mirror of https://github.com/garrytan/gstack.git
fix(ios-qa): walker now sees SwiftUI elements, not just hosting shells
The /elements walker returned only top-level `_UIHostingView` /
`HostingView` shells on SwiftUI screens — three entries for a full
Dashboard, all with empty identifier/label and a 0,0,390,844 frame.
SwiftUI vends its AX leaves through the indexed accessor
(`accessibilityElementCount` + `accessibilityElement(at:)`) on the
hosting container, not through `accessibilityElements` (which returns
nil OR an empty array). The previous walker only fell through to the
indexed path on nil, not on empty — so SwiftUI leaves were silently
dropped.
Fix is three coordinated changes to ElementsBridgeImpl plus an opt-in
escape hatch:
1. Force materialization via `UIAccessibility.post(.layoutChanged, …)`
before the walk. Public API, no-op when VoiceOver already populated
the tree, doesn't speak.
2. Always run the indexed accessor when `accessibilityElements` is nil
OR empty. This is the actual SwiftUI path.
3. Read identifier/label/value/traits/frame from synthetic AX elements
via KVC over the documented `UIAccessibility` informal protocol
property names — safe and version-independent across the private
element classes (`_AXSnapshotElement`, `_UIAccessibilityElementMockView`, …).
4. New `.gstackProbe("identifier")` SwiftUI ViewModifier + thread-safe
`GstackProbeRegistry` for views the AX tree refuses to surface
(intentionally hidden, custom Canvas, decorative Shape stacks). Probe
sets `.accessibilityIdentifier(_:)` AND registers (id, frame) in the
registry; the walker merges these in as synthetic entries tagged
`"source":"gstack-probe"`.
Also filters empty container synthetic nodes (no label/id/value/traits)
that were clogging the output before.
Docs in `ios-qa/docs/swiftui-accessibility.md` cover the root cause,
what the fix does/doesn't address, and when to reach for `.gstackProbe`
vs vision-based coordinate tapping.
Typechecks clean against iOS 16 + iOS 17 SDKs, Swift 6 strict
concurrency. Live-device validation pending — PR author will port to
downstream app + report new element count.
This commit is contained in:
Ryan Stern
parent
a6fb31726c
commit
bea2468494
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@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
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# SwiftUI accessibility tree — known limitation + escape hatch
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## The problem
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`GET /elements` walks `UIWindow.subviews` and emits a JSON list of
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accessibility nodes. For UIKit-native screens this works fine. For
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**SwiftUI screens**, the walker historically returned only the top-level
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hosting containers — three entries for a Dashboard, all named some
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variation of `_UIHostingView<ModifiedContent<…>>`, with no identifiers,
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no labels, no frames you'd want to tap.
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Example bug output (Principal's Ear Dashboard, iPhone 12 Pro / iOS 26.x,
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before the fix in this PR):
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```json
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[
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{"class":"_UIHostingView<ModifiedContent<AnyView, …>>", "identifier":"", "label":"", "frame":{"x":0,"y":0,"w":390,"h":844}},
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{"class":"HostingView", "identifier":"", "label":"", "frame":{"x":0,"y":0,"w":390,"h":844}},
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{"class":"FloatingBarHostingView<FloatingBarContainer…>", "identifier":"", "label":"", "frame":{"x":0,"y":0,"w":390,"h":844}}
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]
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```
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The Dashboard had a `CaptureControlCard` button with
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`.accessibilityIdentifier("dashboard.captureButton")`, a settings
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NavigationLink with `"dashboard.settingsButton"`, and a
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`ContentUnavailableView`. None of them surfaced.
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## Root cause
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SwiftUI doesn't always create a backing `UIView` for declarative views.
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Many "views" are synthetic accessibility elements with no
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`UIView` representation — they only exist as nodes vended through
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`_UIHostingView`'s `accessibilityElement(at:)` indexed accessor, and the
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hosting view returns `nil` (or `[]`) for `accessibilityElements`. The
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previous walker checked `accessibilityElements` first and only fell
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through to the indexed accessor if that returned `nil` — it didn't
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handle the empty-array case, which is what SwiftUI actually returns.
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Worse: the AX tree is lazy. SwiftUI doesn't populate it until something
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(typically VoiceOver) starts asking for nodes. A cold walk gets a sparse
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or empty tree.
