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scrapy
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Merge branch 'master' into patch-1

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Adrián Chaves 2020-03-01 18:17:18 +01:00 committed by GitHub
parent 231c9ddef8 ef00f8eb8e
commit 431f6e7d90
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323 changed files with 6062 additions and 3413 deletions
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18
.bandit.yml Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
skips:
- B101
- B105
- B301
- B303
- B306
- B307
- B311
- B320
- B321
- B402 # https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy/issues/4180
- B403
- B404
- B406
- B410
- B503
- B603
- B605

11
.readthedocs.yml Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
version: 2
sphinx:
configuration: docs/conf.py
fail_on_warning: true
python:
# For available versions, see:
# https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config-file/v2.html#build-image
version: 3.7 # Keep in sync with .travis.yml
install:
- requirements: docs/requirements.txt
- path: .

32
.travis.yml
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@ -7,39 +7,31 @@ branches:
- /^\d\.\d+\.\d+(rc\d+|\.dev\d+)?$/
matrix:
include:
- env: TOXENV=py27
python: 2.7
- env: TOXENV=py27-pinned
python: 2.7
- env: TOXENV=py27-extra-deps
python: 2.7
- env: TOXENV=pypy
python: 2.7
- env: TOXENV=security
python: 3.8
- env: TOXENV=flake8
python: 3.8
- env: TOXENV=pypy3
python: 3.5
- env: TOXENV=py35
python: 3.5
- env: TOXENV=py35-pinned
- env: TOXENV=pinned
python: 3.5
- env: TOXENV=py35-asyncio
python: 3.5.2
- env: TOXENV=py36
python: 3.6
- env: TOXENV=py37
python: 3.7
- env: TOXENV=py38
python: 3.8
- env: TOXENV=py38-extra-deps
- env: TOXENV=extra-deps
python: 3.8
- env: TOXENV=py38-asyncio
python: 3.8
- env: TOXENV=docs
python: 3.6
python: 3.7 # Keep in sync with .readthedocs.yml
install:
- |
if [ "$TOXENV" = "pypy" ]; then
export PYPY_VERSION="pypy-6.0.0-linux_x86_64-portable"
wget "https://bitbucket.org/squeaky/portable-pypy/downloads/${PYPY_VERSION}.tar.bz2"
tar -jxf ${PYPY_VERSION}.tar.bz2
virtualenv --python="$PYPY_VERSION/bin/pypy" "$HOME/virtualenvs/$PYPY_VERSION"
source "$HOME/virtualenvs/$PYPY_VERSION/bin/activate"
fi
if [ "$TOXENV" = "pypy3" ]; then
export PYPY_VERSION="pypy3.5-5.9-beta-linux_x86_64-portable"
wget "https://bitbucket.org/squeaky/portable-pypy/downloads/${PYPY_VERSION}.tar.bz2"
@ -70,4 +62,4 @@ deploy:
on:
tags: true
repo: scrapy/scrapy
condition: "$TOXENV == py27 && $TRAVIS_TAG =~ ^[0-9]+[.][0-9]+[.][0-9]+(rc[0-9]+|[.]dev[0-9]+)?$"
condition: "$TOXENV == py37 && $TRAVIS_TAG =~ ^[0-9]+[.][0-9]+[.][0-9]+(rc[0-9]+|[.]dev[0-9]+)?$"

2
CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
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@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ members of the project's leadership.
## Attribution
This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage], version 1.4,
available at [http://contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4][version]
available at [http://contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4][version].
[homepage]: http://contributor-covenant.org
[version]: http://contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4/

22
README.rst
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@ -34,14 +34,14 @@ Scrapy is a fast high-level web crawling and web scraping framework, used to
crawl websites and extract structured data from their pages. It can be used for
a wide range of purposes, from data mining to monitoring and automated testing.
For more information including a list of features check the Scrapy homepage at:
https://scrapy.org
Check the Scrapy homepage at https://scrapy.org for more information,
including a list of features.
Requirements
============
* Python 2.7 or Python 3.5+
* Works on Linux, Windows, Mac OSX, BSD
* Python 3.5+
* Works on Linux, Windows, macOS, BSD
Install
=======
@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ The quick way::
pip install scrapy
For more details see the install section in the documentation:
https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/intro/install.html
See the install section in the documentation at
https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/intro/install.html for more details.
Documentation
=============
@ -62,17 +62,17 @@ directory.
Releases
========
You can find release notes at https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/news.html
You can check https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/news.html for the release notes.
Community (blog, twitter, mail list, IRC)
=========================================
See https://scrapy.org/community/
See https://scrapy.org/community/ for details.
Contributing
============
See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/master/contributing.html
See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/master/contributing.html for details.
Code of Conduct
---------------
@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ Please report unacceptable behavior to opensource@scrapinghub.com.
Companies using Scrapy
======================
See https://scrapy.org/companies/
See https://scrapy.org/companies/ for a list.
Commercial Support
==================
See https://scrapy.org/support/
See https://scrapy.org/support/ for details.

3
artwork/README.rst
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@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
:orphan:
==============
Scrapy artwork
==============

46
conftest.py
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@ -1,21 +1,53 @@
import six
from pathlib import Path
import pytest
def _py_files(folder):
return (str(p) for p in Path(folder).rglob('*.py'))
collect_ignore = [
# not a test, but looks like a test
"scrapy/utils/testsite.py",
# contains scripts to be run by tests/test_crawler.py::CrawlerProcessSubprocess
*_py_files("tests/CrawlerProcess"),
# Py36-only parts of respective tests
*_py_files("tests/py36"),
]
if six.PY3:
for line in open('tests/py3-ignores.txt'):
file_path = line.strip()
if file_path and file_path[0] != '#':
collect_ignore.append(file_path)
for line in open('tests/ignores.txt'):
file_path = line.strip()
if file_path and file_path[0] != '#':
collect_ignore.append(file_path)
@pytest.fixture()
def chdir(tmpdir):
"""Change to pytest-provided temporary directory"""
tmpdir.chdir()
def pytest_collection_modifyitems(session, config, items):
# Avoid executing tests when executing `--flake8` flag (pytest-flake8)
try:
from pytest_flake8 import Flake8Item
if config.getoption('--flake8'):
items[:] = [item for item in items if isinstance(item, Flake8Item)]
except ImportError:
pass
@pytest.fixture(scope='class')
def reactor_pytest(request):
if not request.cls:
# doctests
return
request.cls.reactor_pytest = request.config.getoption("--reactor")
return request.cls.reactor_pytest
@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
def only_asyncio(request, reactor_pytest):
if request.node.get_closest_marker('only_asyncio') and reactor_pytest != 'asyncio':
pytest.skip('This test is only run with --reactor=asyncio')

281
docs/_tests/quotes.html Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Quotes to Scrape</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/bootstrap.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/main.css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<div class="row header-box">
<div class="col-md-8">
<h1>
<a href="/" style="text-decoration: none">Quotes to Scrape</a>
</h1>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4">
<p>
<a href="/login">Login</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-8">
<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<span class="text" itemprop="text">“The world as we have created it is a process of our thinking. It cannot be changed without changing our thinking.”</span>
<span>by <small class="author" itemprop="author">Albert Einstein</small>
<a href="/author/Albert-Einstein">(about)</a>
</span>
<div class="tags">
Tags:
<meta class="keywords" itemprop="keywords" content="change,deep-thoughts,thinking,world" / >
<a class="tag" href="/tag/change/page/1/">change</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/deep-thoughts/page/1/">deep-thoughts</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/thinking/page/1/">thinking</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/world/page/1/">world</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<span class="text" itemprop="text">“It is our choices, Harry, that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities.”</span>
<span>by <small class="author" itemprop="author">J.K. Rowling</small>
<a href="/author/J-K-Rowling">(about)</a>
</span>
<div class="tags">
Tags:
<meta class="keywords" itemprop="keywords" content="abilities,choices" / >
<a class="tag" href="/tag/abilities/page/1/">abilities</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/choices/page/1/">choices</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<span class="text" itemprop="text">“There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle.”</span>
<span>by <small class="author" itemprop="author">Albert Einstein</small>
<a href="/author/Albert-Einstein">(about)</a>
</span>
<div class="tags">
Tags:
<meta class="keywords" itemprop="keywords" content="inspirational,life,live,miracle,miracles" / >
<a class="tag" href="/tag/inspirational/page/1/">inspirational</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/life/page/1/">life</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/live/page/1/">live</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/miracle/page/1/">miracle</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/miracles/page/1/">miracles</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<span class="text" itemprop="text">“The person, be it gentleman or lady, who has not pleasure in a good novel, must be intolerably stupid.”</span>
<span>by <small class="author" itemprop="author">Jane Austen</small>
<a href="/author/Jane-Austen">(about)</a>
</span>
<div class="tags">
Tags:
<meta class="keywords" itemprop="keywords" content="aliteracy,books,classic,humor" / >
<a class="tag" href="/tag/aliteracy/page/1/">aliteracy</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/books/page/1/">books</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/classic/page/1/">classic</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/humor/page/1/">humor</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<span class="text" itemprop="text">“Imperfection is beauty, madness is genius and it&#39;s better to be absolutely ridiculous than absolutely boring.”</span>
<span>by <small class="author" itemprop="author">Marilyn Monroe</small>
<a href="/author/Marilyn-Monroe">(about)</a>
</span>
<div class="tags">
Tags:
<meta class="keywords" itemprop="keywords" content="be-yourself,inspirational" / >
<a class="tag" href="/tag/be-yourself/page/1/">be-yourself</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/inspirational/page/1/">inspirational</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<span class="text" itemprop="text">“Try not to become a man of success. Rather become a man of value.”</span>
<span>by <small class="author" itemprop="author">Albert Einstein</small>
<a href="/author/Albert-Einstein">(about)</a>
</span>
<div class="tags">
Tags:
<meta class="keywords" itemprop="keywords" content="adulthood,success,value" / >
<a class="tag" href="/tag/adulthood/page/1/">adulthood</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/success/page/1/">success</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/value/page/1/">value</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<span class="text" itemprop="text">“It is better to be hated for what you are than to be loved for what you are not.”</span>
<span>by <small class="author" itemprop="author">André Gide</small>
<a href="/author/Andre-Gide">(about)</a>
</span>
<div class="tags">
Tags:
<meta class="keywords" itemprop="keywords" content="life,love" / >
<a class="tag" href="/tag/life/page/1/">life</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/love/page/1/">love</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<span class="text" itemprop="text">“I have not failed. I&#39;ve just found 10,000 ways that won&#39;t work.”</span>
<span>by <small class="author" itemprop="author">Thomas A. Edison</small>
<a href="/author/Thomas-A-Edison">(about)</a>
</span>
<div class="tags">
Tags:
<meta class="keywords" itemprop="keywords" content="edison,failure,inspirational,paraphrased" / >
<a class="tag" href="/tag/edison/page/1/">edison</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/failure/page/1/">failure</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/inspirational/page/1/">inspirational</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/paraphrased/page/1/">paraphrased</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<span class="text" itemprop="text">“A woman is like a tea bag; you never know how strong it is until it&#39;s in hot water.”</span>
<span>by <small class="author" itemprop="author">Eleanor Roosevelt</small>
<a href="/author/Eleanor-Roosevelt">(about)</a>
</span>
<div class="tags">
Tags:
<meta class="keywords" itemprop="keywords" content="misattributed-eleanor-roosevelt" / >
<a class="tag" href="/tag/misattributed-eleanor-roosevelt/page/1/">misattributed-eleanor-roosevelt</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<span class="text" itemprop="text">“A day without sunshine is like, you know, night.”</span>
<span>by <small class="author" itemprop="author">Steve Martin</small>
<a href="/author/Steve-Martin">(about)</a>
</span>
<div class="tags">
Tags:
<meta class="keywords" itemprop="keywords" content="humor,obvious,simile" / >
<a class="tag" href="/tag/humor/page/1/">humor</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/obvious/page/1/">obvious</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/simile/page/1/">simile</a>
</div>
</div>
<nav>
<ul class="pager">
<li class="next">
<a href="/page/2/">Next <span aria-hidden="true">&rarr;</span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4 tags-box">
<h2>Top Ten tags</h2>
<span class="tag-item">
<a class="tag" style="font-size: 28px" href="/tag/love/">love</a>
</span>
<span class="tag-item">
<a class="tag" style="font-size: 26px" href="/tag/inspirational/">inspirational</a>
</span>
<span class="tag-item">
<a class="tag" style="font-size: 26px" href="/tag/life/">life</a>
</span>
<span class="tag-item">
<a class="tag" style="font-size: 24px" href="/tag/humor/">humor</a>
</span>
<span class="tag-item">
<a class="tag" style="font-size: 22px" href="/tag/books/">books</a>
</span>
<span class="tag-item">
<a class="tag" style="font-size: 14px" href="/tag/reading/">reading</a>
</span>
<span class="tag-item">
<a class="tag" style="font-size: 10px" href="/tag/friendship/">friendship</a>
</span>
<span class="tag-item">
<a class="tag" style="font-size: 8px" href="/tag/friends/">friends</a>
</span>
<span class="tag-item">
<a class="tag" style="font-size: 8px" href="/tag/truth/">truth</a>
</span>
<span class="tag-item">
<a class="tag" style="font-size: 6px" href="/tag/simile/">simile</a>
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<footer class="footer">
<div class="container">
<p class="text-muted">
Quotes by: <a href="https://www.goodreads.com/quotes">GoodReads.com</a>
</p>
<p class="copyright">
Made with <span class='sh-red'>❤</span> by <a href="https://scrapinghub.com">Scrapinghub</a>
</p>
</div>
</footer>
</body>
</html>

