diff --git a/scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/__init__.py b/scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/__init__.py
index ade51ca63..5ec5ef6db 100644
--- a/scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/__init__.py
+++ b/scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/__init__.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 """Download handlers for different schemes"""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import logging
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Dict, Generator, Union, cast
 
@@ -19,15 +21,18 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class DownloadHandlers:
-    def __init__(self, crawler: "Crawler"):
-        self._crawler: "Crawler" = crawler
-        self._schemes: Dict[str, Union[str, Callable]] = (
+    def __init__(self, crawler: Crawler):
+        self._crawler: Crawler = crawler
+        self._schemes: Dict[str, Union[str, Callable[..., Any]]] = (
             {}
         )  # stores acceptable schemes on instancing
         self._handlers: Dict[str, Any] = {}  # stores instanced handlers for schemes
         self._notconfigured: Dict[str, str] = {}  # remembers failed handlers
-        handlers: Dict[str, Union[str, Callable]] = without_none_values(
-            crawler.settings.getwithbase("DOWNLOAD_HANDLERS")
+        handlers: Dict[str, Union[str, Callable[..., Any]]] = without_none_values(
+            cast(
+                Dict[str, Union[str, Callable[..., Any]]],
+                crawler.settings.getwithbase("DOWNLOAD_HANDLERS"),
+            )
         )
         for scheme, clspath in handlers.items():
             self._schemes[scheme] = clspath
diff --git a/scrapy/core/engine.py b/scrapy/core/engine.py
index 4eca03800..b342ad7a3 100644
--- a/scrapy/core/engine.py
+++ b/scrapy/core/engine.py
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ For more information see docs/topics/architecture.rst
 
 """
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import logging
 from time import time
 from typing import (
@@ -51,15 +53,15 @@ class Slot:
         self,
         start_requests: Iterable[Request],
         close_if_idle: bool,
-        nextcall: CallLaterOnce,
-        scheduler: "BaseScheduler",
+        nextcall: CallLaterOnce[None],
+        scheduler: BaseScheduler,
     ) -> None:
         self.closing: Optional[Deferred] = None
         self.inprogress: Set[Request] = set()
         self.start_requests: Optional[Iterator[Request]] = iter(start_requests)
         self.close_if_idle: bool = close_if_idle
-        self.nextcall: CallLaterOnce = nextcall
-        self.scheduler: "BaseScheduler" = scheduler
+        self.nextcall: CallLaterOnce[None] = nextcall
+        self.scheduler: BaseScheduler = scheduler
         self.heartbeat: LoopingCall = LoopingCall(nextcall.schedule)
 
     def add_request(self, request: Request) -> None:
@@ -84,8 +86,12 @@ class Slot:
 
 
 class ExecutionEngine:
-    def __init__(self, crawler: "Crawler", spider_closed_callback: Callable) -> None:
-        self.crawler: "Crawler" = crawler
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        crawler: Crawler,
+        spider_closed_callback: Callable[[Spider], Optional[Deferred[None]]],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.crawler: Crawler = crawler
         self.settings: Settings = crawler.settings
         self.signals: SignalManager = crawler.signals
         assert crawler.logformatter
@@ -94,19 +100,21 @@ class ExecutionEngine:
         self.spider: Optional[Spider] = None
         self.running: bool = False
         self.paused: bool = False
-        self.scheduler_cls: Type["BaseScheduler"] = self._get_scheduler_class(
+        self.scheduler_cls: Type[BaseScheduler] = self._get_scheduler_class(
             crawler.settings
         )
         downloader_cls: Type[Downloader] = load_object(self.settings["DOWNLOADER"])
         self.downloader: Downloader = downloader_cls(crawler)
         self.scraper = Scraper(crawler)
-        self._spider_closed_callback: Callable = spider_closed_callback
+        self._spider_closed_callback: Callable[[Spider], Optional[Deferred[None]]] = (
+            spider_closed_callback
+        )
         self.start_time: Optional[float] = None
 
-    def _get_scheduler_class(self, settings: BaseSettings) -> Type["BaseScheduler"]:
+    def _get_scheduler_class(self, settings: BaseSettings) -> Type[BaseScheduler]:
         from scrapy.core.scheduler import BaseScheduler
 
-        scheduler_cls: Type = load_object(settings["SCHEDULER"])
+        scheduler_cls: Type[BaseScheduler] = load_object(settings["SCHEDULER"])
         if not issubclass(scheduler_cls, BaseScheduler):
             raise TypeError(
                 f"The provided scheduler class ({settings['SCHEDULER']})"
@@ -425,7 +433,7 @@ class ExecutionEngine:
 
         dfd = self.slot.close()
 
-        def log_failure(msg: str) -> Callable:
+        def log_failure(msg: str) -> Callable[[Failure], None]:
             def errback(failure: Failure) -> None:
                 logger.error(
                     msg, exc_info=failure_to_exc_info(failure), extra={"spider": spider}
diff --git a/scrapy/core/http2/agent.py b/scrapy/core/http2/agent.py
index 935af2214..999764a6e 100644
--- a/scrapy/core/http2/agent.py
+++ b/scrapy/core/http2/agent.py
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ from scrapy.http.request import Request
 from scrapy.settings import Settings
 from scrapy.spiders import Spider
 
+ConnectionKeyT = Tuple[bytes, bytes, int]
+
 
 class H2ConnectionPool:
     def __init__(self, reactor: ReactorBase, settings: Settings) -> None:
@@ -28,13 +30,13 @@ class H2ConnectionPool:
 
         # Store a dictionary which is used to get the respective
         # H2ClientProtocolInstance using the  key as Tuple(scheme, hostname, port)
-        self._connections: Dict[Tuple, H2ClientProtocol] = {}
+        self._connections: Dict[ConnectionKeyT, H2ClientProtocol] = {}
 
