},
+					],
+				},
+			],
+		} as Parameters<typeof transformProjectV8ToV9>[0]["project"];
+
+		const result = transformProjectV8ToV9({ project: projectWithEnabled });
+
+		expect(result.skipped).toBe(false);
+		const elements = (
+			result.project.scenes as Array<{ tracks: Array<{ elements: unknown[] }> }>
+		)[0].tracks[0].elements as Array<{ background: { enabled: boolean } }>;
+		expect(elements[0].background.enabled).toBe(false);
+	});
+
+	test("skips non-text elements and tracks", () => {
+		const projectWithVideoOnly = {
+			...v8ProjectWithText,
+			scenes: [
+				{
+					id: "scene-main",
+					name: "Main scene",
+					isMain: true,
+					tracks: [
+						{
+							id: "track-video",
+							type: "video",
+							name: "Video Track",
+							isMain: true,
+							elements: [],
+						},
+					],
+					bookmarks: [],
+					createdAt: "2024-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
+					updatedAt: "2024-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
+				},
+			],
+		} as Parameters<typeof transformProjectV8ToV9>[0]["project"];
+
+		const result = transformProjectV8ToV9({ project: projectWithVideoOnly });
+
+		expect(result.skipped).toBe(false);
+		expect(result.project.version).toBe(9);
+	});
+
+	test("skips projects that are already v9", () => {
+		const result = transformProjectV8ToV9({
+			project: { ...v8ProjectWithText, version: 9 },
+		});
+
+		expect(result.skipped).toBe(true);
+		expect(result.reason).toBe("already v9");
+	});
+
+	test("skips projects with no id", () => {
+		const result = transformProjectV8ToV9({
+			project: {
+				version: 8,
+				scenes: [],
+			} as Parameters<typeof transformProjectV8ToV9>[0]["project"],
+		});
+
+		expect(result.skipped).toBe(true);
+		expect(result.reason).toBe("no project id");
+	});
+});
--- a/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/index.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/index.ts
@ -7,10 +7,11 @@ import { V4toV5Migration } from "./v4-to-v5";
 import { V5toV6Migration } from "./v5-to-v6";
 import { V6toV7Migration } from "./v6-to-v7";
 import { V7toV8Migration } from "./v7-to-v8";
+import { V8toV9Migration } from "./v8-to-v9";
 export { runStorageMigrations } from "./runner";
 export type { MigrationProgress } from "./runner";

-export const CURRENT_PROJECT_VERSION = 8;
+export const CURRENT_PROJECT_VERSION = 9;

 export const migrations = [
 	new V0toV1Migration(),
@ -21,4 +22,5 @@ export const migrations = [
 	new V5toV6Migration(),
 	new V6toV7Migration(),
 	new V7toV8Migration(),
+	new V8toV9Migration(),
 ];
--- a/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/transformers/v1-to-v2.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/transformers/v1-to-v2.ts
@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ async function transformMediaTrack({
 	);

 	const validElements = transformedElements.filter(
-		(el): el is VideoElement | ImageElement => el !== null,
+		(element): element is VideoElement | ImageElement => element !== null,
 	);

 	return {
@ -450,17 +450,18 @@ function transformTextTrack({
 					value: textElement.color,
 					fallback: "#000000",
 				}),
-			background: {
-				color: getStringValue({
-					value: textElement.backgroundColor,
-					fallback: "transparent",
-				}),
-				cornerRadius: 0,
-				paddingX: 8,
-				paddingY: 4,
-				offsetX: 0,
-				offsetY: 0,
-			},
+				background: {
+					enabled: false,
+					color: getStringValue({
+						value: textElement.backgroundColor,
+						fallback: "transparent",
+					}),
+					cornerRadius: 0,
+					paddingX: 8,
+					paddingY: 4,
+					offsetX: 0,
+					offsetY: 0,
+				},
 				textAlign: (getStringValue({
 					value: textElement.textAlign,
 					fallback: "left",
@ -486,7 +487,7 @@ function transformTextTrack({
 				trimEnd: getNumberValue({ value: element.trimEnd, fallback: 0 }),
 			};
 		})
-		.filter((el): el is TextElement => el !== null);
+		.filter((element): element is TextElement => element !== null);

 	return {
 		id: getStringValue({ value: track.id, fallback: "" }),
@ -529,7 +530,7 @@ function transformAudioTrack({
 				trimEnd: getNumberValue({ value: element.trimEnd, fallback: 0 }),
 			};
 		})
-		.filter((el): el is AudioElement => el !== null);
+		.filter((element): element is AudioElement => element !== null);