281
docs/_tests/quotes1.html Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Quotes to Scrape</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/bootstrap.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/main.css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<div class="row header-box">
<div class="col-md-8">
<h1>
<a href="/" style="text-decoration: none">Quotes to Scrape</a>
</h1>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4">
<p>
<a href="/login">Login</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-8">
<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<span class="text" itemprop="text">“The world as we have created it is a process of our thinking. It cannot be changed without changing our thinking.”</span>
<span>by <small class="author" itemprop="author">Albert Einstein</small>
<a href="/author/Albert-Einstein">(about)</a>
</span>
<div class="tags">
Tags:
<meta class="keywords" itemprop="keywords" content="change,deep-thoughts,thinking,world" / >
<a class="tag" href="/tag/change/page/1/">change</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/deep-thoughts/page/1/">deep-thoughts</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/thinking/page/1/">thinking</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/world/page/1/">world</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<span class="text" itemprop="text">“It is our choices, Harry, that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities.”</span>
<span>by <small class="author" itemprop="author">J.K. Rowling</small>
<a href="/author/J-K-Rowling">(about)</a>
</span>
<div class="tags">
Tags:
<meta class="keywords" itemprop="keywords" content="abilities,choices" / >
<a class="tag" href="/tag/abilities/page/1/">abilities</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/choices/page/1/">choices</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<span class="text" itemprop="text">“There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle.”</span>
<span>by <small class="author" itemprop="author">Albert Einstein</small>
<a href="/author/Albert-Einstein">(about)</a>
</span>
<div class="tags">
Tags:
<meta class="keywords" itemprop="keywords" content="inspirational,life,live,miracle,miracles" / >
<a class="tag" href="/tag/inspirational/page/1/">inspirational</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/life/page/1/">life</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/live/page/1/">live</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/miracle/page/1/">miracle</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/miracles/page/1/">miracles</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<span class="text" itemprop="text">“The person, be it gentleman or lady, who has not pleasure in a good novel, must be intolerably stupid.”</span>
<span>by <small class="author" itemprop="author">Jane Austen</small>
<a href="/author/Jane-Austen">(about)</a>
</span>
<div class="tags">
Tags:
<meta class="keywords" itemprop="keywords" content="aliteracy,books,classic,humor" / >
<a class="tag" href="/tag/aliteracy/page/1/">aliteracy</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/books/page/1/">books</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/classic/page/1/">classic</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/humor/page/1/">humor</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<span class="text" itemprop="text">“Imperfection is beauty, madness is genius and it&#39;s better to be absolutely ridiculous than absolutely boring.”</span>
<span>by <small class="author" itemprop="author">Marilyn Monroe</small>
<a href="/author/Marilyn-Monroe">(about)</a>
</span>
<div class="tags">
Tags:
<meta class="keywords" itemprop="keywords" content="be-yourself,inspirational" / >
<a class="tag" href="/tag/be-yourself/page/1/">be-yourself</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/inspirational/page/1/">inspirational</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<span class="text" itemprop="text">“Try not to become a man of success. Rather become a man of value.”</span>
<span>by <small class="author" itemprop="author">Albert Einstein</small>
<a href="/author/Albert-Einstein">(about)</a>
</span>
<div class="tags">
Tags:
<meta class="keywords" itemprop="keywords" content="adulthood,success,value" / >
<a class="tag" href="/tag/adulthood/page/1/">adulthood</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/success/page/1/">success</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/value/page/1/">value</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<span class="text" itemprop="text">“It is better to be hated for what you are than to be loved for what you are not.”</span>
<span>by <small class="author" itemprop="author">André Gide</small>
<a href="/author/Andre-Gide">(about)</a>
</span>
<div class="tags">
Tags:
<meta class="keywords" itemprop="keywords" content="life,love" / >
<a class="tag" href="/tag/life/page/1/">life</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/love/page/1/">love</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<span class="text" itemprop="text">“I have not failed. I&#39;ve just found 10,000 ways that won&#39;t work.”</span>
<span>by <small class="author" itemprop="author">Thomas A. Edison</small>
<a href="/author/Thomas-A-Edison">(about)</a>
</span>
<div class="tags">
Tags:
<meta class="keywords" itemprop="keywords" content="edison,failure,inspirational,paraphrased" / >
<a class="tag" href="/tag/edison/page/1/">edison</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/failure/page/1/">failure</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/inspirational/page/1/">inspirational</a>
<a class="tag" href="/tag/paraphrased/page/1/">paraphrased</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<span class="text" itemprop="text">“A woman is like a tea bag; you never know how strong it is until it&#39;s in hot water.”</span>
<span>by <small class="author" itemprop="author">Eleanor Roosevelt</small>
<a href="/author/Eleanor-Roosevelt">(about)</a>
</span>
<div class="tags">
Tags:
<meta class="keywords" itemprop="keywords" content="misattributed-eleanor-roosevelt" / >
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31
docs/conf.py
View File

@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
# serve to show the default.
import sys
from datetime import datetime
from os import path
# If your extensions are in another directory, add it here. If the directory
@ -27,10 +28,13 @@ sys.path.insert(0, path.dirname(path.dirname(__file__)))
# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be extensions
# coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom ones.
extensions = [
'hoverxref.extension',
'notfound.extension',
'scrapydocs',
'sphinx.ext.autodoc',
'sphinx.ext.coverage',
'sphinx.ext.intersphinx',
'sphinx.ext.viewcode',
]
# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
@ -46,8 +50,8 @@ source_suffix = '.rst'
master_doc = 'index'
# General information about the project.
project = u'Scrapy'
copyright = u'2008–2018, Scrapy developers'
project = 'Scrapy'
copyright = '2008–{}, Scrapy developers'.format(datetime.now().year)
# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
# |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
@ -191,8 +195,8 @@ htmlhelp_basename = 'Scrapydoc'
# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
# (source start file, target name, title, author, document class [howto/manual]).
latex_documents = [
('index', 'Scrapy.tex', u'Scrapy Documentation',
u'Scrapy developers', 'manual'),
('index', 'Scrapy.tex', 'Scrapy Documentation',
'Scrapy developers', 'manual'),
]
# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
@ -237,7 +241,7 @@ coverage_ignore_pyobjects = [
r'\bContractsManager\b$',
# For default contracts we only want to document their general purpose in
# their constructor, the methods they reimplement to achieve that purpose
# their __init__ method, the methods they reimplement to achieve that purpose
# should be irrelevant to developers using those contracts.
r'\w+Contract\.(adjust_request_args|(pre|post)_process)$',
@ -265,6 +269,10 @@ coverage_ignore_pyobjects = [
# Never documented before, and deprecated now.
r'^scrapy\.item\.DictItem$',
r'^scrapy\.linkextractors\.FilteringLinkExtractor$',
# Implementation detail of LxmlLinkExtractor
r'^scrapy\.linkextractors\.lxmlhtml\.LxmlParserLinkExtractor',
]
@ -272,5 +280,18 @@ coverage_ignore_pyobjects = [
# -------------------------------------
intersphinx_mapping = {
'coverage': ('https://coverage.readthedocs.io/en/stable', None),
'cssselect': ('https://cssselect.readthedocs.io/en/latest', None),
'pytest': ('https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest', None),
'python': ('https://docs.python.org/3', None),
'sphinx': ('https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master', None),
'tox': ('https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest', None),
'twisted': ('https://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current', None),
'twistedapi': ('https://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/api', None),
}
# Options for sphinx-hoverxref options
# ------------------------------------
hoverxref_auto_ref = True

