paperclip/packages/plugins/sandbox-providers/kubernetes

@paperclipai/plugin-kubernetes (alpha)

First-party Paperclip sandbox-provider plugin for Kubernetes.

Alpha: the default backend (sandbox-cr) is built on kubernetes-sigs/agent-sandbox v1alpha1 — expect breaking changes as that CRD evolves toward Beta. A stable fallback backend (job, using batch/v1 Job) is available for clusters without agent-sandbox installed, but it does NOT support multi-command exec (paperclip-server's adapter-install pattern requires sandbox-cr).

Prerequisites

For sandbox-cr backend (default, recommended)

1. A Kubernetes cluster running k8s 1.27+
2. kubernetes-sigs/agent-sandbox controller installed in the cluster (alpha — installs the sandboxes.agents.x-k8s.io/v1alpha1 CRD and controller)
3. Paperclip-server running with access to the cluster (in-cluster via inCluster: true or external via kubeconfig)

For job backend (stable fallback)

1. A Kubernetes cluster running k8s 1.27+
2. Paperclip-server with cluster access — no additional controllers or CRDs required

Installation

paperclipai plugin install @paperclipai/plugin-kubernetes

Or, for local development:

paperclipai plugin install --local /path/to/paperclip/packages/plugins/sandbox-providers/kubernetes

Backends

The plugin supports two backend modes, selected via the backend config field:

Backend	Default	Stability	Multi-command exec	Requires
sandbox-cr	Yes	Alpha	Yes	kubernetes-sigs/agent-sandbox controller
job	No	Stable	No	Nothing beyond k8s 1.27+

sandbox-cr (default): Creates a Sandbox CR (agents.x-k8s.io/v1alpha1) whose controller provisions a long-lived pod running sleep infinity. paperclip-server execs individual commands into the running pod — this is the multi-command adapter-install pattern. When you releaseLease, the Sandbox CR is deleted and the controller tears down the pod.

job (stable fallback): Creates a batch/v1 Job. The container entrypoint runs once and exits — no multi-command exec possible. Use this when you cannot install agent-sandbox, or when you need strictly stable Kubernetes APIs. Note: paperclip-server's adapter-install pattern will not work in job mode.

Migrating from job to sandbox-cr

1. Install the agent-sandbox controller: kubectl apply -f https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/agent-sandbox/releases/latest/download/install.yaml
2. Update your environment config to set backend: "sandbox-cr" (or remove backend since sandbox-cr is the default)
3. New leases will use the Sandbox CR backend. Existing leases created with job mode continue to use job semantics until they are released.

Configuration

Create a sandbox environment with driver: kubernetes. One of these auth fields is required:

• inCluster: true — use the in-pod ServiceAccount credentials (when paperclip-server runs inside the same cluster).
• kubeconfig: <YAML> — inline kubeconfig (stored as a company secret).
• kubeconfigSecretRef: <secret-uuid> — reference to an existing Paperclip secret.

Common optional fields:

Field	Default	Purpose
backend	"sandbox-cr"	sandbox-cr (alpha, requires agent-sandbox controller) or job (stable, one-shot entrypoint).
adapterType	"claude_local"	One of the supported adapter types (claude_local, codex_local, gemini_local, cursor_local, opencode_local, pi_local). Determines runtime image + env keys + egress allow-list.
namespacePrefix	"paperclip-"	Prefix for the per-company tenant namespace.
companySlug	derived from companyId	Override the auto-derived company slug.
imageRegistry	(none)	Override the default registry for agent runtime images.
imageAllowList	[]	Glob patterns of allowed target.imageOverride values. Empty = no override permitted.
imagePullSecrets	[]	Names of pre-created Docker image pull secrets in the tenant namespace.
egressAllowFqdns	[]	Additional FQDNs (beyond adapter defaults like api.anthropic.com).
egressAllowCidrs	[]	Additional CIDRs to allow egress to.
egressMode	"standard"	standard (NetworkPolicy + CIDRs) or cilium (CiliumNetworkPolicy + FQDN allow-list).
runtimeClassName	(none)	e.g. kata-fc for Firecracker-backed microVMs. Cluster must have the RuntimeClass installed.
serviceAccountAnnotations	{}	Annotations applied to per-tenant ServiceAccount (e.g. IRSA eks.amazonaws.com/role-arn).
jobTtlSecondsAfterFinished	900	Seconds after a Job completes before garbage-collection.
podActivityDeadlineSec	3600	Hard ceiling on a single run's wall-clock time.