 	return {
 		id: getStringValue({ value: track.id, fallback: "" }),
--- a/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/transformers/v8-to-v9.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/transformers/v8-to-v9.ts
@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+import type { MigrationResult, ProjectRecord } from "./types";
+import { getProjectId, isRecord } from "./utils";
+
+export function transformProjectV8ToV9({
+	project,
+}: {
+	project: ProjectRecord;
+}): MigrationResult<ProjectRecord> {
+	const projectId = getProjectId({ project });
+	if (!projectId) {
+		return { project, skipped: true, reason: "no project id" };
+	}
+
+	if (isV9Project({ project })) {
+		return { project, skipped: true, reason: "already v9" };
+	}
+
+	const migratedProject = migrateProjectTextElements({ project });
+
+	return {
+		project: { ...migratedProject, version: 9 },
+		skipped: false,
+	};
+}
+
+function migrateProjectTextElements({
+	project,
+}: {
+	project: ProjectRecord;
+}): ProjectRecord {
+	const scenesValue = project.scenes;
+	if (!Array.isArray(scenesValue)) return project;
+
+	let hasChanges = false;
+	const migratedScenes = scenesValue.map((scene) => {
+		const migrated = migrateSceneTextElements({ scene });
+		if (migrated !== scene) hasChanges = true;
+		return migrated;
+	});
+
+	if (!hasChanges) return project;
+	return { ...project, scenes: migratedScenes };
+}
+
+function migrateSceneTextElements({ scene }: { scene: unknown }): unknown {
+	if (!isRecord(scene)) return scene;
+
+	const tracksValue = scene.tracks;
+	if (!Array.isArray(tracksValue)) return scene;
+
+	let hasChanges = false;
+	const migratedTracks = tracksValue.map((track) => {
+		const migrated = migrateTrackTextElements({ track });
+		if (migrated !== track) hasChanges = true;
+		return migrated;
+	});
+
+	if (!hasChanges) return scene;
+	return { ...scene, tracks: migratedTracks };
+}
+
+function migrateTrackTextElements({ track }: { track: unknown }): unknown {
+	if (!isRecord(track)) return track;
+	if (track.type !== "text") return track;
+
+	const elementsValue = track.elements;
+	if (!Array.isArray(elementsValue)) return track;
+
+	let hasChanges = false;
+	const migratedElements = elementsValue.map((element) => {
+		const migrated = migrateTextElement({ element });
+		if (migrated !== element) hasChanges = true;
+		return migrated;
+	});
+
+	if (!hasChanges) return track;
+	return { ...track, elements: migratedElements };
+}
+
+function migrateTextElement({ element }: { element: unknown }): unknown {
+	if (!isRecord(element)) return element;
+	if (element.type !== "text") return element;
+
+	const bg = element.background;
+	if (!isRecord(bg)) return element;
+	if (typeof bg.enabled === "boolean") return element;
+
+	const color = typeof bg.color === "string" ? bg.color : "transparent";
+	const enabled = color !== "transparent";
+
+	return {
+		...element,
+		background: { ...bg, enabled },
+	};
+}
+
+function isV9Project({ project }: { project: ProjectRecord }): boolean {
+	return typeof project.version === "number" && project.version >= 9;
+}
--- a/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/v8-to-v9.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/v8-to-v9.ts
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import { StorageMigration } from "./base";
+import type { ProjectRecord } from "./transformers/types";
+import { transformProjectV8ToV9 } from "./transformers/v8-to-v9";
+
+export class V8toV9Migration extends StorageMigration {
+	from = 8;
+	to = 9;
+
+	async transform(project: ProjectRecord): Promise<{
+		project: ProjectRecord;
+		skipped: boolean;
+		reason?: string;
+	}> {
+		return transformProjectV8ToV9({ project });
+	}
+}
--- a/apps/web/src/stores/assets-panel-store.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/stores/assets-panel-store.tsx
@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import type { ElementType } from "react";
 import { create } from "zustand";
+import { persist } from "zustand/middleware";
 import {
 	ArrowRightDoubleIcon,
 	ClosedCaptionIcon,
@ -81,7 +82,9 @@ export const tabs = {
 	{ icon: ElementType<{ className?: string }>; label: string }
 >;