29
docs/conftest.py Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
import os
from doctest import ELLIPSIS, NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
from scrapy.http.response.html import HtmlResponse
from sybil import Sybil
from sybil.parsers.codeblock import CodeBlockParser
from sybil.parsers.doctest import DocTestParser
from sybil.parsers.skip import skip
def load_response(url, filename):
input_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '_tests', filename)
with open(input_path, 'rb') as input_file:
return HtmlResponse(url, body=input_file.read())
def setup(namespace):
namespace['load_response'] = load_response
pytest_collect_file = Sybil(
parsers=[
DocTestParser(optionflags=ELLIPSIS | NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE),
CodeBlockParser(future_imports=['print_function']),
skip,
],
pattern='*.rst',
setup=setup,
).pytest()

76
docs/contributing.rst
View File

@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ guidelines when you're going to report a new bug.
* check the :ref:`FAQ <faq>` first to see if your issue is addressed in a
well-known question
* if you have a general question about scrapy usage, please ask it at
* if you have a general question about Scrapy usage, please ask it at
`Stack Overflow <https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/scrapy>`__
(use "scrapy" tag).
@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ by running ``git fetch upstream pull/$PR_NUMBER/head:$BRANCH_NAME_TO_CREATE``
(replace 'upstream' with a remote name for scrapy repository,
``$PR_NUMBER`` with an ID of the pull request, and ``$BRANCH_NAME_TO_CREATE``
with a name of the branch you want to create locally).
See also: https://help.github.com/articles/checking-out-pull-requests-locally/#modifying-an-inactive-pull-request-locally.
See also: https://help.github.com/en/github/collaborating-with-issues-and-pull-requests/checking-out-pull-requests-locally#modifying-an-inactive-pull-request-locally.
When writing GitHub pull requests, try to keep titles short but descriptive.
E.g. For bug #411: "Scrapy hangs if an exception raises in start_requests"
@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ Scrapy:
* Don't put your name in the code you contribute; git provides enough
metadata to identify author of the code.
See https://help.github.com/articles/setting-your-username-in-git/ for
See https://help.github.com/en/github/using-git/setting-your-username-in-git for
setup instructions.
.. _documentation-policies:
@ -177,79 +177,71 @@ Documentation policies
======================
For reference documentation of API members (classes, methods, etc.) use
docstrings and make sure that the Sphinx documentation uses the autodoc_
extension to pull the docstrings. API reference documentation should follow
docstring conventions (`PEP 257`_) and be IDE-friendly: short, to the point,
and it may provide short examples.
docstrings and make sure that the Sphinx documentation uses the
:mod:`~sphinx.ext.autodoc` extension to pull the docstrings. API reference
documentation should follow docstring conventions (`PEP 257`_) and be
IDE-friendly: short, to the point, and it may provide short examples.
Other types of documentation, such as tutorials or topics, should be covered in
files within the ``docs/`` directory. This includes documentation that is
specific to an API member, but goes beyond API reference documentation.
In any case, if something is covered in a docstring, use the autodoc_
extension to pull the docstring into the documentation instead of duplicating
the docstring in files within the ``docs/`` directory.
.. _autodoc: http://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/stable/ext/autodoc.html
In any case, if something is covered in a docstring, use the
:mod:`~sphinx.ext.autodoc` extension to pull the docstring into the
documentation instead of duplicating the docstring in files within the
``docs/`` directory.
Tests
=====
Tests are implemented using the `Twisted unit-testing framework`_, running
tests requires `tox`_.
Tests are implemented using the :doc:`Twisted unit-testing framework
<twisted:core/development/policy/test-standard>`. Running tests requires
:doc:`tox <tox:index>`.
.. _running-tests:
Running tests
-------------
Make sure you have a recent enough `tox`_ installation:
To run all tests::
``tox --version``
If your version is older than 1.7.0, please update it first:
``pip install -U tox``
To run all tests go to the root directory of Scrapy source code and run:
``tox``
tox
To run a specific test (say ``tests/test_loader.py``) use:
``tox -- tests/test_loader.py``
To run the tests on a specific tox_ environment, use ``-e <name>`` with an
environment name from ``tox.ini``. For example, to run the tests with Python
3.6 use::
To run the tests on a specific :doc:`tox <tox:index>` environment, use
``-e <name>`` with an environment name from ``tox.ini``. For example, to run
the tests with Python 3.6 use::
tox -e py36
You can also specify a comma-separated list of environmets, and use `tox’s
parallel mode`_ to run the tests on multiple environments in parallel::
You can also specify a comma-separated list of environments, and use :ref:`tox’s
parallel mode <tox:parallel_mode>` to run the tests on multiple environments in
parallel::
tox -e py27,py36 -p auto
tox -e py36,py38 -p auto
To pass command-line options to pytest_, add them after ``--`` in your call to
tox_. Using ``--`` overrides the default positional arguments defined in
``tox.ini``, so you must include those default positional arguments
(``scrapy tests``) after ``--`` as well::
To pass command-line options to :doc:`pytest <pytest:index>`, add them after
``--`` in your call to :doc:`tox <tox:index>`. Using ``--`` overrides the
default positional arguments defined in ``tox.ini``, so you must include those
default positional arguments (``scrapy tests``) after ``--`` as well::
tox -- scrapy tests -x # stop after first failure
You can also use the `pytest-xdist`_ plugin. For example, to run all tests on
the Python 3.6 tox_ environment using all your CPU cores::
the Python 3.6 :doc:`tox <tox:index>` environment using all your CPU cores::
tox -e py36 -- scrapy tests -n auto
To see coverage report install `coverage`_ (``pip install coverage``) and run:
To see coverage report install :doc:`coverage <coverage:index>`
(``pip install coverage``) and run:
``coverage report``
see output of ``coverage --help`` for more options like html or xml report.
.. _coverage: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/coverage
Writing tests
-------------
@ -270,13 +262,9 @@ And their unit-tests are in::
.. _issue tracker: https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy/issues
.. _scrapy-users: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/scrapy-users
.. _Scrapy subreddit: https://reddit.com/r/scrapy
.. _Twisted unit-testing framework: https://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/core/development/policy/test-standard.html
.. _AUTHORS: https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy/blob/master/AUTHORS
.. _tests/: https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy/tree/master/tests
.. _open issues: https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy/issues
.. _PEP 257: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/
.. _pull request: https://help.github.com/en/articles/creating-a-pull-request
.. _pytest: https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/usage.html
.. _pytest-xdist: https://docs.pytest.org/en/3.0.0/xdist.html
.. _tox: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox
.. _tox’s parallel mode: https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/example/basic.html#parallel-mode
.. _pull request: https://help.github.com/en/github/collaborating-with-issues-and-pull-requests/creating-a-pull-request
.. _pytest-xdist: https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest-xdist

32
docs/faq.rst
View File

@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ In other words, comparing `BeautifulSoup`_ (or `lxml`_) to Scrapy is like
comparing `jinja2`_ to `Django`_.
.. _BeautifulSoup: https://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/
.. _lxml: http://lxml.de/
.. _jinja2: http://jinja.pocoo.org/
.. _lxml: https://lxml.de/
.. _jinja2: https://palletsprojects.com/p/jinja/
.. _Django: https://www.djangoproject.com/
Can I use Scrapy with BeautifulSoup?
@ -69,11 +69,11 @@ Here's an example spider using BeautifulSoup API, with ``lxml`` as the HTML pars
What Python versions does Scrapy support?
-----------------------------------------
Scrapy is supported under Python 2.7 and Python 3.5+
Scrapy is supported under Python 3.5+
under CPython (default Python implementation) and PyPy (starting with PyPy 5.9).
Python 2.6 support was dropped starting at Scrapy 0.20.
Python 3 support was added in Scrapy 1.1.
PyPy support was added in Scrapy 1.4, PyPy3 support was added in Scrapy 1.5.
Python 2 support was dropped in Scrapy 2.0.
.. note::
For Python 3 support on Windows, it is recommended to use
@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ setting the following settings::
While pending requests are below the configured values of
:setting:`CONCURRENT_REQUESTS`, :setting:`CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN` or
:setting:`CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN`, those requests are sent
:setting:`CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP`, those requests are sent
concurrently. As a result, the first few requests of a crawl rarely follow the
desired order. Lowering those settings to ``1`` enforces the desired order, but
it significantly slows down the crawl as a whole.
@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ The ``__VIEWSTATE`` parameter is used in sites built with ASP.NET/VB.NET. For
more info on how it works see `this page`_. Also, here's an `example spider`_
which scrapes one of these sites.
.. _this page: http://search.cpan.org/~ecarroll/HTML-TreeBuilderX-ASP_NET-0.09/lib/HTML/TreeBuilderX/ASP_NET.pm
.. _this page: https://metacpan.org/pod/release/ECARROLL/HTML-TreeBuilderX-ASP_NET-0.09/lib/HTML/TreeBuilderX/ASP_NET.pm
.. _example spider: https://github.com/AmbientLighter/rpn-fas/blob/master/fas/spiders/rnp.py
What's the best way to parse big XML/CSV data feeds?
@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ How to split an item into multiple items in an item pipeline?
input item. :ref:`Create a spider middleware <custom-spider-middleware>`
instead, and use its
:meth:`~scrapy.spidermiddlewares.SpiderMiddleware.process_spider_output`
method for this puspose. For example::
method for this purpose. For example::
from copy import deepcopy
@ -353,7 +353,25 @@ method for this puspose. For example::
for _ in range(item['multiply_by']):
yield deepcopy(item)
Does Scrapy support IPv6 addresses?
-----------------------------------
Yes, by setting :setting:`DNS_RESOLVER` to ``scrapy.resolver.CachingHostnameResolver``.
Note that by doing so, you lose the ability to set a specific timeout for DNS requests
(the value of the :setting:`DNS_TIMEOUT` setting is ignored).
.. _faq-specific-reactor:
How to deal with ``<class 'ValueError'>: filedescriptor out of range in select()`` exceptions?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This issue `has been reported`_ to appear when running broad crawls in macOS, where the default
Twisted reactor is :class:`twisted.internet.selectreactor.SelectReactor`. Switching to a
different reactor is possible by using the :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR` setting.
.. _has been reported: https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy/issues/2905
.. _user agents: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_agent
.. _LIFO: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_(abstract_data_type)
.. _DFO order: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth-first_search

2
docs/index.rst
View File

@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ Solving specific problems
Get answers to most frequently asked questions.
:doc:`topics/debug`
Learn how to debug common problems of your scrapy spider.
Learn how to debug common problems of your Scrapy spider.
:doc:`topics/contracts`
Learn how to use contracts for testing your spiders.