         # Save all requests that arrive before the connection is established
-        self._pending_requests: Dict[Tuple, Deque[Deferred]] = {}
+        self._pending_requests: Dict[ConnectionKeyT, Deque[Deferred]] = {}
 
     def get_connection(
-        self, key: Tuple, uri: URI, endpoint: HostnameEndpoint
+        self, key: ConnectionKeyT, uri: URI, endpoint: HostnameEndpoint
     ) -> Deferred:
         if key in self._pending_requests:
             # Received a request while connecting to remote
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ class H2ConnectionPool:
         return self._new_connection(key, uri, endpoint)
 
     def _new_connection(
-        self, key: Tuple, uri: URI, endpoint: HostnameEndpoint
+        self, key: ConnectionKeyT, uri: URI, endpoint: HostnameEndpoint
     ) -> Deferred:
         self._pending_requests[key] = deque()
 
@@ -69,7 +71,9 @@ class H2ConnectionPool:
         self._pending_requests[key].append(d)
         return d
 
-    def put_connection(self, conn: H2ClientProtocol, key: Tuple) -> H2ClientProtocol:
+    def put_connection(
+        self, conn: H2ClientProtocol, key: ConnectionKeyT
+    ) -> H2ClientProtocol:
         self._connections[key] = conn
 
         # Now as we have established a proper HTTP/2 connection
@@ -81,7 +85,9 @@ class H2ConnectionPool:
 
         return conn
 
-    def _remove_connection(self, errors: List[BaseException], key: Tuple) -> None:
+    def _remove_connection(
+        self, errors: List[BaseException], key: ConnectionKeyT
+    ) -> None:
         self._connections.pop(key)
 
         # Call the errback of all the pending requests for this connection
@@ -122,7 +128,7 @@ class H2Agent:
     def get_endpoint(self, uri: URI) -> HostnameEndpoint:
         return self.endpoint_factory.endpointForURI(uri)
 
-    def get_key(self, uri: URI) -> Tuple:
+    def get_key(self, uri: URI) -> ConnectionKeyT:
         """
         Arguments:
             uri - URI obtained directly from request URL
@@ -164,6 +170,6 @@ class ScrapyProxyH2Agent(H2Agent):
     def get_endpoint(self, uri: URI) -> HostnameEndpoint:
         return self.endpoint_factory.endpointForURI(self._proxy_uri)
 
-    def get_key(self, uri: URI) -> Tuple:
+    def get_key(self, uri: URI) -> ConnectionKeyT:
         """We use the proxy uri instead of uri obtained from request url"""
-        return "http-proxy", self._proxy_uri.host, self._proxy_uri.port
+        return b"http-proxy", self._proxy_uri.host, self._proxy_uri.port
diff --git a/scrapy/core/http2/protocol.py b/scrapy/core/http2/protocol.py
index 8898b8118..f2f1cb0b8 100644
--- a/scrapy/core/http2/protocol.py
+++ b/scrapy/core/http2/protocol.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import itertools
 import logging
 from collections import deque
 from ipaddress import IPv4Address, IPv6Address
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any, Deque, Dict, List, Optional, Union
 
 from h2.config import H2Configuration
 from h2.connection import H2Connection
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class H2ClientProtocol(Protocol, TimeoutMixin):
 
         # If requests are received before connection is made we keep
         # all requests in a pool and send them as the connection is made
-        self._pending_request_stream_pool: deque = deque()
+        self._pending_request_stream_pool: Deque[Stream] = deque()
 
         # Save an instance of errors raised which lead to losing the connection
         # We pass these instances to the streams ResponseFailed() failure
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class H2ClientProtocol(Protocol, TimeoutMixin):
 
         # Some meta data of this connection
         # initialized when connection is successfully made
-        self.metadata: Dict = {
+        self.metadata: Dict[str, Any] = {
             # Peer certificate instance
             "certificate": None,
             # Address of the server we are connected to which
diff --git a/scrapy/core/http2/stream.py b/scrapy/core/http2/stream.py
index 224691078..7c70e86db 100644
--- a/scrapy/core/http2/stream.py
+++ b/scrapy/core/http2/stream.py
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class Stream:
 
         # Metadata of an HTTP/2 connection stream
         # initialized when stream is instantiated
-        self.metadata: Dict = {
+        self.metadata: Dict[str, Any] = {
             "request_content_length": (
                 0 if self._request.body is None else len(self._request.body)
             ),
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class Stream:
         # Private variable used to build the response
         # this response is then converted to appropriate Response class
         # passed to the response deferred callback
-        self._response: Dict = {
+        self._response: Dict[str, Any] = {
             # Data received frame by frame from the server is appended
             # and passed to the response Deferred when completely received.
             "body": BytesIO(),
diff --git a/scrapy/core/scheduler.py b/scrapy/core/scheduler.py
index f30a5d9c9..e3b95e977 100644
--- a/scrapy/core/scheduler.py
+++ b/scrapy/core/scheduler.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import json
 import logging
 from abc import abstractmethod
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, Type, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, List, Optional, Type, cast
 
 from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred
 
@@ -362,13 +362,13 @@ class Scheduler(BaseScheduler):
             return str(dqdir)
         return None
 
-    def _read_dqs_state(self, dqdir: str) -> list:
+    def _read_dqs_state(self, dqdir: str) -> List[int]:
         path = Path(dqdir, "active.json")
         if not path.exists():
             return []
         with path.open(encoding="utf-8") as f:
-            return cast(list, json.load(f))
+            return cast(List[int], json.load(f))
 