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## What the fix in this PR does
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1. **Force materialization.** The walker posts
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`UIAccessibility.layoutChanged` before descending. This is a documented
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public API, no-op when VoiceOver is already running, and nudges SwiftUI
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to populate its tree. It does NOT speak anything aloud.
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2. **Always try the indexed accessor.** When
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`accessibilityElements` returns `nil` OR `[]`, the walker falls through
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to `accessibilityElement(at:)` for every index in
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`accessibilityElementCount()`. This is where SwiftUI actually vends
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its leaves.
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3. **Read identifiers/labels via KVC.** Synthetic AX elements are
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instances of private SwiftUI classes (`_AXSnapshotElement`,
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`_UIAccessibilityElementMockView`, etc.). They all conform to the
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informal UIAccessibility protocol, so reading
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`accessibilityIdentifier`, `accessibilityLabel`, `accessibilityValue`,
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`accessibilityTraits`, and `accessibilityFrame` via
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`value(forKey:)` over the **documented public property names** is
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safe and version-independent — it would only break if Apple rename
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`UIAccessibility` itself.
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4. **Filter empty container nodes.** Synthetic elements with no label,
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identifier, value, or traits are skipped. Previously these clogged the
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output.
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## What the fix does NOT do
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It does NOT solve the case where SwiftUI views are intentionally hidden
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from accessibility (`.accessibilityHidden(true)`, custom `Canvas`
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drawings, decorative `Shape` stacks). The AX tree won't list them, and
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no amount of walker improvement changes that.
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## Escape hatch: `.gstackProbe(_:)`
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For views that the agent must see but the AX tree won't surface, use the
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SwiftUI ViewModifier shipped in `Bridges.swift.template`:
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```swift
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Button { startCapture() } label: {
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Image(systemName: "mic.circle.fill")
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Text("Tap to start capturing")
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}
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.gstackProbe("dashboard.captureButton")
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```
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`.gstackProbe(_:)` sets `.accessibilityIdentifier(_:)` AND registers
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`(identifier, frame)` in `GstackProbeRegistry`, which the
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`ElementsBridge` merges into `/elements` output as a synthetic entry
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tagged `"source":"gstack-probe"`. Use this ONLY when you've confirmed via
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`/elements` that the agent can't see your view through the AX path —
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it adds a tiny ongoing cost (one `PreferenceKey`-driven frame update per
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view).
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## Recommended workflow
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1. Annotate your interactive SwiftUI views with
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`.accessibilityIdentifier(_:)` as you would for XCUITest. The fix in
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this PR will surface them.
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2. Run the agent against a representative screen. Check `/elements` for
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the identifiers you expect.
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3. For any view that didn't surface, switch to `.gstackProbe(_:)`.
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4. For purely decorative screens (data viz, canvas, custom drawing), use
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**vision-based tapping**: ask the agent to read the screenshot and
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tap by coordinate. The screenshot path is unaffected by this issue
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and is the supported fallback.
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## Prior art
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- **WebDriverAgent (Appium)** solves this with `XCAXClient_iOS`, which is
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XCTest-only — not available to an in-process DEBUG bridge.
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- **swift-agentation** (Ertem Biyik) invented the same registry +
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ViewModifier pattern `.gstackProbe(_:)` uses; their `agentationTag`
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modifier was the proof-of-concept for this approach.
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- Apple developer forums and the Swift Forums thread
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"Is it possible to dump / introspect my own Accessibility tree at
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runtime (SwiftUI)?" both conclude there's no fully public API path —
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the KVC-over-informal-protocol approach in this PR is the best
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available compromise.
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@ -73,10 +73,62 @@ enum ElementsBridgeImpl {
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/// Each entry has frame (in window coords), accessibility label,
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/// identifier, traits as a bitmask, and a parent path. Skips
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/// non-accessible / hidden views.
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///
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/// SwiftUI caveat: SwiftUI hosts its accessibility tree inside
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/// `_UIHostingView` and friends. Many leaf "views" are synthetic
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/// AX elements with no backing UIView — they only surface through
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/// `accessibilityElementCount()` / `accessibilityElement(at:)` on
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/// the hosting container, and only after the AX subsystem has been
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/// poked. We force-materialize via `UIAccessibility.post`, then
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/// descend through synthetic elements aggressively. Identifiers
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/// declared with `.accessibilityIdentifier(...)` in SwiftUI ARE
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/// preserved on the synthetic element, so reading
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/// `accessibilityIdentifier` via KVC works.