-type MediaViewMode = "grid" | "list";
+export type MediaViewMode = "grid" | "list";
+export type MediaSortKey = "name" | "type" | "duration" | "size";
+export type MediaSortOrder = "asc" | "desc";

 interface AssetsPanelStore {
 	activeTab: Tab;
@ -93,15 +96,34 @@ interface AssetsPanelStore {
 	/* Media */
 	mediaViewMode: MediaViewMode;
 	setMediaViewMode: (mode: MediaViewMode) => void;
+	mediaSortBy: MediaSortKey;
+	mediaSortOrder: MediaSortOrder;
+	setMediaSort: (key: MediaSortKey, order: MediaSortOrder) => void;
 }

-export const useAssetsPanelStore = create<AssetsPanelStore>((set) => ({
-	activeTab: "media",
-	setActiveTab: (tab) => set({ activeTab: tab }),
-	highlightMediaId: null,
-	requestRevealMedia: (mediaId) =>
-		set({ activeTab: "media", highlightMediaId: mediaId }),
-	clearHighlight: () => set({ highlightMediaId: null }),
-	mediaViewMode: "grid",
-	setMediaViewMode: (mode) => set({ mediaViewMode: mode }),
-}));
+export const useAssetsPanelStore = create<AssetsPanelStore>()(
+	persist(
+		(set) => ({
+			activeTab: "media",
+			setActiveTab: (tab) => set({ activeTab: tab }),
+			highlightMediaId: null,
+			requestRevealMedia: (mediaId) =>
+				set({ activeTab: "media", highlightMediaId: mediaId }),
+			clearHighlight: () => set({ highlightMediaId: null }),
+			mediaViewMode: "grid",
+			setMediaViewMode: (mode) => set({ mediaViewMode: mode }),
+			mediaSortBy: "name",
+			mediaSortOrder: "asc",
+			setMediaSort: (key, order) =>
+				set({ mediaSortBy: key, mediaSortOrder: order }),
+		}),
+		{
+			name: "assets-panel",
+			partialize: (state) => ({
+				mediaViewMode: state.mediaViewMode,
+				mediaSortBy: state.mediaSortBy,
+				mediaSortOrder: state.mediaSortOrder,
+			}),
+		},
+	),
+);
--- a/apps/web/src/stores/keybindings-store.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/stores/keybindings-store.ts
@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ interface KeybindingsState {
 	getKeybindingString: (ev: KeyboardEvent) => ShortcutKey | null;
 }

-function isDOMElement(el: EventTarget | null): el is HTMLElement {
-	return !!el && (el instanceof Element || el instanceof HTMLElement);
+function isDOMElement(element: EventTarget | null): element is HTMLElement {
+	return element instanceof HTMLElement;
 }

 export const useKeybindingsStore = create<KeybindingsState>()(
@ -90,11 +90,9 @@ export const useKeybindingsStore = create<KeybindingsState>()(
 				set({ keybindingsEnabled: false });
 			},

-			importKeybindings: (config: KeybindingConfig) => {
-				// Validate all keys and actions
-				for (const [key] of Object.entries(config)) {
-					// Validate the key format
-					if (typeof key !== "string" || key.length === 0) {
+		importKeybindings: (config: KeybindingConfig) => {
+			for (const [key] of Object.entries(config)) {
+				if (typeof key !== "string" || key.length === 0) {
 						throw new Error(`Invalid key format: ${key}`);
 					}
 				}
@ -153,20 +151,13 @@ export const useKeybindingsStore = create<KeybindingsState>()(
 	),
 );

-// Utility functions
 function generateKeybindingString(ev: KeyboardEvent): ShortcutKey | null {
 	const target = ev.target;
-
-	// We may or may not have a modifier key
 	const modifierKey = getActiveModifier(ev);
-
-	// We will always have a non-modifier key
 	const key = getPressedKey(ev);
 	if (!key) return null;

-	// All key combos backed by modifiers are valid shortcuts (whether currently typing or not)
 	if (modifierKey) {
-		// If the modifier is shift and the target is an input, we ignore
 		if (
 			modifierKey === "shift" &&
 			isDOMElement(target) &&
@ -178,61 +169,44 @@ function generateKeybindingString(ev: KeyboardEvent): ShortcutKey | null {
 		return `${modifierKey}+${key}` as ShortcutKey;
 	}

-	// no modifier key here then we do not do anything while on input
-	if (
-		isDOMElement(target) &&
-		isTypableDOMElement({ element: target as HTMLElement })
-	)
+	if (isDOMElement(target) && isTypableDOMElement({ element: target as HTMLElement }))
 		return null;