-    def _write_dqs_state(self, dqdir: str, state: list) -> None:
+    def _write_dqs_state(self, dqdir: str, state: List[int]) -> None:
         with Path(dqdir, "active.json").open("w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             json.dump(state, f)
diff --git a/scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/cookies.py b/scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/cookies.py
index 6ada3b474..73c2c57fe 100644
--- a/scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/cookies.py
+++ b/scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/cookies.py
@@ -3,16 +3,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import logging
 from collections import defaultdict
 from http.cookiejar import Cookie
-from typing import (
-    TYPE_CHECKING,
-    Any,
-    DefaultDict,
-    Dict,
-    Iterable,
-    Optional,
-    Sequence,
-    Union,
-)
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, DefaultDict, Iterable, Optional, Sequence, Union
 
 from tldextract import TLDExtract
 
@@ -21,6 +12,7 @@ from scrapy.crawler import Crawler
 from scrapy.exceptions import NotConfigured
 from scrapy.http import Response
 from scrapy.http.cookies import CookieJar
+from scrapy.http.request import VerboseCookie
 from scrapy.utils.httpobj import urlparse_cached
 from scrapy.utils.python import to_unicode
 
@@ -128,7 +120,7 @@ class CookiesMiddleware:
                 msg = f"Received cookies from: {response}\n{cookies}"
                 logger.debug(msg, extra={"spider": spider})
 
-    def _format_cookie(self, cookie: Dict[str, Any], request: Request) -> Optional[str]:
+    def _format_cookie(self, cookie: VerboseCookie, request: Request) -> Optional[str]:
         """
         Given a dict consisting of cookie components, return its string representation.
         Decode from bytes if necessary.
@@ -142,18 +134,19 @@ class CookiesMiddleware:
                     logger.warning(msg)
                     return None
                 continue
-            if isinstance(cookie[key], (bool, float, int, str)):
-                decoded[key] = str(cookie[key])
+            # https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/7178, https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/9168
+            if isinstance(cookie[key], (bool, float, int, str)):  # type: ignore[literal-required]
+                decoded[key] = str(cookie[key])  # type: ignore[literal-required]
             else:
                 try:
-                    decoded[key] = cookie[key].decode("utf8")
+                    decoded[key] = cookie[key].decode("utf8")  # type: ignore[literal-required]
                 except UnicodeDecodeError:
                     logger.warning(
                         "Non UTF-8 encoded cookie found in request %s: %s",
                         request,
                         cookie,
                     )
-                    decoded[key] = cookie[key].decode("latin1", errors="replace")
+                    decoded[key] = cookie[key].decode("latin1", errors="replace")  # type: ignore[literal-required]
         for flag in ("secure",):
             value = cookie.get(flag, _UNSET)
             if value is _UNSET or not value:
@@ -174,7 +167,7 @@ class CookiesMiddleware:
         """
         if not request.cookies:
             return []
-        cookies: Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]
+        cookies: Iterable[VerboseCookie]
         if isinstance(request.cookies, dict):
             cookies = tuple({"name": k, "value": v} for k, v in request.cookies.items())
         else:
diff --git a/scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/stats.py b/scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/stats.py
index df30e8ca4..444702757 100644
--- a/scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/stats.py
+++ b/scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/stats.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, List, Tuple, Union
 
 from twisted.web import http
 
@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from typing_extensions import Self
 
 
-def get_header_size(headers: Dict[str, Union[list, tuple]]) -> int:
+def get_header_size(
+    headers: Dict[str, Union[List[Union[str, bytes]], Tuple[Union[str, bytes], ...]]]
+) -> int:
     size = 0
     for key, value in headers.items():
         if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
diff --git a/scrapy/extensions/feedexport.py b/scrapy/extensions/feedexport.py
index 3c2bb5593..de8a288f6 100644
--- a/scrapy/extensions/feedexport.py
+++ b/scrapy/extensions/feedexport.py
@@ -694,7 +694,9 @@ class FeedExporter:
         self.slots = slots
 
     def _load_components(self, setting_prefix: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-        conf = without_none_values(self.settings.getwithbase(setting_prefix))
+        conf = without_none_values(
+            cast(Dict[str, str], self.settings.getwithbase(setting_prefix))
+        )
         d = {}
         for k, v in conf.items():
             try:
diff --git a/scrapy/extensions/httpcache.py b/scrapy/extensions/httpcache.py
index dd5bce24f..3f4af42b7 100644
--- a/scrapy/extensions/httpcache.py
+++ b/scrapy/extensions/httpcache.py
@@ -315,7 +315,9 @@ class FilesystemCacheStorage:
         self.expiration_secs: int = settings.getint("HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS")
         self.use_gzip: bool = settings.getbool("HTTPCACHE_GZIP")
         # https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/10740
-        self._open: Callable[Concatenate[Union[str, os.PathLike], str, ...], IO] = (
+        self._open: Callable[
+            Concatenate[Union[str, os.PathLike], str, ...], IO[bytes]
+        ] = (
             gzip.open if self.use_gzip else open  # type: ignore[assignment]
         )
 