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///
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/// For views where the AX tree still doesn't surface what you need
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/// (custom drawing, `.accessibilityHidden(true)` containers wrapping
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/// taggable leaves), use the `GstackProbe` SwiftUI ViewModifier — it
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/// registers (id, frame, label) in `GstackProbeRegistry`, which the
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/// walker merges into the output as synthetic `gstack-probe` entries.
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/// See `ios-qa/docs/swiftui-accessibility.md`.
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static func snapshot() -> [JSONDict] {
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guard let scene = activeScene(), let window = activeKeyWindow(in: scene) else { return [] }
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// Force SwiftUI hosting views to materialize their AX subtree.
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// No-op if VoiceOver already populated it; cheap nudge otherwise.
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// `.layoutChanged` is documented and doesn't speak anything.
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UIAccessibility.post(notification: .layoutChanged, argument: nil)
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var elements: [JSONDict] = []
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collect(view: window, parentPath: "", windowBounds: window.bounds, into: &elements)
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// Merge GstackProbe-registered SwiftUI views. These are an explicit
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// escape hatch for views that don't surface through the AX tree.
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// Probe frames are captured via SwiftUI's `.global` GeometryReader,
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// which returns window-relative coordinates — same space as the
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// walker's other frames.
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let windowBounds = window.bounds
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for probe in GstackProbeRegistry.shared.snapshot() {
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let frameInWindow = probe.frame
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guard windowBounds.intersects(frameInWindow) else { continue }
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elements.append([
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"path": "<gstack-probe>",
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"class": "GstackProbe",
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"label": probe.label,
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"identifier": probe.identifier,
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"value": "",
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"traits": 0,
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"frame": [
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"x": Int(frameInWindow.origin.x),
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"y": Int(frameInWindow.origin.y),
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"w": Int(frameInWindow.size.width),
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"h": Int(frameInWindow.size.height),
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],
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"is_user_interaction_enabled": true,
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"source": "gstack-probe",
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])
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}
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return elements
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}
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@ -120,62 +172,39 @@ enum ElementsBridgeImpl {
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])
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}
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// Recurse into accessibility-elements first (some custom views vend
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// synthetic children), then UIView subviews. SwiftUI's host views
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// populate accessibilityElements lazily — many return nil before
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// VoiceOver triggers them. Force population by reading accessibilityElementCount.
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_ = view.accessibilityElementCount()
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if let axElements = view.accessibilityElements {
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// Descend through accessibility children FIRST. SwiftUI hosting
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// views vend their entire AX tree this way — `subviews` only shows
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// `_UIGraphicsView` / `HostingView` shells without leaves.
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//
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// Three signals from the AX protocol, in priority order:
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// 1. `accessibilityElements: [Any]?` — explicit array if set.
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// 2. `accessibilityElementCount()` + `accessibilityElement(at:)` —
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// indexed access. SwiftUI's `_UIHostingView` uses this path.
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// Empty array vs nil matters: SwiftUI often returns `[]` for
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// `accessibilityElements` even when `accessibilityElementCount()`
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// reports >0, so we always try the indexed path on hosts.
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// 3. `subviews` — UIKit-native fallback.
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//
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// We try (1) then (2), then ALWAYS recurse `subviews` because mixed
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// UIKit + SwiftUI screens have both.
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var emittedAXChildren = false
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if let axElements = view.accessibilityElements, !axElements.isEmpty {
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emittedAXChildren = true
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for case let element as NSObject in axElements {
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if let v = element as? UIView {
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collect(view: v, parentPath: path, windowBounds: windowBounds, into: &elements)
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} else {
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// Synthetic accessibility element (no UIView). Capture frame in screen coords.
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let af = (element.value(forKey: "accessibilityFrame") as? CGRect) ?? .zero
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elements.append([
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"path": "\(path) > <synthetic>",
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"class": "AccessibilityElement",
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"label": (element.value(forKey: "accessibilityLabel") as? String) ?? "",
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"identifier": (element.value(forKey: "accessibilityIdentifier") as? String) ?? "",
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"value": (element.value(forKey: "accessibilityValue") as? String) ?? "",
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"traits": (element.value(forKey: "accessibilityTraits") as? NSNumber)?.intValue ?? 0,
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"frame": [
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"x": Int(af.origin.x),
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"y": Int(af.origin.y),
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"w": Int(af.size.width),
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"h": Int(af.size.height),
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],
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"is_user_interaction_enabled": true,
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])
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}
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emitAXChild(element, parentPath: path, windowBounds: windowBounds, into: &elements)
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}
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} else {
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// accessibilityElements is nil — iterate by index. SwiftUI uses
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// this dynamic protocol pattern; many AX elements only respond
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// to accessibilityElementCount + accessibilityElement(at:).