-	// single key while not input
 	return `${key}` as ShortcutKey;
 }

 function getPressedKey(ev: KeyboardEvent): string | null {
-	// Sometimes the property code is not available on the KeyboardEvent object
 	const key = (ev.key ?? "").toLowerCase();
 	const code = ev.code ?? "";

 	if (code === "Space" || key === " " || key === "spacebar" || key === "space")
 		return "space";

-	// Check arrow keys
-	if (key.startsWith("arrow")) {
-		return key.slice(5);
-	}
+	if (key.startsWith("arrow")) return key.slice(5);

-	// Check for special keys
+	if (key === "escape") return "escape";
 	if (key === "tab") return "tab";
 	if (key === "home") return "home";
 	if (key === "end") return "end";
 	if (key === "delete") return "delete";
 	if (key === "backspace") return "backspace";

-	// Check letter keys
 	if (code.startsWith("Key")) {
 		const letter = code.slice(3).toLowerCase();
-		if (letter.length === 1 && letter >= "a" && letter <= "z") {
-			return letter;
-		}
+		if (letter.length === 1 && letter >= "a" && letter <= "z") return letter;
 	}

-	// Check number keys using physical position for AZERTY support
+	// Use physical key position for AZERTY and other non-QWERTY layouts
 	if (code.startsWith("Digit")) {
 		const digit = code.slice(5);
-		if (digit.length === 1 && digit >= "0" && digit <= "9") {
-			return digit;
-		}
+		if (digit.length === 1 && digit >= "0" && digit <= "9") return digit;
 	}

-	// Fallback for other layouts
 	const isDigit = key.length === 1 && key >= "0" && key <= "9";
 	if (isDigit) return key;

-	// Check if slash, period or enter
 	if (key === "/" || key === "." || key === "enter") return key;

-	// If no other cases match, this is not a valid key
 	return null;
 }

@ -243,8 +217,6 @@ function getActiveModifier(ev: KeyboardEvent): string | null {
 		shift: ev.shiftKey,
 	};

-	// active modifier: ctrl | alt | ctrl+alt | ctrl+shift | ctrl+alt+shift | alt+shift
-	// modiferKeys object's keys are sorted to match the above order
 	const activeModifier = Object.keys(modifierKeys)
 		.filter((key) => modifierKeys[key as keyof typeof modifierKeys])
 		.join("+");
--- a/apps/web/src/stores/keybindings/migrations/index.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/stores/keybindings/migrations/index.ts
@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
 import { v2ToV3 } from "./v2-to-v3";
 import { v3ToV4 } from "./v3-to-v4";
+import { v4ToV5 } from "./v4-to-v5";

 type MigrationFn = ({ state }: { state: unknown }) => unknown;

-/**
- * key = version we're migrating from
- * value = migration function
- */
 const migrations: Record<number, MigrationFn> = {
 	2: v2ToV3,
 	3: v3ToV4,
+	4: v4ToV5,
 };

-export const CURRENT_VERSION = 4;
+export const CURRENT_VERSION = 5;

 export function runMigrations({
 	state,
--- a/apps/web/src/stores/keybindings/migrations/v4-to-v5.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/stores/keybindings/migrations/v4-to-v5.ts
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import type { KeybindingConfig } from "@/types/keybinding";
+
+interface V4State {
+	keybindings: KeybindingConfig;
+	isCustomized: boolean;
+}
+
+export function v4ToV5({ state }: { state: unknown }): unknown {
+	const v4 = state as V4State;
+	const keybindings = { ...v4.keybindings };
+
+	if (!keybindings.escape) {
+		keybindings.escape = "deselect-all";
+	}
+
+	return { ...v4, keybindings };
+}
--- a/apps/web/src/stores/properties-store.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/stores/properties-store.ts
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import { create } from "zustand";
+
+interface ClipEffectsTarget {
+	elementId: string;
+	trackId: string;
+}
+
+interface PropertiesState {
+	clipEffectsTarget: ClipEffectsTarget | null;
+	openClipEffects: ({ elementId, trackId }: ClipEffectsTarget) => void;
+	closeClipEffects: () => void;
+}
+
+export const usePropertiesStore = create<PropertiesState>()((set) => ({
+	clipEffectsTarget: null,
+	openClipEffects: ({ elementId, trackId }) =>
+		set({ clipEffectsTarget: { elementId, trackId } }),
+	closeClipEffects: () => set({ clipEffectsTarget: null }),
+}));
--- a/apps/web/src/types/animation.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/types/animation.ts
@ -13,12 +13,10 @@ export type AnimationValueKind = "number" | "color" | "discrete";
 export type DiscreteValue = boolean | string;
 export type AnimationValue = number | string | boolean;