@@ -368,11 +370,12 @@ class FilesystemCacheStorage:
         with self._open(rpath / "pickled_meta", "wb") as f:
             pickle.dump(metadata, f, protocol=4)
         with self._open(rpath / "response_headers", "wb") as f:
-            f.write(headers_dict_to_raw(response.headers))
+            # headers_dict_to_raw() needs a better type hint
+            f.write(cast(bytes, headers_dict_to_raw(response.headers)))
         with self._open(rpath / "response_body", "wb") as f:
             f.write(response.body)
         with self._open(rpath / "request_headers", "wb") as f:
-            f.write(headers_dict_to_raw(request.headers))
+            f.write(cast(bytes, headers_dict_to_raw(request.headers)))
         with self._open(rpath / "request_body", "wb") as f:
             f.write(request.body)
 
diff --git a/scrapy/http/request/__init__.py b/scrapy/http/request/__init__.py
index 191b3cef4..77149333c 100644
--- a/scrapy/http/request/__init__.py
+++ b/scrapy/http/request/__init__.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ from typing import (
     NoReturn,
     Optional,
     Tuple,
+    TypedDict,
     Union,
     cast,
 )
@@ -34,8 +35,19 @@ from scrapy.utils.trackref import object_ref
 from scrapy.utils.url import escape_ajax
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    # typing.Self requires Python 3.11
-    from typing_extensions import Self
+    # typing.NotRequired and typing.Self require Python 3.11
+    from typing_extensions import NotRequired, Self
+
+
+class VerboseCookie(TypedDict):
+    name: str
+    value: str
+    domain: NotRequired[str]
+    path: NotRequired[str]
+    secure: NotRequired[bool]
+
+
+CookiesT = Union[Dict[str, str], List[VerboseCookie]]
 
 
 def NO_CALLBACK(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> NoReturn:
@@ -97,7 +109,7 @@ class Request(object_ref):
         method: str = "GET",
         headers: Union[Mapping[AnyStr, Any], Iterable[Tuple[AnyStr, Any]], None] = None,
         body: Optional[Union[bytes, str]] = None,
-        cookies: Optional[Union[dict, List[dict]]] = None,
+        cookies: Optional[CookiesT] = None,
         meta: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         encoding: str = "utf-8",
         priority: int = 0,
@@ -123,7 +135,7 @@ class Request(object_ref):
         self.callback: Optional[Callable] = callback
         self.errback: Optional[Callable] = errback
 
-        self.cookies: Union[dict, List[dict]] = cookies or {}
+        self.cookies: CookiesT = cookies or {}
         self.headers: Headers = Headers(headers or {}, encoding=encoding)
         self.dont_filter: bool = dont_filter
 
@@ -254,7 +266,7 @@ class Request(object_ref):
         return d
 
 
-def _find_method(obj: Any, func: Callable) -> str:
+def _find_method(obj: Any, func: Callable[..., Any]) -> str:
     """Helper function for Request.to_dict"""
     # Only instance methods contain ``__func__``
     if obj and hasattr(func, "__func__"):
diff --git a/scrapy/http/request/form.py b/scrapy/http/request/form.py
index 3206d79cd..ea98ed795 100644
--- a/scrapy/http/request/form.py
+++ b/scrapy/http/request/form.py
@@ -7,7 +7,17 @@ See documentation in docs/topics/request-response.rst
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterable, List, Optional, Tuple, Union, cast
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
 from urllib.parse import urlencode, urljoin, urlsplit, urlunsplit
 
 from lxml.html import FormElement  # nosec
@@ -26,8 +36,9 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from typing_extensions import Self
 
 
-FormdataKVType = Tuple[str, Union[str, Iterable[str]]]
-FormdataType = Optional[Union[dict, List[FormdataKVType]]]
+FormdataVType = Union[str, Iterable[str]]
+FormdataKVType = Tuple[str, FormdataVType]
+FormdataType = Optional[Union[Dict[str, FormdataVType], List[FormdataKVType]]]
 
 
 class FormRequest(Request):
@@ -62,7 +73,7 @@ class FormRequest(Request):
         formid: Optional[str] = None,
         formnumber: int = 0,
         formdata: FormdataType = None,
-        clickdata: Optional[dict] = None,
+        clickdata: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, int]]] = None,
         dont_click: bool = False,
         formxpath: Optional[str] = None,
         formcss: Optional[str] = None,
@@ -156,7 +167,7 @@ def _get_inputs(
     form: FormElement,
     formdata: FormdataType,
     dont_click: bool,
-    clickdata: Optional[dict],
+    clickdata: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, int]]],
 ) -> List[FormdataKVType]:
     """Return a list of key-value pairs for the inputs found in the given form."""
     try:
@@ -186,10 +197,8 @@ def _get_inputs(
         if clickable and clickable[0] not in formdata and not clickable[0] is None:
             values.append(clickable)
 
-    if isinstance(formdata, dict):
-        formdata = formdata.items()  # type: ignore[assignment]
-
-    values.extend((k, v) for k, v in formdata if v is not None)
+    formdata_items = formdata.items() if isinstance(formdata, dict) else formdata
+    values.extend((k, v) for k, v in formdata_items if v is not None)
     return values
 
 
@@ -216,7 +225,7 @@ def _select_value(
 
 
 def _get_clickable(
-    clickdata: Optional[dict], form: FormElement
+    clickdata: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, int]]], form: FormElement
 ) -> Optional[Tuple[str, str]]:
     """
     Returns the clickable element specified in clickdata,
@@ -243,6 +252,7 @@ def _get_clickable(
     # because that uniquely identifies the element
     nr = clickdata.get("nr", None)
     if nr is not None:
+        assert isinstance(nr, int)
         try:
             el = list(form.inputs)[nr]
         except IndexError:
diff --git a/scrapy/http/request/json_request.py b/scrapy/http/request/json_request.py
index 1dd9e6c87..405c0b9d0 100644
--- a/scrapy/http/request/json_request.py
+++ b/scrapy/http/request/json_request.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ See documentation in docs/topics/request-response.rst
 import copy
 import json
 import warnings
-from typing import Any, Optional, Tuple
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Tuple
 
 from scrapy.http.request import Request
 
@@ -17,15 +17,15 @@ class JsonRequest(Request):
     attributes: Tuple[str, ...] = Request.attributes + ("dumps_kwargs",)
 
     def __init__(
-        self, *args: Any, dumps_kwargs: Optional[dict] = None, **kwargs: Any
+        self, *args: Any, dumps_kwargs: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None, **kwargs: Any
     ) -> None:
         dumps_kwargs = copy.deepcopy(dumps_kwargs) if dumps_kwargs is not None else {}
         dumps_kwargs.setdefault("sort_keys", True)
-        self._dumps_kwargs = dumps_kwargs
+        self._dumps_kwargs: Dict[str, Any] = dumps_kwargs
 
         body_passed = kwargs.get("body", None) is not None
-        data = kwargs.pop("data", None)
-        data_passed = data is not None
+        data: Any = kwargs.pop("data", None)
+        data_passed: bool = data is not None
 
         if body_passed and data_passed:
             warnings.warn("Both body and data passed. data will be ignored")
@@ -41,13 +41,13 @@ class JsonRequest(Request):
         )
 