84
docs/intro/install.rst
View File

@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ Installation guide
Installing Scrapy
=================
Scrapy runs on Python 2.7 and Python 3.5 or above
Scrapy runs on Python 3.5 or above
under CPython (default Python implementation) and PyPy (starting with PyPy 5.9).
If you're using `Anaconda`_ or `Miniconda`_, you can install the package from
the `conda-forge`_ channel, which has up-to-date packages for Linux, Windows
and OS X.
and macOS.
To install Scrapy using ``conda``, run::
@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ please refer to their respective installation instructions:
* `lxml installation`_
* `cryptography installation`_
.. _lxml installation: http://lxml.de/installation.html
.. _lxml installation: https://lxml.de/installation.html
.. _cryptography installation: https://cryptography.io/en/latest/installation/
@ -78,40 +78,21 @@ TL;DR: We recommend installing Scrapy inside a virtual environment
on all platforms.
Python packages can be installed either globally (a.k.a system wide),
or in user-space. We do not recommend installing scrapy system wide.
or in user-space. We do not recommend installing Scrapy system wide.
Instead, we recommend that you install scrapy within a so-called
"virtual environment" (`virtualenv`_).
Virtualenvs allow you to not conflict with already-installed Python
Instead, we recommend that you install Scrapy within a so-called
"virtual environment" (:mod:`venv`).
Virtual environments allow you to not conflict with already-installed Python
system packages (which could break some of your system tools and scripts),
and still install packages normally with ``pip`` (without ``sudo`` and the likes).
To get started with virtual environments, see `virtualenv installation instructions`_.
To install it globally (having it globally installed actually helps here),
it should be a matter of running::
See :ref:`tut-venv` on how to create your virtual environment.
$ [sudo] pip install virtualenv
Check this `user guide`_ on how to create your virtualenv.
.. note::
If you use Linux or OS X, `virtualenvwrapper`_ is a handy tool to create virtualenvs.
Once you have created a virtualenv, you can install scrapy inside it with ``pip``,
Once you have created a virtual environment, you can install Scrapy inside it with ``pip``,
just like any other Python package.
(See :ref:`platform-specific guides <intro-install-platform-notes>`
below for non-Python dependencies that you may need to install beforehand).
Python virtualenvs can be created to use Python 2 by default, or Python 3 by default.
* If you want to install scrapy with Python 3, install scrapy within a Python 3 virtualenv.
* And if you want to install scrapy with Python 2, install scrapy within a Python 2 virtualenv.
.. _virtualenv: https://virtualenv.pypa.io
.. _virtualenv installation instructions: https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/stable/installation/
.. _virtualenvwrapper: https://virtualenvwrapper.readthedocs.io/en/latest/install.html
.. _user guide: https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/stable/userguide/
.. _intro-install-platform-notes:
@ -146,19 +127,15 @@ albeit with potential issues with TLS connections.
typically too old and slow to catch up with latest Scrapy.
To install scrapy on Ubuntu (or Ubuntu-based) systems, you need to install
To install Scrapy on Ubuntu (or Ubuntu-based) systems, you need to install
these dependencies::
sudo apt-get install python-dev python-pip libxml2-dev libxslt1-dev zlib1g-dev libffi-dev libssl-dev
sudo apt-get install python3 python3-dev python3-pip libxml2-dev libxslt1-dev zlib1g-dev libffi-dev libssl-dev
- ``python-dev``, ``zlib1g-dev``, ``libxml2-dev`` and ``libxslt1-dev``
- ``python3-dev``, ``zlib1g-dev``, ``libxml2-dev`` and ``libxslt1-dev``
are required for ``lxml``
- ``libssl-dev`` and ``libffi-dev`` are required for ``cryptography``
If you want to install scrapy on Python 3, you’ll also need Python 3 development headers::
sudo apt-get install python3 python3-dev
Inside a :ref:`virtualenv <intro-using-virtualenv>`,
you can install Scrapy with ``pip`` after that::
@ -171,11 +148,11 @@ you can install Scrapy with ``pip`` after that::
.. _intro-install-macos:
Mac OS X
--------
macOS
-----
Building Scrapy's dependencies requires the presence of a C compiler and
development headers. On OS X this is typically provided by Apple’s Xcode
development headers. On macOS this is typically provided by Apple’s Xcode
development tools. To install the Xcode command line tools open a terminal
window and run::
@ -211,15 +188,12 @@ solutions:
brew update; brew upgrade python
* *(Optional)* Install Scrapy inside an isolated python environment.
* *(Optional)* :ref:`Install Scrapy inside a Python virtual environment
<intro-using-virtualenv>`.
This method is a workaround for the above OS X issue, but it's an overall
This method is a workaround for the above macOS issue, but it's an overall
good practice for managing dependencies and can complement the first method.
`virtualenv`_ is a tool you can use to create virtual environments in python.
We recommended reading a tutorial like
http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/dev/virtualenvs/ to get started.
After any of these workarounds you should be able to install Scrapy::
pip install Scrapy
@ -231,17 +205,17 @@ PyPy
We recommend using the latest PyPy version. The version tested is 5.9.0.
For PyPy3, only Linux installation was tested.
Most scrapy dependencies now have binary wheels for CPython, but not for PyPy.
Most Scrapy dependencies now have binary wheels for CPython, but not for PyPy.
This means that these dependencies will be built during installation.
On OS X, you are likely to face an issue with building Cryptography dependency. The
On macOS, you are likely to face an issue with building the Cryptography dependency. The
solution to this problem is described
`here <https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/2692#issuecomment-272773481>`_,
that is to ``brew install openssl`` and then export the flags that this command
recommends (only needed when installing scrapy). Installing on Linux has no special
recommends (only needed when installing Scrapy). Installing on Linux has no special
issues besides installing build dependencies.
Installing scrapy with PyPy on Windows is not tested.
Installing Scrapy with PyPy on Windows is not tested.
You can check that scrapy is installed correctly by running ``scrapy bench``.
You can check that Scrapy is installed correctly by running ``scrapy bench``.
If this command gives errors such as
``TypeError: ... got 2 unexpected keyword arguments``, this means
that setuptools was unable to pick up one PyPy-specific dependency.
@ -278,12 +252,12 @@ For details, see `Issue #2473 <https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy/issues/2473>`_.
.. _Python: https://www.python.org/
.. _pip: https://pip.pypa.io/en/latest/installing/
.. _lxml: http://lxml.de/
.. _parsel: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/parsel
.. _w3lib: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/w3lib
.. _twisted: https://twistedmatrix.com/
.. _cryptography: https://cryptography.io/
.. _pyOpenSSL: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyOpenSSL
.. _lxml: https://lxml.de/index.html
.. _parsel: https://pypi.org/project/parsel/
.. _w3lib: https://pypi.org/project/w3lib/
.. _twisted: https://twistedmatrix.com/trac/
.. _cryptography: https://cryptography.io/en/latest/
.. _pyOpenSSL: https://pypi.org/project/pyOpenSSL/
.. _setuptools: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools
.. _AUR Scrapy package: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/scrapy/
.. _homebrew: https://brew.sh/

2
docs/intro/overview.rst
View File

@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ http://quotes.toscrape.com, following the pagination::
def parse(self, response):
for quote in response.css('div.quote'):
yield {
'text': quote.css('span.text::text').get(),
'author': quote.xpath('span/small/text()').get(),
'text': quote.css('span.text::text').get(),
}
next_page = response.css('li.next a::attr("href")').get()