Full JSON Schema in src/manifest.ts.

What gets created in your cluster

For each company that runs agents (created lazily on first dispatch):

Namespace          paperclip-{companySlug}        (PSS: restricted enforce + audit)
ServiceAccount     paperclip-tenant-sa
Role               paperclip-tenant-role          (only get pods/log)
RoleBinding        paperclip-tenant-rb
ResourceQuota      paperclip-quota                (pods, requests/limits cpu+memory)
LimitRange         paperclip-limits               (container max/min/default/defaultRequest)
NetworkPolicy      paperclip-deny-all             (deny ingress + egress baseline)
NetworkPolicy      paperclip-egress-allow         (DNS + paperclip-server callback + user CIDRs)
                   OR CiliumNetworkPolicy paperclip-egress-fqdn if egressMode=cilium

For each agent run (sandbox-cr backend):

Sandbox CR         pc-{ulid}                       (agents.x-k8s.io/v1alpha1; explicit delete on release)
Pod                pc-{ulid}-{podSuffix}           (managed by Sandbox controller; torn down on CR delete)
Secret             pc-{ulid}-env                   (owned by Sandbox CR; cascade-deleted)

For each agent run (job backend):

Job                pc-{ulid}                       (backoffLimit: 0, ttlSecondsAfterFinished from config)
Pod                pc-{ulid}-{podSuffix}           (owned by Job; cascade-deleted)
Secret             pc-{ulid}-env                   (owned by Job; cascade-deleted)

Security baseline

Every agent pod is:

• non-root (runAsUser: 1000, runAsGroup: 1000, runAsNonRoot: true)
• drops ALL Linux capabilities, allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
• readOnlyRootFilesystem: true with explicit emptyDir mounts for /workspace, /home/paperclip, /home/paperclip/.cache, /tmp
• seccompProfile: RuntimeDefault
• Tini as PID 1 (reaps zombies, forwards signals)
• fsGroupChangePolicy: OnRootMismatch (fast PVC startup; openclaw-operator lesson)
• automountServiceAccountToken: true (for the agent shim's paperclip-server callback)

Plus per-namespace pod-security.kubernetes.io/enforce: restricted and a deny-all NetworkPolicy baseline with explicit egress allow-list (DNS, paperclip-server, configured FQDNs/CIDRs).

The per-run Secret carrying the bootstrap token and adapter API keys has ownerReferences pointing at the owning Job, so a single kubectl delete job … cascades cleanly to the Pod and Secret.

Optional Kata-FC microVM isolation

For stronger isolation, install Kata Containers with the Firecracker hypervisor, then set runtimeClassName: kata-fc in the plugin config. Each agent pod will run inside a Firecracker microVM. Requires nested-virt-capable nodes (bare-metal or specific cloud instance types).

Roadmap

• Phase A (done): sandbox-cr backend — multi-command exec via agent-sandbox Sandbox CRD.
• Phase B: Warm pool support — pre-provisioned Sandbox CRs for sub-second cold starts. The SandboxOrchestrator interface reserves optional pause?/resume? extension slots.
• Phase C: Kata-FC + snapshots — runtimeClassName: kata-fc with VM snapshot for fast restore.
• Phase D: Contribute back to agent-sandbox upstream if their Beta model diverges from our needs. The SandboxOrchestrator interface (src/sandbox-orchestrator.ts) is the clean swap point — a new implementation can be added without touching plugin.ts business logic.

Lessons learned (from openclaw-operator)

This plugin adopts patterns from openclaw-rocks/openclaw-operator:

• Tini PID 1 (issue #471 — zombie helper processes)
• Read-only rootFS with explicit writable mounts (issue #456 — ~/.config not writable)
• Strategic merge on reconcile (issue #446 — preserve third-party annotations)
• Multi-storage-class testing (issue #448 — local-path-provisioner differences)
• Image version compat matrix (issue #462 — runtime deps cannot resolve after upgrade)

Development

cd packages/plugins/sandbox-providers/kubernetes
pnpm install --ignore-workspace
pnpm test           # unit tests only (fast)
pnpm typecheck
pnpm build

To run the kind-cluster integration test (requires kubectl --context kind-paperclip and a pre-loaded alpine image; see test/integration/end-to-end-run.test.ts):

RUN_K8S_INTEGRATION_TESTS=1 pnpm test test/integration/end-to-end-run.test.ts