     @property
-    def dumps_kwargs(self) -> dict:
+    def dumps_kwargs(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         return self._dumps_kwargs
 
     def replace(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Request:
         body_passed = kwargs.get("body", None) is not None
-        data = kwargs.pop("data", None)
-        data_passed = data is not None
+        data: Any = kwargs.pop("data", None)
+        data_passed: bool = data is not None
 
         if body_passed and data_passed:
             warnings.warn("Both body and data passed. data will be ignored")
@@ -56,6 +56,6 @@ class JsonRequest(Request):
 
         return super().replace(*args, **kwargs)
 
-    def _dumps(self, data: dict) -> str:
+    def _dumps(self, data: Any) -> str:
         """Convert to JSON"""
         return json.dumps(data, **self._dumps_kwargs)
diff --git a/scrapy/http/response/__init__.py b/scrapy/http/response/__init__.py
index d73dfce4b..166c4de97 100644
--- a/scrapy/http/response/__init__.py
+++ b/scrapy/http/response/__init__.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ from twisted.internet.ssl import Certificate
 
 from scrapy.exceptions import NotSupported
 from scrapy.http.headers import Headers
-from scrapy.http.request import Request
+from scrapy.http.request import CookiesT, Request
 from scrapy.link import Link
 from scrapy.utils.trackref import object_ref
 
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ class Response(object_ref):
         method: str = "GET",
         headers: Union[Mapping[AnyStr, Any], Iterable[Tuple[AnyStr, Any]], None] = None,
         body: Optional[Union[bytes, str]] = None,
-        cookies: Optional[Union[dict, List[dict]]] = None,
+        cookies: Optional[CookiesT] = None,
         meta: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         encoding: Optional[str] = "utf-8",
         priority: int = 0,
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ class Response(object_ref):
         method: str = "GET",
         headers: Union[Mapping[AnyStr, Any], Iterable[Tuple[AnyStr, Any]], None] = None,
         body: Optional[Union[bytes, str]] = None,
-        cookies: Optional[Union[dict, List[dict]]] = None,
+        cookies: Optional[CookiesT] = None,
         meta: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         encoding: Optional[str] = "utf-8",
         priority: int = 0,
diff --git a/scrapy/http/response/text.py b/scrapy/http/response/text.py
index 522ffc0d5..44c36b682 100644
--- a/scrapy/http/response/text.py
+++ b/scrapy/http/response/text.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ from w3lib.encoding import (
 )
 from w3lib.html import strip_html5_whitespace
 
-from scrapy.http import Request
+from scrapy.http.request import CookiesT, Request
 from scrapy.http.response import Response
 from scrapy.link import Link
 from scrapy.utils.python import memoizemethod_noargs, to_unicode
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class TextResponse(Response):
         method: str = "GET",
         headers: Union[Mapping[AnyStr, Any], Iterable[Tuple[AnyStr, Any]], None] = None,
         body: Optional[Union[bytes, str]] = None,
-        cookies: Optional[Union[dict, List[dict]]] = None,
+        cookies: Optional[CookiesT] = None,
         meta: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         encoding: Optional[str] = None,
         priority: int = 0,
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ class TextResponse(Response):
         method: str = "GET",
         headers: Union[Mapping[AnyStr, Any], Iterable[Tuple[AnyStr, Any]], None] = None,
         body: Optional[Union[bytes, str]] = None,
-        cookies: Optional[Union[dict, List[dict]]] = None,
+        cookies: Optional[CookiesT] = None,
         meta: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         encoding: Optional[str] = None,
         priority: int = 0,
diff --git a/scrapy/item.py b/scrapy/item.py
index 2daea64cc..3f93809e7 100644
--- a/scrapy/item.py
+++ b/scrapy/item.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from typing_extensions import Self
 
 
-class Field(dict):
+class Field(Dict[str, Any]):
     """Container of field metadata"""
 
 
diff --git a/scrapy/logformatter.py b/scrapy/logformatter.py
index d720b2f38..42a03b560 100644
--- a/scrapy/logformatter.py
+++ b/scrapy/logformatter.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import logging
 import os
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, Optional, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, Optional, Tuple, TypedDict, Union
 
 from twisted.python.failure import Failure
 
@@ -26,6 +26,12 @@ DOWNLOADERRORMSG_SHORT = "Error downloading %(request)s"
 DOWNLOADERRORMSG_LONG = "Error downloading %(request)s: %(errmsg)s"
 
 
+class LogFormatterResult(TypedDict):
+    level: int
+    msg: str
+    args: Union[Dict[str, Any], Tuple[Any, ...]]
+
+
 class LogFormatter:
     """Class for generating log messages for different actions.
 