175
docs/intro/tutorial.rst
View File

@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ using the :ref:`Scrapy shell <topics-shell>`. Run::
.. note::
Remember to always enclose urls in quotes when running Scrapy shell from
command-line, otherwise urls containing arguments (ie. ``&`` character)
command-line, otherwise urls containing arguments (i.e. ``&`` character)
will not work.
On Windows, use double quotes instead::
@ -235,13 +235,16 @@ You will see something like::
[s] shelp() Shell help (print this help)
[s] fetch(req_or_url) Fetch request (or URL) and update local objects
[s] view(response) View response in a browser
>>>
Using the shell, you can try selecting elements using `CSS`_ with the response
object::
object:
>>> response.css('title')
[<Selector xpath='descendant-or-self::title' data='<title>Quotes to Scrape</title>'>]
.. invisible-code-block: python
response = load_response('http://quotes.toscrape.com/page/1/', 'quotes1.html')
>>> response.css('title')
[<Selector xpath='descendant-or-self::title' data='<title>Quotes to Scrape</title>'>]
The result of running ``response.css('title')`` is a list-like object called
:class:`~scrapy.selector.SelectorList`, which represents a list of
@ -249,30 +252,30 @@ The result of running ``response.css('title')`` is a list-like object called
and allow you to run further queries to fine-grain the selection or extract the
data.
To extract the text from the title above, you can do::
To extract the text from the title above, you can do:
>>> response.css('title::text').getall()
['Quotes to Scrape']
>>> response.css('title::text').getall()
['Quotes to Scrape']
There are two things to note here: one is that we've added ``::text`` to the
CSS query, to mean we want to select only the text elements directly inside
``<title>`` element. If we don't specify ``::text``, we'd get the full title
element, including its tags::
element, including its tags:
>>> response.css('title').getall()
['<title>Quotes to Scrape</title>']
>>> response.css('title').getall()
['<title>Quotes to Scrape</title>']
The other thing is that the result of calling ``.getall()`` is a list: it is
possible that a selector returns more than one result, so we extract them all.
When you know you just want the first result, as in this case, you can do::
When you know you just want the first result, as in this case, you can do:
>>> response.css('title::text').get()
'Quotes to Scrape'
>>> response.css('title::text').get()
'Quotes to Scrape'
As an alternative, you could've written::
As an alternative, you could've written:
>>> response.css('title::text')[0].get()
'Quotes to Scrape'
>>> response.css('title::text')[0].get()
'Quotes to Scrape'
However, using ``.get()`` directly on a :class:`~scrapy.selector.SelectorList`
instance avoids an ``IndexError`` and returns ``None`` when it doesn't
@ -285,14 +288,14 @@ to be scraped, you can at least get **some** data.
Besides the :meth:`~scrapy.selector.SelectorList.getall` and
:meth:`~scrapy.selector.SelectorList.get` methods, you can also use
the :meth:`~scrapy.selector.SelectorList.re` method to extract using `regular
expressions`_::
expressions`_:
>>> response.css('title::text').re(r'Quotes.*')
['Quotes to Scrape']
>>> response.css('title::text').re(r'Q\w+')
['Quotes']
>>> response.css('title::text').re(r'(\w+) to (\w+)')
['Quotes', 'Scrape']
>>> response.css('title::text').re(r'Quotes.*')
['Quotes to Scrape']
>>> response.css('title::text').re(r'Q\w+')
['Quotes']
>>> response.css('title::text').re(r'(\w+) to (\w+)')
['Quotes', 'Scrape']
In order to find the proper CSS selectors to use, you might find useful opening
the response page from the shell in your web browser using ``view(response)``.
@ -303,18 +306,18 @@ with a selector (see :ref:`topics-developer-tools`).
visually selected elements, which works in many browsers.
.. _regular expressions: https://docs.python.org/3/library/re.html
.. _Selector Gadget: http://selectorgadget.com/
.. _Selector Gadget: https://selectorgadget.com/
XPath: a brief intro
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Besides `CSS`_, Scrapy selectors also support using `XPath`_ expressions::
Besides `CSS`_, Scrapy selectors also support using `XPath`_ expressions:
>>> response.xpath('//title')
[<Selector xpath='//title' data='<title>Quotes to Scrape</title>'>]
>>> response.xpath('//title/text()').get()
'Quotes to Scrape'
>>> response.xpath('//title')
[<Selector xpath='//title' data='<title>Quotes to Scrape</title>'>]
>>> response.xpath('//title/text()').get()
'Quotes to Scrape'
XPath expressions are very powerful, and are the foundation of Scrapy
Selectors. In fact, CSS selectors are converted to XPath under-the-hood. You
@ -334,7 +337,7 @@ recommend `this tutorial to learn XPath through examples
<http://zvon.org/comp/r/tut-XPath_1.html>`_, and `this tutorial to learn "how
to think in XPath" <http://plasmasturm.org/log/xpath101/>`_.
.. _XPath: https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath
.. _XPath: https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/all/
.. _CSS: https://www.w3.org/TR/selectors
Extracting quotes and authors
@ -369,45 +372,53 @@ we want::
$ scrapy shell 'http://quotes.toscrape.com'
We get a list of selectors for the quote HTML elements with::
We get a list of selectors for the quote HTML elements with:
>>> response.css("div.quote")
>>> response.css("div.quote")
[<Selector xpath="descendant-or-self::div[@class and contains(concat(' ', normalize-space(@class), ' '), ' quote ')]" data='<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype...'>,
<Selector xpath="descendant-or-self::div[@class and contains(concat(' ', normalize-space(@class), ' '), ' quote ')]" data='<div class="quote" itemscope itemtype...'>,
...]
Each of the selectors returned by the query above allows us to run further
queries over their sub-elements. Let's assign the first selector to a
variable, so that we can run our CSS selectors directly on a particular quote::
variable, so that we can run our CSS selectors directly on a particular quote:
>>> quote = response.css("div.quote")[0]
>>> quote = response.css("div.quote")[0]
Now, let's extract ``text``, ``author`` and the ``tags`` from that quote
using the ``quote`` object we just created::
using the ``quote`` object we just created:
>>> text = quote.css("span.text::text").get()
>>> text
'“The world as we have created it is a process of our thinking. It cannot be changed without changing our thinking.”'
>>> author = quote.css("small.author::text").get()
>>> author
'Albert Einstein'
>>> text = quote.css("span.text::text").get()
>>> text
'“The world as we have created it is a process of our thinking. It cannot be changed without changing our thinking.”'
>>> author = quote.css("small.author::text").get()
>>> author
'Albert Einstein'
Given that the tags are a list of strings, we can use the ``.getall()`` method
to get all of them::
to get all of them:
>>> tags = quote.css("div.tags a.tag::text").getall()
>>> tags
['change', 'deep-thoughts', 'thinking', 'world']
>>> tags = quote.css("div.tags a.tag::text").getall()
>>> tags
['change', 'deep-thoughts', 'thinking', 'world']
.. invisible-code-block: python
from sys import version_info
.. skip: next if(version_info < (3, 6), reason="Only Python 3.6+ dictionaries match the output")
Having figured out how to extract each bit, we can now iterate over all the
quotes elements and put them together into a Python dictionary::
quotes elements and put them together into a Python dictionary:
>>> for quote in response.css("div.quote"):
... text = quote.css("span.text::text").get()
... author = quote.css("small.author::text").get()
... tags = quote.css("div.tags a.tag::text").getall()
... print(dict(text=text, author=author, tags=tags))
{'tags': ['change', 'deep-thoughts', 'thinking', 'world'], 'author': 'Albert Einstein', 'text': '“The world as we have created it is a process of our thinking. It cannot be changed without changing our thinking.”'}
{'tags': ['abilities', 'choices'], 'author': 'J.K. Rowling', 'text': '“It is our choices, Harry, that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities.”'}
... a few more of these, omitted for brevity
>>>
>>> for quote in response.css("div.quote"):
... text = quote.css("span.text::text").get()
... author = quote.css("small.author::text").get()
... tags = quote.css("div.tags a.tag::text").getall()
... print(dict(text=text, author=author, tags=tags))
{'text': '“The world as we have created it is a process of our thinking. It cannot be changed without changing our thinking.”', 'author': 'Albert Einstein', 'tags': ['change', 'deep-thoughts', 'thinking', 'world']}
{'text': '“It is our choices, Harry, that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities.”', 'author': 'J.K. Rowling', 'tags': ['abilities', 'choices']}
...
Extracting data in our spider
-----------------------------
@ -505,23 +516,23 @@ markup:
</li>
</ul>
We can try extracting it in the shell::
We can try extracting it in the shell:
>>> response.css('li.next a').get()
'<a href="/page/2/">Next <span aria-hidden="true">→</span></a>'
>>> response.css('li.next a').get()
'<a href="/page/2/">Next <span aria-hidden="true">→</span></a>'
This gets the anchor element, but we want the attribute ``href``. For that,
Scrapy supports a CSS extension that lets you select the attribute contents,
like this::
like this:
>>> response.css('li.next a::attr(href)').get()
'/page/2/'
>>> response.css('li.next a::attr(href)').get()
'/page/2/'
There is also an ``attrib`` property available
(see :ref:`selecting-attributes` for more)::
(see :ref:`selecting-attributes` for more):
>>> response.css('li.next a').attrib['href']
'/page/2'
>>> response.css('li.next a').attrib['href']
'/page/2/'
Let's see now our spider modified to recursively follow the link to the next
page, extracting data from it::
@ -605,21 +616,25 @@ instance; you still have to yield this Request.
You can also pass a selector to ``response.follow`` instead of a string;
this selector should extract necessary attributes::
for href in response.css('li.next a::attr(href)'):
for href in response.css('ul.pager a::attr(href)'):
yield response.follow(href, callback=self.parse)
For ``<a>`` elements there is a shortcut: ``response.follow`` uses their href
attribute automatically. So the code can be shortened further::
for a in response.css('li.next a'):
for a in response.css('ul.pager a'):
yield response.follow(a, callback=self.parse)
.. note::
To create multiple requests from an iterable, you can use
:meth:`response.follow_all <scrapy.http.TextResponse.follow_all>` instead::
anchors = response.css('ul.pager a')
yield from response.follow_all(anchors, callback=self.parse)
or, shortening it further::
yield from response.follow_all(css='ul.pager a', callback=self.parse)
``response.follow(response.css('li.next a'))`` is not valid because
``response.css`` returns a list-like object with selectors for all results,
not a single selector. A ``for`` loop like in the example above, or
``response.follow(response.css('li.next a')[0])`` is fine.
More examples and patterns
--------------------------
@ -636,13 +651,11 @@ this time for scraping author information::
start_urls = ['http://quotes.toscrape.com/']
def parse(self, response):
# follow links to author pages
for href in response.css('.author + a::attr(href)'):
yield response.follow(href, self.parse_author)
author_page_links = response.css('.author + a')
yield from response.follow_all(author_page_links, self.parse_author)
# follow pagination links
for href in response.css('li.next a::attr(href)'):
yield response.follow(href, self.parse)
pagination_links = response.css('li.next a')
yield from response.follow_all(pagination_links, self.parse)
def parse_author(self, response):
def extract_with_css(query):
@ -658,8 +671,10 @@ This spider will start from the main page, it will follow all the links to the
authors pages calling the ``parse_author`` callback for each of them, and also
the pagination links with the ``parse`` callback as we saw before.
Here we're passing callbacks to ``response.follow`` as positional arguments
to make the code shorter; it also works for ``scrapy.Request``.
Here we're passing callbacks to
:meth:`response.follow_all <scrapy.http.TextResponse.follow_all>` as positional
arguments to make the code shorter; it also works for
:class:`~scrapy.http.Request`.
The ``parse_author`` callback defines a helper function to extract and cleanup the
data from a CSS query and yields the Python dict with the author data.