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let count = view.accessibilityElementCount()
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for i in 0..<count {
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}
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// ALSO try the indexed path. SwiftUI hosting views often expose
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// children only here, with `accessibilityElements` returning nil
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// or an empty array. Safe because UIKit-native containers either
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// return 0 here or vend the same elements as `.accessibilityElements`
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// (dedup by object identity below would be ideal, but the cost of
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// a few duplicates is acceptable vs missing every SwiftUI element).
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let axCount = view.accessibilityElementCount()
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if axCount > 0 && !emittedAXChildren {
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for i in 0..<axCount {
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guard let element = view.accessibilityElement(at: i) as? NSObject else { continue }
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if let v = element as? UIView {
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collect(view: v, parentPath: path, windowBounds: windowBounds, into: &elements)
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} else {
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let af = (element.value(forKey: "accessibilityFrame") as? CGRect) ?? .zero
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elements.append([
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"path": "\(path) > <ax\(i)>",
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"class": String(describing: type(of: element)),
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"label": (element.value(forKey: "accessibilityLabel") as? String) ?? "",
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"identifier": (element.value(forKey: "accessibilityIdentifier") as? String) ?? "",
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"value": (element.value(forKey: "accessibilityValue") as? String) ?? "",
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"traits": (element.value(forKey: "accessibilityTraits") as? NSNumber)?.intValue ?? 0,
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"frame": [
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"x": Int(af.origin.x),
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"y": Int(af.origin.y),
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"w": Int(af.size.width),
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"h": Int(af.size.height),
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],
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"is_user_interaction_enabled": true,
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])
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}
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emitAXChild(element, parentPath: path, windowBounds: windowBounds, into: &elements)
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}
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}
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for sub in view.subviews {
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@ -183,6 +212,52 @@ enum ElementsBridgeImpl {
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}
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}
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/// Emit a single AX child — either recurse if it's a UIView, or
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/// extract via KVC if it's a synthetic AX element (SwiftUI shim).
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/// Reads via `value(forKey:)` because SwiftUI's element classes are
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/// private — `_UIAccessibilityElementMockView`, `AccessibilityNode`,
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/// `_AXSnapshotElement`, etc. They all conform to UIAccessibility's
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/// informal protocol, so KVC over the documented property names is
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/// safe and version-independent.
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private static func emitAXChild(_ element: NSObject, parentPath: String, windowBounds: CGRect, into elements: inout [JSONDict]) {
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if let v = element as? UIView {
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collect(view: v, parentPath: parentPath, windowBounds: windowBounds, into: &elements)
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return
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}
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// Synthetic AX element. Frame is in screen coords for AX elements
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// (per UIAccessibilityElement docs); we report screen coords here
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// — caller can translate if needed since taps go via window coords
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// and StateServer converts.
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let af = (element.value(forKey: "accessibilityFrame") as? CGRect) ?? .zero
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let label = (element.value(forKey: "accessibilityLabel") as? String) ?? ""
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let ident = (element.value(forKey: "accessibilityIdentifier") as? String) ?? ""
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let val = (element.value(forKey: "accessibilityValue") as? String) ?? ""
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let traits: Int = {
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if let n = element.value(forKey: "accessibilityTraits") as? NSNumber { return n.intValue }
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return 0
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}()
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// Skip pure-container synthetic nodes with no useful info — these
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// are what was clogging the previous output. Keep anything with
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// a label, identifier, value, or non-zero traits.
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if label.isEmpty && ident.isEmpty && val.isEmpty && traits == 0 { return }
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elements.append([
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"path": "\(parentPath) > <ax>",
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"class": String(describing: type(of: element)),
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"label": label,
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"identifier": ident,
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"value": val,
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"traits": traits,
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"frame": [
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"x": Int(af.origin.x),
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"y": Int(af.origin.y),
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"w": Int(af.size.width),
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"h": Int(af.size.height),
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],
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"is_user_interaction_enabled": true,
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"source": "ax-synthetic",
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])
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}
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private static func activeScene() -> UIWindowScene? {
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UIApplication.shared.connectedScenes
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.compactMap { $0 as? UIWindowScene }
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@ -305,4 +380,109 @@ enum MutationBridgeImpl {
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}
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}
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// MARK: - GstackProbe — SwiftUI escape hatch
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/// Thread-safe registry of SwiftUI views that opted into agent visibility
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/// via `.gstackProbe("id")`. The ElementsBridge merges these into the
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/// `/elements` output as synthetic entries.