@@ -64,7 +70,9 @@ class LogFormatter:
                     }
     """
 
-    def crawled(self, request: Request, response: Response, spider: Spider) -> dict:
+    def crawled(
+        self, request: Request, response: Response, spider: Spider
+    ) -> LogFormatterResult:
         """Logs a message when the crawler finds a webpage."""
         request_flags = f" {str(request.flags)}" if request.flags else ""
         response_flags = f" {str(response.flags)}" if response.flags else ""
@@ -84,7 +92,7 @@ class LogFormatter:
 
     def scraped(
         self, item: Any, response: Union[Response, Failure], spider: Spider
-    ) -> dict:
+    ) -> LogFormatterResult:
         """Logs a message when an item is scraped by a spider."""
         src: Any
         if isinstance(response, Failure):
@@ -102,7 +110,7 @@ class LogFormatter:
 
     def dropped(
         self, item: Any, exception: BaseException, response: Response, spider: Spider
-    ) -> dict:
+    ) -> LogFormatterResult:
         """Logs a message when an item is dropped while it is passing through the item pipeline."""
         return {
             "level": logging.WARNING,
@@ -115,7 +123,7 @@ class LogFormatter:
 
     def item_error(
         self, item: Any, exception: BaseException, response: Response, spider: Spider
-    ) -> dict:
+    ) -> LogFormatterResult:
         """Logs a message when an item causes an error while it is passing
         through the item pipeline.
 
@@ -135,7 +143,7 @@ class LogFormatter:
         request: Request,
         response: Union[Response, Failure],
         spider: Spider,
-    ) -> dict:
+    ) -> LogFormatterResult:
         """Logs an error message from a spider.
 
         .. versionadded:: 2.0
@@ -155,7 +163,7 @@ class LogFormatter:
         request: Request,
         spider: Spider,
         errmsg: Optional[str] = None,
-    ) -> dict:
+    ) -> LogFormatterResult:
         """Logs a download error message from a spider (typically coming from
         the engine).
 
diff --git a/scrapy/mail.py b/scrapy/mail.py
index fd6302550..f4ce2800c 100644
--- a/scrapy/mail.py
+++ b/scrapy/mail.py
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class MailSender:
         subject: str,
         body: str,
         cc: Union[str, List[str], None] = None,
-        attachs: Sequence[Tuple[str, str, IO]] = (),
+        attachs: Sequence[Tuple[str, str, IO[Any]]] = (),
         mimetype: str = "text/plain",
         charset: Optional[str] = None,
         _callback: Optional[Callable[..., None]] = None,
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ class MailSender:
         return d
 
     def _create_sender_factory(
-        self, to_addrs: List[str], msg: IO, d: Deferred
+        self, to_addrs: List[str], msg: IO[bytes], d: Deferred
     ) -> ESMTPSenderFactory:
         from twisted.mail.smtp import ESMTPSenderFactory
 
diff --git a/scrapy/pipelines/files.py b/scrapy/pipelines/files.py
index 47457f2a8..c1ce0939c 100644
--- a/scrapy/pipelines/files.py
+++ b/scrapy/pipelines/files.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def _to_string(path: Union[str, PathLike]) -> str:
     return str(path)  # convert a Path object to string
 
 
-def _md5sum(file: IO) -> str:
+def _md5sum(file: IO[bytes]) -> str:
     """Calculate the md5 checksum of a file-like object without reading its
     whole content in memory.
 
diff --git a/scrapy/settings/__init__.py b/scrapy/settings/__init__.py
index d270a72f4..4448b6f4b 100644
--- a/scrapy/settings/__init__.py
+++ b/scrapy/settings/__init__.py
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ class BaseSettings(MutableMapping[_SettingsKeyT, Any]):
         """
         self._assert_mutability()
         if isinstance(values, str):
-            values = cast(dict, json.loads(values))
+            values = cast(Dict[_SettingsKeyT, Any], json.loads(values))
         if values is not None:
             if isinstance(values, BaseSettings):
                 for name, value in values.items():
diff --git a/scrapy/spiders/__init__.py b/scrapy/spiders/__init__.py
index bef041325..7b43f04f2 100644
--- a/scrapy/spiders/__init__.py
+++ b/scrapy/spiders/__init__.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ See documentation in docs/topics/spiders.rst
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterable, List, Optional, Union, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Union, cast
 
 from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred
 
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from typing_extensions import Concatenate, Self
 
     from scrapy.crawler import Crawler
-    from scrapy.settings import BaseSettings
+    from scrapy.settings import BaseSettings, _SettingsKeyT
     from scrapy.utils.log import SpiderLoggerAdapter
 
     CallbackT = Callable[Concatenate[Response, ...], Any]
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class Spider(object_ref):
     """
 
     name: str
-    custom_settings: Optional[dict] = None
+    custom_settings: Optional[Dict[_SettingsKeyT, Any]] = None
 
     def __init__(self, name: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs: Any):
         if name is not None:
diff --git a/scrapy/utils/asyncgen.py b/scrapy/utils/asyncgen.py
index 0505db343..67c8e1a01 100644
--- a/scrapy/utils/asyncgen.py
+++ b/scrapy/utils/asyncgen.py
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
-from typing import AsyncGenerator, AsyncIterable, Iterable, Union
+from typing import AsyncGenerator, AsyncIterable, Iterable, List, TypeVar, Union
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
 
 
-async def collect_asyncgen(result: AsyncIterable) -> list:
+async def collect_asyncgen(result: AsyncIterable[_T]) -> List[_T]:
     results = []
     async for x in result:
         results.append(x)
     return results
 
 
-async def as_async_generator(it: Union[Iterable, AsyncIterable]) -> AsyncGenerator:
+async def as_async_generator(
+    it: Union[Iterable[_T], AsyncIterable[_T]]
+) -> AsyncGenerator[_T, None]:
     """Wraps an iterable (sync or async) into an async generator."""
     if isinstance(it, AsyncIterable):
         async for r in it:
diff --git a/scrapy/utils/conf.py b/scrapy/utils/conf.py
index 641dfa4a2..c63b69995 100644
--- a/scrapy/utils/conf.py
+++ b/scrapy/utils/conf.py
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ from typing import (
     MutableMapping,
     Optional,
     Union,
+    cast,
 )
 
 from scrapy.exceptions import ScrapyDeprecationWarning, UsageError
@@ -173,7 +174,7 @@ def feed_process_params_from_cli(
     suitable to be used as the FEEDS setting.
     """
     valid_output_formats: Iterable[str] = without_none_values(
-        settings.getwithbase("FEED_EXPORTERS")
+        cast(Dict[str, str], settings.getwithbase("FEED_EXPORTERS"))
     ).keys()
 
     def check_valid_format(output_format: str) -> None:
diff --git a/scrapy/utils/datatypes.py b/scrapy/utils/datatypes.py
index b2118495f..d06887610 100644
--- a/scrapy/utils/datatypes.py
+++ b/scrapy/utils/datatypes.py
@@ -196,8 +196,8 @@ class LocalWeakReferencedCache(weakref.WeakKeyDictionary):
 class SequenceExclude:
     """Object to test if an item is NOT within some sequence."""
 
-    def __init__(self, seq: Sequence):
-        self.seq: Sequence = seq
+    def __init__(self, seq: Sequence[Any]):
+        self.seq: Sequence[Any] = seq
 
     def __contains__(self, item: Any) -> bool:
         return item not in self.seq
diff --git a/scrapy/utils/ftp.py b/scrapy/utils/ftp.py
index c77681a53..152f3374e 100644
--- a/scrapy/utils/ftp.py
+++ b/scrapy/utils/ftp.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ def ftp_makedirs_cwd(ftp: FTP, path: str, first_call: bool = True) -> None:
 def ftp_store_file(
     *,
     path: str,
-    file: IO,
+    file: IO[bytes],
     host: str,
     port: int,
     username: str,
diff --git a/scrapy/utils/log.py b/scrapy/utils/log.py
index 430a91e95..cbfd170ed 100644
--- a/scrapy/utils/log.py
+++ b/scrapy/utils/log.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from types import TracebackType
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
+    Dict,
     List,
     MutableMapping,
     Optional,
@@ -20,7 +21,8 @@ from twisted.python import log as twisted_log
 from twisted.python.failure import Failure
 
 import scrapy
-from scrapy.settings import Settings
+from scrapy.logformatter import LogFormatterResult
+from scrapy.settings import Settings, _SettingsKeyT
 from scrapy.utils.versions import scrapy_components_versions
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -86,7 +88,8 @@ DEFAULT_LOGGING = {
 
 
 def configure_logging(
-    settings: Union[Settings, dict, None] = None, install_root_handler: bool = True
+    settings: Union[Settings, Dict[_SettingsKeyT, Any], None] = None,
+    install_root_handler: bool = True,
 ) -> None:
     """
     Initialize logging defaults for Scrapy.
@@ -234,7 +237,9 @@ class LogCounterHandler(logging.Handler):
         self.crawler.stats.inc_value(sname)
 
 
-def logformatter_adapter(logkws: dict) -> Tuple[int, str, dict]:
+def logformatter_adapter(
+    logkws: LogFormatterResult,
+) -> Tuple[int, str, Union[Dict[str, Any], Tuple[Any, ...]]]:
     """
     Helper that takes the dictionary output from the methods in LogFormatter
     and adapts it into a tuple of positional arguments for logger.log calls,
@@ -245,7 +250,7 @@ def logformatter_adapter(logkws: dict) -> Tuple[int, str, dict]:
     message = logkws.get("msg") or ""
     # NOTE: This also handles 'args' being an empty dict, that case doesn't
     # play well in logger.log calls
-    args = logkws if not logkws.get("args") else logkws["args"]
+    args = cast(Dict[str, Any], logkws) if not logkws.get("args") else logkws["args"]
 
     return (level, message, args)
 
diff --git a/scrapy/utils/misc.py b/scrapy/utils/misc.py
index faf52e44a..49f36de2d 100644
--- a/scrapy/utils/misc.py
+++ b/scrapy/utils/misc.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def arg_to_iter(arg: Any) -> Iterable[Any]:
     return [arg]
 
 
-def load_object(path: Union[str, Callable]) -> Any:
+def load_object(path: Union[str, Callable[..., Any]]) -> Any:
     """Load an object given its absolute object path, and return it.
 
     The object can be the import path of a class, function, variable or an
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ def walk_modules(path: str) -> List[ModuleType]:
     return mods
 
 
-def md5sum(file: IO) -> str:
+def md5sum(file: IO[bytes]) -> str:
     """Calculate the md5 checksum of a file-like object without reading its
     whole content in memory.
 
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ def walk_callable(node: ast.AST) -> Generator[ast.AST, Any, None]:
 _generator_callbacks_cache = LocalWeakReferencedCache(limit=128)
 
 
-def is_generator_with_return_value(callable: Callable) -> bool:
+def is_generator_with_return_value(callable: Callable[..., Any]) -> bool:
     """
     Returns True if a callable is a generator function which includes a
     'return' statement with a value different than None, False otherwise
@@ -300,7 +300,9 @@ def is_generator_with_return_value(callable: Callable) -> bool:
     return bool(_generator_callbacks_cache[callable])
 
 
-def warn_on_generator_with_return_value(spider: Spider, callable: Callable) -> None:
+def warn_on_generator_with_return_value(
+    spider: Spider, callable: Callable[..., Any]
+) -> None:
     """
     Logs a warning if a callable is a generator function and includes
     a 'return' statement with a value different than None
diff --git a/scrapy/utils/python.py b/scrapy/utils/python.py
index 578cde2ac..37a84a350 100644
--- a/scrapy/utils/python.py
+++ b/scrapy/utils/python.py
@@ -42,9 +42,11 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
     _P = ParamSpec("_P")
 
 _T = TypeVar("_T")
+_KT = TypeVar("_KT")
+_VT = TypeVar("_VT")
 
 
-def flatten(x: Iterable) -> list:
+def flatten(x: Iterable[Any]) -> List[Any]:
     """flatten(sequence) -> list
 
     Returns a single, flat list which contains all elements retrieved
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ def flatten(x: Iterable) -> list:
     return list(iflatten(x))
 
 
-def iflatten(x: Iterable) -> Iterable:
+def iflatten(x: Iterable[Any]) -> Iterable[Any]:
     """iflatten(sequence) -> iterator
 
     Similar to ``.flatten()``, but returns iterator instead"""
@@ -99,10 +101,10 @@ def is_listlike(x: Any) -> bool:
     return hasattr(x, "__iter__") and not isinstance(x, (str, bytes))
 
 
-def unique(list_: Iterable, key: Callable[[Any], Any] = lambda x: x) -> list:
+def unique(list_: Iterable[_T], key: Callable[[_T], Any] = lambda x: x) -> List[_T]:
     """efficient function to uniquify a list preserving item order"""
     seen = set()
-    result = []
+    result: List[_T] = []
     for item in list_:
         seenkey = key(item)
         if seenkey in seen:
@@ -146,7 +148,7 @@ def to_bytes(
 
 
 def re_rsearch(
-    pattern: Union[str, Pattern], text: str, chunk_size: int = 1024
+    pattern: Union[str, Pattern[str]], text: str, chunk_size: int = 1024
 ) -> Optional[Tuple[int, int]]:
     """
     This function does a reverse search in a text using a regular expression
@@ -215,7 +217,7 @@ def binary_is_text(data: bytes) -> bool:
     return all(c not in _BINARYCHARS for c in data)
 
 
-def get_func_args(func: Callable, stripself: bool = False) -> List[str]:
+def get_func_args(func: Callable[..., Any], stripself: bool = False) -> List[str]:
     """Return the argument name list of a callable object"""
     if not callable(func):
         raise TypeError(f"func must be callable, got '{type(func).__name__}'")
@@ -245,7 +247,7 @@ def get_func_args(func: Callable, stripself: bool = False) -> List[str]:
     return args
 
 
-def get_spec(func: Callable) -> Tuple[List[str], Dict[str, Any]]:
+def get_spec(func: Callable[..., Any]) -> Tuple[List[str], Dict[str, Any]]:
     """Returns (args, kwargs) tuple for a function
     >>> import re
     >>> get_spec(re.match)
@@ -283,7 +285,7 @@ def get_spec(func: Callable) -> Tuple[List[str], Dict[str, Any]]:
 
 
 def equal_attributes(
-    obj1: Any, obj2: Any, attributes: Optional[List[Union[str, Callable]]]
+    obj1: Any, obj2: Any, attributes: Optional[List[Union[str, Callable[[Any], Any]]]]
 ) -> bool:
     """Compare two objects attributes"""
     # not attributes given return False by default
@@ -303,14 +305,16 @@ def equal_attributes(
 
 
 @overload
-def without_none_values(iterable: Mapping) -> dict: ...
+def without_none_values(iterable: Mapping[_KT, _VT]) -> Dict[_KT, _VT]: ...
 
 
 @overload
-def without_none_values(iterable: Iterable) -> Iterable: ...
+def without_none_values(iterable: Iterable[_KT]) -> Iterable[_KT]: ...
 
 
-def without_none_values(iterable: Union[Mapping, Iterable]) -> Union[dict, Iterable]:
+def without_none_values(
+    iterable: Union[Mapping[_KT, _VT], Iterable[_KT]]
+) -> Union[Dict[_KT, _VT], Iterable[_KT]]:
     """Return a copy of ``iterable`` with all ``None`` entries removed.
 
     If ``iterable`` is a mapping, return a dictionary where all pairs that have
diff --git a/scrapy/utils/request.py b/scrapy/utils/request.py
index 5be80ec0f..42a6537a8 100644
--- a/scrapy/utils/request.py
+++ b/scrapy/utils/request.py
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ def referer_str(request: Request) -> Optional[str]:
     return to_unicode(referrer, errors="replace")
 
 
-def request_from_dict(d: dict, *, spider: Optional[Spider] = None) -> Request:
+def request_from_dict(d: Dict[str, Any], *, spider: Optional[Spider] = None) -> Request:
     """Create a :class:`~scrapy.Request` object from a dict.
 
     If a spider is given, it will try to resolve the callbacks looking at the
diff --git a/scrapy/utils/test.py b/scrapy/utils/test.py
index 7a8c5c859..268d8d4be 100644
--- a/scrapy/utils/test.py
+++ b/scrapy/utils/test.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import os
 from importlib import import_module
 from pathlib import Path
 from posixpath import split
-from typing import Any, Coroutine, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Type
+from typing import Any, Awaitable, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Type, TypeVar
 from unittest import TestCase, mock
 
 from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ from scrapy import Spider
 from scrapy.crawler import Crawler
 from scrapy.utils.boto import is_botocore_available
 
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
 
 def assert_gcs_environ() -> None:
     if "GCS_PROJECT_ID" not in os.environ:
@@ -118,8 +120,8 @@ def assert_samelines(
     testcase.assertEqual(text1.splitlines(), text2.splitlines(), msg)
 
 
-def get_from_asyncio_queue(value: Any) -> Coroutine:
-    q: asyncio.Queue = asyncio.Queue()
+def get_from_asyncio_queue(value: _T) -> Awaitable[_T]:
+    q: asyncio.Queue[_T] = asyncio.Queue()
     getter = q.get()
     q.put_nowait(value)
     return getter