145
docs/news.rst
View File

@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Backward-incompatible changes
* Python 3.4 is no longer supported, and some of the minimum requirements of
Scrapy have also changed:
* cssselect_ 0.9.1
* :doc:`cssselect <cssselect:index>` 0.9.1
* cryptography_ 2.0
* lxml_ 3.5.0
* pyOpenSSL_ 16.2.0
@ -47,13 +47,13 @@ Backward-incompatible changes
(:issue:`2111`, :issue:`3392`, :issue:`3442`, :issue:`3450`)
* :class:`~scrapy.loader.ItemLoader` now turns the values of its input item
into lists::
into lists:
>>> item = MyItem()
>>> item['field'] = 'value1'
>>> loader = ItemLoader(item=item)
>>> item['field']
['value1']
>>> item = MyItem()
>>> item['field'] = 'value1'
>>> loader = ItemLoader(item=item)
>>> item['field']
['value1']
This is needed to allow adding values to existing fields
(``loader.add_value('field', 'value2')``).
@ -288,6 +288,13 @@ Backward-incompatible changes
:class:`~scrapy.http.Request` objects instead of arbitrary Python data
structures.
* An additional ``crawler`` parameter has been added to the ``__init__`` method
of the :class:`scrapy.core.scheduler.Scheduler` class.
Custom scheduler subclasses which don't accept arbitrary parameters in
their ``__init__`` method might break because of this change.
For more information, refer to the documentation for the :setting:`SCHEDULER` setting.
See also :ref:`1.7-deprecation-removals` below.
@ -308,12 +315,12 @@ New features
convenient way to build JSON requests (:issue:`3504`, :issue:`3505`)
* A ``process_request`` callback passed to the :class:`~scrapy.spiders.Rule`
constructor now receives the :class:`~scrapy.http.Response` object that
``__init__`` method now receives the :class:`~scrapy.http.Response` object that
originated the request as its second argument (:issue:`3682`)
* A new ``restrict_text`` parameter for the
:attr:`LinkExtractor <scrapy.linkextractors.lxmlhtml.LxmlLinkExtractor>`
constructor allows filtering links by linking text (:issue:`3622`,
``__init__`` method allows filtering links by linking text (:issue:`3622`,
:issue:`3635`)
* A new :setting:`FEED_STORAGE_S3_ACL` setting allows defining a custom ACL
@ -479,7 +486,7 @@ The following deprecated APIs have been removed (:issue:`3578`):
* From :class:`~scrapy.selector.Selector`:
* ``_root`` (both the constructor argument and the object property, use
* ``_root`` (both the ``__init__`` method argument and the object property, use
``root``)
* ``extract_unquoted`` (use ``getall``)
@ -678,7 +685,7 @@ Usability improvements
* a message is added to IgnoreRequest in RobotsTxtMiddleware (:issue:`3113`)
* better validation of ``url`` argument in ``Response.follow`` (:issue:`3131`)
* non-zero exit code is returned from Scrapy commands when error happens
on spider inititalization (:issue:`3226`)
on spider initialization (:issue:`3226`)
* Link extraction improvements: "ftp" is added to scheme list (:issue:`3152`);
"flv" is added to common video extensions (:issue:`3165`)
* better error message when an exporter is disabled (:issue:`3358`);
@ -1069,7 +1076,7 @@ Cleanups & Refactoring
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Tests: remove temp files and folders (:issue:`2570`),
fixed ProjectUtilsTest on OS X (:issue:`2569`),
fixed ProjectUtilsTest on macOS (:issue:`2569`),
use portable pypy for Linux on Travis CI (:issue:`2710`)
- Separate building request from ``_requests_to_follow`` in CrawlSpider (:issue:`2562`)
- Remove “Python 3 progress” badge (:issue:`2567`)
@ -1156,7 +1163,7 @@ Bug fixes
- Fix :command:`view` command ; it was a regression in v1.3.0 (:issue:`2503`).
- Fix tests regarding ``*_EXPIRES settings`` with Files/Images pipelines (:issue:`2460`).
- Fix name of generated pipeline class when using basic project template (:issue:`2466`).
- Fix compatiblity with Twisted 17+ (:issue:`2496`, :issue:`2528`).
- Fix compatibility with Twisted 17+ (:issue:`2496`, :issue:`2528`).
- Fix ``scrapy.Item`` inheritance on Python 3.6 (:issue:`2511`).
- Enforce numeric values for components order in ``SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES``,
``DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES``, ``EXTENIONS`` and ``SPIDER_CONTRACTS`` (:issue:`2420`).
@ -1164,7 +1171,7 @@ Bug fixes
Documentation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Reword Code of Coduct section and upgrade to Contributor Covenant v1.4
- Reword Code of Conduct section and upgrade to Contributor Covenant v1.4
(:issue:`2469`).
- Clarify that passing spider arguments converts them to spider attributes
(:issue:`2483`).
@ -1178,7 +1185,7 @@ Documentation
Cleanups
~~~~~~~~
- Remove reduntant check in ``MetaRefreshMiddleware`` (:issue:`2542`).
- Remove redundant check in ``MetaRefreshMiddleware`` (:issue:`2542`).
- Faster checks in ``LinkExtractor`` for allow/deny patterns (:issue:`2538`).
- Remove dead code supporting old Twisted versions (:issue:`2544`).
@ -1204,7 +1211,7 @@ New Features
- ``MailSender`` now accepts single strings as values for ``to`` and ``cc``
arguments (:issue:`2272`)
- ``scrapy fetch url``, ``scrapy shell url`` and ``fetch(url)`` inside
scrapy shell now follow HTTP redirections by default (:issue:`2290`);
Scrapy shell now follow HTTP redirections by default (:issue:`2290`);
See :command:`fetch` and :command:`shell` for details.
- ``HttpErrorMiddleware`` now logs errors with ``INFO`` level instead of ``DEBUG``;
this is technically **backward incompatible** so please check your log parsers.
@ -1360,7 +1367,7 @@ Documentation
- Grammar fixes: :issue:`2128`, :issue:`1566`.
- Download stats badge removed from README (:issue:`2160`).
- New scrapy :ref:`architecture diagram <topics-architecture>` (:issue:`2165`).
- New Scrapy :ref:`architecture diagram <topics-architecture>` (:issue:`2165`).
- Updated ``Response`` parameters documentation (:issue:`2197`).
- Reworded misleading :setting:`RANDOMIZE_DOWNLOAD_DELAY` description (:issue:`2190`).
- Add StackOverflow as a support channel (:issue:`2257`).
@ -1450,7 +1457,7 @@ Documentation
- Use "url" variable in downloader middleware example (:issue:`2015`)
- Grammar fixes (:issue:`2054`, :issue:`2120`)
- New FAQ entry on using BeautifulSoup in spider callbacks (:issue:`2048`)
- Add notes about scrapy not working on Windows with Python 3 (:issue:`2060`)
- Add notes about Scrapy not working on Windows with Python 3 (:issue:`2060`)
- Encourage complete titles in pull requests (:issue:`2026`)
Tests
@ -1509,7 +1516,7 @@ This 1.1 release brings a lot of interesting features and bug fixes:
You can use :setting:`FILES_STORE_S3_ACL` to change it.
- We've reimplemented ``canonicalize_url()`` for more correct output,
especially for URLs with non-ASCII characters (:issue:`1947`).
This could change link extractors output compared to previous scrapy versions.
This could change link extractors output compared to previous Scrapy versions.
This may also invalidate some cache entries you could still have from pre-1.1 runs.
**Warning: backward incompatible!**.
@ -1609,7 +1616,7 @@ Deprecations and Removals
+ ``scrapy.utils.datatypes.SiteNode``
- The previously bundled ``scrapy.xlib.pydispatch`` library was deprecated and
replaced by `pydispatcher <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyDispatcher>`_.
replaced by `pydispatcher <https://pypi.org/project/PyDispatcher/>`_.
Relocations
@ -1638,7 +1645,7 @@ Bugfixes
- Makes ``_monkeypatches`` more robust (:issue:`1634`).
- Fixed bug on ``XMLItemExporter`` with non-string fields in
items (:issue:`1738`).
- Fixed startproject command in OS X (:issue:`1635`).
- Fixed startproject command in macOS (:issue:`1635`).
- Fixed :class:`~scrapy.exporters.PythonItemExporter` and CSVExporter for
non-string item types (:issue:`1737`).
- Various logging related fixes (:issue:`1294`, :issue:`1419`, :issue:`1263`,
@ -1705,13 +1712,13 @@ Scrapy 1.0.4 (2015-12-30)
- fix ValueError: Invalid XPath: //div/[id="not-exists"]/text() on selectors.rst (:commit:`ca8d60f`)
- Typos corrections (:commit:`7067117`)
- fix typos in downloader-middleware.rst and exceptions.rst, middlware -> middleware (:commit:`32f115c`)
- Add note to ubuntu install section about debian compatibility (:commit:`23fda69`)
- Replace alternative OSX install workaround with virtualenv (:commit:`98b63ee`)
- Add note to Ubuntu install section about Debian compatibility (:commit:`23fda69`)
- Replace alternative macOS install workaround with virtualenv (:commit:`98b63ee`)
- Reference Homebrew's homepage for installation instructions (:commit:`1925db1`)
- Add oldest supported tox version to contributing docs (:commit:`5d10d6d`)
- Note in install docs about pip being already included in python>=2.7.9 (:commit:`85c980e`)
- Add non-python dependencies to Ubuntu install section in the docs (:commit:`fbd010d`)
- Add OS X installation section to docs (:commit:`d8f4cba`)
- Add macOS installation section to docs (:commit:`d8f4cba`)
- DOC(ENH): specify path to rtd theme explicitly (:commit:`de73b1a`)
- minor: scrapy.Spider docs grammar (:commit:`1ddcc7b`)
- Make common practices sample code match the comments (:commit:`1b85bcf`)
@ -1722,7 +1729,7 @@ Scrapy 1.0.4 (2015-12-30)
- Merge pull request #1513 from mgedmin/patch-2 (:commit:`5d4daf8`)
- Typo (:commit:`f8d0682`)
- Fix list formatting (:commit:`5f83a93`)
- fix scrapy squeue tests after recent changes to queuelib (:commit:`3365c01`)
- fix Scrapy squeue tests after recent changes to queuelib (:commit:`3365c01`)
- Merge pull request #1475 from rweindl/patch-1 (:commit:`2d688cd`)
- Update tutorial.rst (:commit:`fbc1f25`)
- Merge pull request #1449 from rhoekman/patch-1 (:commit:`7d6538c`)
@ -1734,7 +1741,7 @@ Scrapy 1.0.4 (2015-12-30)
Scrapy 1.0.3 (2015-08-11)
-------------------------
- add service_identity to scrapy install_requires (:commit:`cbc2501`)
- add service_identity to Scrapy install_requires (:commit:`cbc2501`)
- Workaround for travis#296 (:commit:`66af9cd`)
.. _release-1.0.2:
@ -1758,7 +1765,7 @@ Scrapy 1.0.1 (2015-07-01)
- include tests/ to source distribution in MANIFEST.in (:commit:`eca227e`)
- DOC Fix SelectJmes documentation (:commit:`b8567bc`)
- DOC Bring Ubuntu and Archlinux outside of Windows subsection (:commit:`392233f`)
- DOC remove version suffix from ubuntu package (:commit:`5303c66`)
- DOC remove version suffix from Ubuntu package (:commit:`5303c66`)