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///
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/// Why this exists: SwiftUI doesn't always create a backing UIView for
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/// declarative views (custom Canvas drawings, Shape stacks, Text inside
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/// a HStack inside a Button label). The accessibility tree usually
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/// surfaces them, but not always — particularly for views that
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/// intentionally hide AX (e.g., decorative containers wrapping
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/// taggable children). Probe is the documented escape hatch when AX
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/// doesn't materialize what the agent needs to see.
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///
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/// Cost: one CGRect + two Strings per probed view. `onGeometryChange`
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/// (iOS 18+) keeps frames in sync without continuous polling.
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@MainActor
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public final class GstackProbeRegistry {
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public struct Probe: Sendable {
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public let identifier: String
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public let label: String
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public let frame: CGRect
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}
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public static let shared = GstackProbeRegistry()
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private var probes: [UUID: Probe] = [:]
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/// Insert or update a probe. Idempotent on UUID — call from
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/// `onGeometryChange` to keep `frame` current.
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public func register(_ uuid: UUID, identifier: String, label: String, frame: CGRect) {
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probes[uuid] = Probe(identifier: identifier, label: label, frame: frame)
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}
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/// Remove a probe — call from `.onDisappear`.
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public func deregister(_ uuid: UUID) {
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probes.removeValue(forKey: uuid)
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}
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/// Snapshot all live probes for the ElementsBridge walker.
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public func snapshot() -> [Probe] {
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Array(probes.values)
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}
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}
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/// Internal PreferenceKey for shuttling GeometryReader frames out to the
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/// modifier without triggering SwiftUI's State-update-during-view-update
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/// warning that GeometryReader + direct register triggers.
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private struct GstackProbeFramePreference: PreferenceKey {
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static let defaultValue: CGRect = .zero
|
||||
static func reduce(value: inout CGRect, nextValue: () -> CGRect) {
|
||||
let next = nextValue()
|
||||
if next != .zero { value = next }
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/// `.gstackProbe("dashboard.captureButton")` — register a SwiftUI view
|
||||
/// with the agent's elements snapshot. Equivalent to setting
|
||||
/// `.accessibilityIdentifier(...)` PLUS guaranteeing the agent will see
|
||||
/// the (id, frame) pair regardless of how SwiftUI renders the view.
|
||||
///
|
||||
/// Prefer `.accessibilityIdentifier(...)` alone for normal SwiftUI views —
|
||||
/// the improved walker reads those out of the AX tree. Reach for
|
||||
/// `.gstackProbe(...)` only when you've confirmed via `/elements` that
|
||||
/// the agent can't see your view.
|
||||
public struct GstackProbeModifier: ViewModifier {
|
||||
let identifier: String
|
||||
let label: String
|
||||
@State private var uuid = UUID()
|
||||
|
||||
public func body(content: Content) -> some View {
|
||||
content
|
||||
.accessibilityIdentifier(identifier)
|
||||
.background(
|
||||
GeometryReader { geo in
|
||||
Color.clear
|
||||
.preference(key: GstackProbeFramePreference.self, value: geo.frame(in: .global))
|
||||
}
|
||||
)
|
||||
.onPreferenceChange(GstackProbeFramePreference.self) { newFrame in
|
||||
Task { @MainActor in
|
||||
GstackProbeRegistry.shared.register(
|
||||
uuid,
|
||||
identifier: identifier,
|
||||
label: label,
|
||||
frame: newFrame
|
||||
)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
.onDisappear {
|
||||
GstackProbeRegistry.shared.deregister(uuid)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public extension View {
|
||||
/// Register this view with the gstack ios-qa agent so it shows up in
|
||||
/// `/elements` with a known identifier + frame, even if SwiftUI's
|
||||
/// accessibility tree doesn't surface it. Also sets the standard
|
||||
/// `.accessibilityIdentifier(_:)` — using both is safe.
|
||||
func gstackProbe(_ identifier: String, label: String = "") -> some View {
|
||||
modifier(GstackProbeModifier(identifier: identifier, label: label))
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#endif // DEBUG && canImport(UIKit)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue