# Map and Compass

## Declination

True north and magnetic north are not the same, and the angle between them is
**declination**. It varies by location and drifts over time. A map printed with a
declination diagram from 1998 is telling you about 1998.

Set the declination on the compass housing if it adjusts. If it does not, write
the correction on the compass with a paint pen so you are not doing arithmetic
under stress.

## Taking a bearing

Lay the compass edge along your intended line of travel on the map, rotate the
housing until the orienting lines match the map's north-south grid, then lift the
compass and turn your body until the needle sits in the shed. Walk the direction
of travel arrow.

## Pacing

Know your pace count — the number of double-steps you take to cover 100 meters.
For most adults it is between **60 and 70** on flat ground, and it lengthens
downhill and shortens uphill and under load. Measure yours on a known distance;
do not assume an average.

## Handrails and catching features

Navigate along linear features — a stream, a ridge, a fence line — and pick a
"catching feature" beyond your target that tells you when you have gone too far.
This is more reliable than trying to hit a small point precisely.