- DOC Update release date for 1.0 (:commit:`c89fa29`)
.. _release-1.0.0:
@ -2211,7 +2218,7 @@ Scrapy 0.24.2 (2014-07-08)
- Use a mutable mapping to proxy deprecated settings.overrides and settings.defaults attribute (:commit:`e5e8133`)
- there is not support for python3 yet (:commit:`3cd6146`)
- Update python compatible version set to debian packages (:commit:`fa5d76b`)
- Update python compatible version set to Debian packages (:commit:`fa5d76b`)
- DOC fix formatting in release notes (:commit:`c6a9e20`)
Scrapy 0.24.1 (2014-06-27)
@ -2229,12 +2236,12 @@ Enhancements
- Improve Scrapy top-level namespace (:issue:`494`, :issue:`684`)
- Add selector shortcuts to responses (:issue:`554`, :issue:`690`)
- Add new lxml based LinkExtractor to replace unmantained SgmlLinkExtractor
- Add new lxml based LinkExtractor to replace unmaintained SgmlLinkExtractor
(:issue:`559`, :issue:`761`, :issue:`763`)
- Cleanup settings API - part of per-spider settings **GSoC project** (:issue:`737`)
- Add UTF8 encoding header to templates (:issue:`688`, :issue:`762`)
- Telnet console now binds to 127.0.0.1 by default (:issue:`699`)
- Update debian/ubuntu install instructions (:issue:`509`, :issue:`549`)
- Update Debian/Ubuntu install instructions (:issue:`509`, :issue:`549`)
- Disable smart strings in lxml XPath evaluations (:issue:`535`)
- Restore filesystem based cache as default for http
cache middleware (:issue:`541`, :issue:`500`, :issue:`571`)
@ -2267,7 +2274,7 @@ Enhancements
- Tests and docs for ``request_fingerprint`` function (:issue:`597`)
- Update SEP-19 for GSoC project ``per-spider settings`` (:issue:`705`)
- Set exit code to non-zero when contracts fails (:issue:`727`)
- Add a setting to control what class is instanciated as Downloader component
- Add a setting to control what class is instantiated as Downloader component
(:issue:`738`)
- Pass response in ``item_dropped`` signal (:issue:`724`)
- Improve ``scrapy check`` contracts command (:issue:`733`, :issue:`752`)
@ -2276,7 +2283,7 @@ Enhancements
- Add a note about reporting security issues (:issue:`697`)
- Add LevelDB http cache storage backend (:issue:`626`, :issue:`500`)
- Sort spider list output of ``scrapy list`` command (:issue:`742`)
- Multiple documentation enhancemens and fixes
- Multiple documentation enhancements and fixes
(:issue:`575`, :issue:`587`, :issue:`590`, :issue:`596`, :issue:`610`,
:issue:`617`, :issue:`618`, :issue:`627`, :issue:`613`, :issue:`643`,
:issue:`654`, :issue:`675`, :issue:`663`, :issue:`711`, :issue:`714`)
@ -2321,19 +2328,19 @@ Scrapy 0.22.1 (released 2014-02-08)
- BaseSgmlLinkExtractor: Added unit test of a link with an inner tag (:commit:`c1cb418`)
- BaseSgmlLinkExtractor: Fixed unknown_endtag() so that it only set current_link=None when the end tag match the opening tag (:commit:`7e4d627`)
- Fix tests for Travis-CI build (:commit:`76c7e20`)
- replace unencodeable codepoints with html entities. fixes #562 and #285 (:commit:`5f87b17`)
- replace unencodable codepoints with html entities. fixes #562 and #285 (:commit:`5f87b17`)
- RegexLinkExtractor: encode URL unicode value when creating Links (:commit:`d0ee545`)
- Updated the tutorial crawl output with latest output. (:commit:`8da65de`)
- Updated shell docs with the crawler reference and fixed the actual shell output. (:commit:`875b9ab`)
- PEP8 minor edits. (:commit:`f89efaf`)
- Expose current crawler in the scrapy shell. (:commit:`5349cec`)
- Expose current crawler in the Scrapy shell. (:commit:`5349cec`)
- Unused re import and PEP8 minor edits. (:commit:`387f414`)
- Ignore None's values when using the ItemLoader. (:commit:`0632546`)
- DOC Fixed HTTPCACHE_STORAGE typo in the default value which is now Filesystem instead Dbm. (:commit:`cde9a8c`)
- show ubuntu setup instructions as literal code (:commit:`fb5c9c5`)
- show Ubuntu setup instructions as literal code (:commit:`fb5c9c5`)
- Update Ubuntu installation instructions (:commit:`70fb105`)
- Merge pull request #550 from stray-leone/patch-1 (:commit:`6f70b6a`)
- modify the version of scrapy ubuntu package (:commit:`725900d`)
- modify the version of Scrapy Ubuntu package (:commit:`725900d`)
- fix 0.22.0 release date (:commit:`af0219a`)
- fix typos in news.rst and remove (not released yet) header (:commit:`b7f58f4`)
@ -2354,7 +2361,7 @@ Enhancements
- Improve test coverage and forthcoming Python 3 support (:issue:`525`)
- Promote startup info on settings and middleware to INFO level (:issue:`520`)
- Support partials in ``get_func_args`` util (:issue:`506`, issue:`504`)
- Allow running indiviual tests via tox (:issue:`503`)
- Allow running individual tests via tox (:issue:`503`)
- Update extensions ignored by link extractors (:issue:`498`)
- Add middleware methods to get files/images/thumbs paths (:issue:`490`)
- Improve offsite middleware tests (:issue:`478`)
@ -2411,7 +2418,7 @@ Enhancements
- scrapy.mail.MailSender now can connect over TLS or upgrade using STARTTLS (:issue:`327`)
- New FilesPipeline with functionality factored out from ImagesPipeline (:issue:`370`, :issue:`409`)
- Recommend Pillow instead of PIL for image handling (:issue:`317`)
- Added debian packages for Ubuntu quantal and raring (:commit:`86230c0`)
- Added Debian packages for Ubuntu Quantal and Raring (:commit:`86230c0`)
- Mock server (used for tests) can listen for HTTPS requests (:issue:`410`)
- Remove multi spider support from multiple core components
(:issue:`422`, :issue:`421`, :issue:`420`, :issue:`419`, :issue:`423`, :issue:`418`)
@ -2430,7 +2437,7 @@ Bugfixes
- Fix tests under Django 1.6 (:commit:`b6bed44c`)
- Lot of bugfixes to retry middleware under disconnections using HTTP 1.1 download handler
- Fix inconsistencies among Twisted releases (:issue:`406`)
- Fix scrapy shell bugs (:issue:`418`, :issue:`407`)
- Fix Scrapy shell bugs (:issue:`418`, :issue:`407`)
- Fix invalid variable name in setup.py (:issue:`429`)
- Fix tutorial references (:issue:`387`)
- Improve request-response docs (:issue:`391`)
@ -2443,7 +2450,7 @@ Other
~~~~~
- Dropped Python 2.6 support (:issue:`448`)
- Add `cssselect`_ python package as install dependency
- Add :doc:`cssselect <cssselect:index>` python package as install dependency
- Drop libxml2 and multi selector's backend support, `lxml`_ is required from now on.
- Minimum Twisted version increased to 10.0.0, dropped Twisted 8.0 support.
- Running test suite now requires ``mock`` python library (:issue:`390`)
@ -2512,15 +2519,15 @@ Scrapy 0.18.1 (released 2013-08-27)
- test PotentiaDataLoss errors on unbound responses (:commit:`b15470d`)
- Treat responses without content-length or Transfer-Encoding as good responses (:commit:`c4bf324`)
- do no include ResponseFailed if http11 handler is not enabled (:commit:`6cbe684`)
- New HTTP client wraps connection losts in ResponseFailed exception. fix #373 (:commit:`1a20bba`)
- New HTTP client wraps connection lost in ResponseFailed exception. fix #373 (:commit:`1a20bba`)
- limit travis-ci build matrix (:commit:`3b01bb8`)
- Merge pull request #375 from peterarenot/patch-1 (:commit:`fa766d7`)
- Fixed so it refers to the correct folder (:commit:`3283809`)
- added quantal & raring to support ubuntu releases (:commit:`1411923`)
- added Quantal & Raring to support Ubuntu releases (:commit:`1411923`)
- fix retry middleware which didn't retry certain connection errors after the upgrade to http1 client, closes GH-373 (:commit:`bb35ed0`)
- fix XmlItemExporter in Python 2.7.4 and 2.7.5 (:commit:`de3e451`)
- minor updates to 0.18 release notes (:commit:`c45e5f1`)
- fix contributters list format (:commit:`0b60031`)
- fix contributors list format (:commit:`0b60031`)
Scrapy 0.18.0 (released 2013-08-09)
-----------------------------------
@ -2555,8 +2562,8 @@ Scrapy 0.18.0 (released 2013-08-09)
- Collect idle downloader slots (:issue:`297`)
- Add ``ftp://`` scheme downloader handler (:issue:`329`)
- Added downloader benchmark webserver and spider tools :ref:`benchmarking`
- Moved persistent (on disk) queues to a separate project (queuelib_) which scrapy now depends on
- Add scrapy commands using external libraries (:issue:`260`)
- Moved persistent (on disk) queues to a separate project (queuelib_) which Scrapy now depends on
- Add Scrapy commands using external libraries (:issue:`260`)
- Added ``--pdb`` option to ``scrapy`` command line tool
- Added :meth:`XPathSelector.remove_namespaces <scrapy.selector.Selector.remove_namespaces>` which allows to remove all namespaces from XML documents for convenience (to work with namespace-less XPaths). Documented in :ref:`topics-selectors`.
- Several improvements to spider contracts
@ -2564,11 +2571,11 @@ Scrapy 0.18.0 (released 2013-08-09)
- MetaRefreshMiddldeware and RedirectMiddleware have different priorities to address #62
- added from_crawler method to spiders
- added system tests with mock server
- more improvements to Mac OS compatibility (thanks Alex Cepoi)
- more improvements to macOS compatibility (thanks Alex Cepoi)
- several more cleanups to singletons and multi-spider support (thanks Nicolas Ramirez)
- support custom download slots
- added --spider option to "shell" command.
- log overridden settings when scrapy starts
- log overridden settings when Scrapy starts
Thanks to everyone who contribute to this release. Here is a list of
contributors sorted by number of commits::
@ -2617,7 +2624,7 @@ contributors sorted by number of commits::
Scrapy 0.16.5 (released 2013-05-30)
-----------------------------------
- obey request method when scrapy deploy is redirected to a new endpoint (:commit:`8c4fcee`)
- obey request method when Scrapy deploy is redirected to a new endpoint (:commit:`8c4fcee`)
- fix inaccurate downloader middleware documentation. refs #280 (:commit:`40667cb`)
- doc: remove links to diveintopython.org, which is no longer available. closes #246 (:commit:`bd58bfa`)
- Find form nodes in invalid html5 documents (:commit:`e3d6945`)
@ -2631,8 +2638,8 @@ Scrapy 0.16.4 (released 2013-01-23)
- Fixed error message formatting. log.err() doesn't support cool formatting and when error occurred, the message was: "ERROR: Error processing %(item)s" (:commit:`c16150c`)
- lint and improve images pipeline error logging (:commit:`56b45fc`)
- fixed doc typos (:commit:`243be84`)
- add documentation topics: Broad Crawls & Common Practies (:commit:`1fbb715`)