-export type NumberKeyframeInterpolation = "linear" | "hold";
-export type ColorKeyframeInterpolation = "linear" | "hold";
+export type ContinuousKeyframeInterpolation = "linear" | "hold";
 export type DiscreteKeyframeInterpolation = "hold";
 export type AnimationInterpolation =
-	| NumberKeyframeInterpolation
-	| ColorKeyframeInterpolation
+	| ContinuousKeyframeInterpolation
 	| DiscreteKeyframeInterpolation;

 interface BaseAnimationKeyframe<
@ -32,15 +30,18 @@ interface BaseAnimationKeyframe<
 }

 export interface NumberKeyframe
-	extends BaseAnimationKeyframe<number, NumberKeyframeInterpolation> {}
+	extends BaseAnimationKeyframe<number, ContinuousKeyframeInterpolation> {}

 export interface ColorKeyframe
-	extends BaseAnimationKeyframe<string, ColorKeyframeInterpolation> {}
+	extends BaseAnimationKeyframe<string, ContinuousKeyframeInterpolation> {}

 export interface DiscreteKeyframe
 	extends BaseAnimationKeyframe<DiscreteValue, DiscreteKeyframeInterpolation> {}

-export type AnimationKeyframe = NumberKeyframe | ColorKeyframe | DiscreteKeyframe;
+export type AnimationKeyframe =
+	| NumberKeyframe
+	| ColorKeyframe
+	| DiscreteKeyframe;

 interface BaseAnimationChannel<
 	TValueKind extends AnimationValueKind,
--- a/apps/web/src/types/effects.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/types/effects.ts
@ -9,17 +9,41 @@ export type EffectParamType = "number" | "boolean" | "select" | "color";

 export type EffectParamValues = Record<string, number | string | boolean>;

-export interface EffectParamDefinition {
+interface BaseEffectParamDefinition {
 	key: string;
 	label: string;
-	type: EffectParamType;
-	default: number | string | boolean;
-	min?: number;
-	max?: number;
-	step?: number;
-	options?: Array<{ value: string; label: string }>;
 }

+export interface NumberEffectParamDefinition extends BaseEffectParamDefinition {
+	type: "number";
+	default: number;
+	min: number;
+	max: number;
+	step: number;
+}
+
+interface BooleanEffectParamDefinition extends BaseEffectParamDefinition {
+	type: "boolean";
+	default: boolean;
+}
+
+interface SelectEffectParamDefinition extends BaseEffectParamDefinition {
+	type: "select";
+	default: string;
+	options: Array<{ value: string; label: string }>;
+}
+
+interface ColorEffectParamDefinition extends BaseEffectParamDefinition {
+	type: "color";
+	default: string;
+}
+
+export type EffectParamDefinition =
+	| NumberEffectParamDefinition
+	| BooleanEffectParamDefinition
+	| SelectEffectParamDefinition
+	| ColorEffectParamDefinition;
+
 export interface WebGLEffectPass {
 	fragmentShader: string;
 	uniforms(params: {
--- a/apps/web/src/types/export.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/types/export.ts
@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ export interface ExportOptions {
 	quality: ExportQuality;
 	fps?: number;
 	includeAudio?: boolean;
-	onProgress?: ({ progress }: { progress: number }) => void;
-	onCancel?: () => boolean;
 }

 export interface ExportResult {
@ -25,3 +23,9 @@ export interface ExportResult {
 	error?: string;
 	cancelled?: boolean;
 }
+
+export interface ExportState {
+	isExporting: boolean;
+	progress: number;
+	result: ExportResult | null;
+}
--- a/apps/web/src/types/timeline.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/types/timeline.ts
@ -118,20 +118,23 @@ export interface ImageElement extends BaseTimelineElement {
 	effects?: Effect[];
 }

+export interface TextBackground {
+	enabled: boolean;
+	color: string;
+	cornerRadius?: number;
+	paddingX?: number;
+	paddingY?: number;
+	offsetX?: number;
+	offsetY?: number;
+}
+
 export interface TextElement extends BaseTimelineElement {
 	type: "text";
 	content: string;
 	fontSize: number;
 	fontFamily: string;
 	color: string;
-	background: {
-		color: string;
-		cornerRadius?: number;
-		paddingX?: number;
-		paddingY?: number;
-		offsetX?: number;
-		offsetY?: number;
-	};
+	background: TextBackground;
 	textAlign: "left" | "center" | "right";
 	fontWeight: "normal" | "bold";
 	fontStyle: "normal" | "italic";