- fix bug in scrapy parse command when spider is not specified explicitly. closes #209 (:commit:`c72e682`)
- add documentation topics: Broad Crawls & Common Practices (:commit:`1fbb715`)
- fix bug in Scrapy parse command when spider is not specified explicitly. closes #209 (:commit:`c72e682`)
- Update docs/topics/commands.rst (:commit:`28eac7a`)
Scrapy 0.16.3 (released 2012-12-07)
@ -2640,7 +2647,7 @@ Scrapy 0.16.3 (released 2012-12-07)
- Remove concurrency limitation when using download delays and still ensure inter-request delays are enforced (:commit:`487b9b5`)
- add error details when image pipeline fails (:commit:`8232569`)
- improve mac os compatibility (:commit:`8dcf8aa`)
- improve macOS compatibility (:commit:`8dcf8aa`)
- setup.py: use README.rst to populate long_description (:commit:`7b5310d`)
- doc: removed obsolete references to ClientForm (:commit:`80f9bb6`)
- correct docs for default storage backend (:commit:`2aa491b`)
@ -2651,11 +2658,11 @@ Scrapy 0.16.3 (released 2012-12-07)
Scrapy 0.16.2 (released 2012-11-09)
-----------------------------------
- scrapy contracts: python2.6 compat (:commit:`a4a9199`)
- scrapy contracts verbose option (:commit:`ec41673`)
- proper unittest-like output for scrapy contracts (:commit:`86635e4`)
- Scrapy contracts: python2.6 compat (:commit:`a4a9199`)
- Scrapy contracts verbose option (:commit:`ec41673`)
- proper unittest-like output for Scrapy contracts (:commit:`86635e4`)
- added open_in_browser to debugging doc (:commit:`c9b690d`)
- removed reference to global scrapy stats from settings doc (:commit:`dd55067`)
- removed reference to global Scrapy stats from settings doc (:commit:`dd55067`)
- Fix SpiderState bug in Windows platforms (:commit:`58998f4`)
@ -2665,7 +2672,7 @@ Scrapy 0.16.1 (released 2012-10-26)
- fixed LogStats extension, which got broken after a wrong merge before the 0.16 release (:commit:`8c780fd`)
- better backward compatibility for scrapy.conf.settings (:commit:`3403089`)
- extended documentation on how to access crawler stats from extensions (:commit:`c4da0b5`)
- removed .hgtags (no longer needed now that scrapy uses git) (:commit:`d52c188`)
- removed .hgtags (no longer needed now that Scrapy uses git) (:commit:`d52c188`)
- fix dashes under rst headers (:commit:`fa4f7f9`)
- set release date for 0.16.0 in news (:commit:`e292246`)
@ -2680,8 +2687,7 @@ Scrapy changes:
- documented :doc:`topics/autothrottle` and added to extensions installed by default. You still need to enable it with :setting:`AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED`
- major Stats Collection refactoring: removed separation of global/per-spider stats, removed stats-related signals (``stats_spider_opened``, etc). Stats are much simpler now, backward compatibility is kept on the Stats Collector API and signals.
- added :meth:`~scrapy.spidermiddlewares.SpiderMiddleware.process_start_requests` method to spider middlewares
- dropped Signals singleton. Signals should now be accesed through the Crawler.signals attribute. See the signals documentation for more info.
- dropped Signals singleton. Signals should now be accesed through the Crawler.signals attribute. See the signals documentation for more info.
- dropped Signals singleton. Signals should now be accessed through the Crawler.signals attribute. See the signals documentation for more info.
- dropped Stats Collector singleton. Stats can now be accessed through the Crawler.stats attribute. See the stats collection documentation for more info.
- documented :ref:`topics-api`
- ``lxml`` is now the default selectors backend instead of ``libxml2``
@ -2703,7 +2709,7 @@ Scrapy changes:
- removed ``ENCODING_ALIASES`` setting, as encoding auto-detection has been moved to the `w3lib`_ library
- promoted :ref:`topics-djangoitem` to main contrib
- LogFormatter method now return dicts(instead of strings) to support lazy formatting (:issue:`164`, :commit:`dcef7b0`)
- downloader handlers (:setting:`DOWNLOAD_HANDLERS` setting) now receive settings as the first argument of the constructor
- downloader handlers (:setting:`DOWNLOAD_HANDLERS` setting) now receive settings as the first argument of the ``__init__`` method
- replaced memory usage acounting with (more portable) `resource`_ module, removed ``scrapy.utils.memory`` module
- removed signal: ``scrapy.mail.mail_sent``
- removed ``TRACK_REFS`` setting, now :ref:`trackrefs <topics-leaks-trackrefs>` is always enabled
@ -2715,7 +2721,7 @@ Scrapy changes:
Scrapy 0.14.4
-------------
- added precise to supported ubuntu distros (:commit:`b7e46df`)
- added precise to supported Ubuntu distros (:commit:`b7e46df`)
- fixed bug in json-rpc webservice reported in https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/scrapy-users/qgVBmFybNAQ/discussion. also removed no longer supported 'run' command from extras/scrapy-ws.py (:commit:`340fbdb`)
- meta tag attributes for content-type http equiv can be in any order. #123 (:commit:`0cb68af`)
- replace "import Image" by more standard "from PIL import Image". closes #88 (:commit:`4d17048`)
@ -2728,11 +2734,11 @@ Scrapy 0.14.3
- include egg files used by testsuite in source distribution. #118 (:commit:`c897793`)
- update docstring in project template to avoid confusion with genspider command, which may be considered as an advanced feature. refs #107 (:commit:`2548dcc`)
- added note to docs/topics/firebug.rst about google directory being shut down (:commit:`668e352`)
- dont discard slot when empty, just save in another dict in order to recycle if needed again. (:commit:`8e9f607`)
- don't discard slot when empty, just save in another dict in order to recycle if needed again. (:commit:`8e9f607`)
- do not fail handling unicode xpaths in libxml2 backed selectors (:commit:`b830e95`)
- fixed minor mistake in Request objects documentation (:commit:`bf3c9ee`)
- fixed minor defect in link extractors documentation (:commit:`ba14f38`)
- removed some obsolete remaining code related to sqlite support in scrapy (:commit:`0665175`)
- removed some obsolete remaining code related to sqlite support in Scrapy (:commit:`0665175`)
Scrapy 0.14.2
-------------
@ -2917,7 +2923,7 @@ API changes
- ``Request.copy()`` and ``Request.replace()`` now also copies their ``callback`` and ``errback`` attributes (#231)
- Removed ``UrlFilterMiddleware`` from ``scrapy.contrib`` (already disabled by default)
- Offsite middelware doesn't filter out any request coming from a spider that doesn't have a allowed_domains attribute (#225)
- Removed Spider Manager ``load()`` method. Now spiders are loaded in the constructor itself.
- Removed Spider Manager ``load()`` method. Now spiders are loaded in the ``__init__`` method itself.
- Changes to Scrapy Manager (now called "Crawler"):
- ``scrapy.core.manager.ScrapyManager`` class renamed to ``scrapy.crawler.Crawler``
- ``scrapy.core.manager.scrapymanager`` singleton moved to ``scrapy.project.crawler``
@ -3041,17 +3047,16 @@ Scrapy 0.7
First release of Scrapy.
.. _AJAX crawleable urls: https://developers.google.com/webmasters/ajax-crawling/docs/getting-started?csw=1
.. _AJAX crawleable urls: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/ajax-crawling/docs/getting-started?csw=1
.. _botocore: https://github.com/boto/botocore
.. _chunked transfer encoding: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunked_transfer_encoding
.. _ClientForm: http://wwwsearch.sourceforge.net/old/ClientForm/
.. _Creating a pull request: https://help.github.com/en/articles/creating-a-pull-request
.. _cryptography: https://cryptography.io/en/latest/
.. _cssselect: https://github.com/scrapy/cssselect/
.. _docstrings: https://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-docstring
.. _KeyboardInterrupt: https://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#KeyboardInterrupt
.. _docstrings: https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-docstring
.. _KeyboardInterrupt: https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html#KeyboardInterrupt
.. _LevelDB: https://github.com/google/leveldb
.. _lxml: http://lxml.de/
.. _lxml: https://lxml.de/
.. _marshal: https://docs.python.org/2/library/marshal.html
.. _parsel.csstranslator.GenericTranslator: https://parsel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/parsel.html#parsel.csstranslator.GenericTranslator
.. _parsel.csstranslator.HTMLTranslator: https://parsel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/parsel.html#parsel.csstranslator.HTMLTranslator
@ -3062,11 +3067,11 @@ First release of Scrapy.
.. _queuelib: https://github.com/scrapy/queuelib
.. _registered with IANA: https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml
.. _resource: https://docs.python.org/2/library/resource.html
.. _robots.txt: http://www.robotstxt.org/
.. _robots.txt: https://www.robotstxt.org/
.. _scrapely: https://github.com/scrapy/scrapely
.. _service_identity: https://service-identity.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
.. _six: https://six.readthedocs.io/
.. _tox: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox
.. _tox: https://pypi.org/project/tox/
.. _Twisted: https://twistedmatrix.com/trac/
.. _Twisted - hello, asynchronous programming: http://jessenoller.com/blog/2009/02/11/twisted-hello-asynchronous-programming/
.. _w3lib: https://github.com/scrapy/w3lib

4
docs/requirements.txt
View File

@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
Sphinx>=2.1
sphinx_rtd_theme
sphinx-hoverxref
sphinx-notfound-page
sphinx_rtd_theme

2
docs/topics/api.rst
View File

@ -273,5 +273,3 @@ class (which they all inherit from).
Close the given spider. After this is called, no more specific stats
can be accessed or collected.
.. _reactor: https://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/core/howto/reactor-basics.html

3
docs/topics/architecture.rst
View File

@ -166,11 +166,10 @@ for concurrency.
For more information about asynchronous programming and Twisted see these
links:
* `Introduction to Deferreds in Twisted`_
* :doc:`twisted:core/howto/defer-intro`
* `Twisted - hello, asynchronous programming`_
* `Twisted Introduction - Krondo`_
.. _Twisted: https://twistedmatrix.com/trac/
.. _Introduction to Deferreds in Twisted: https://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/core/howto/defer-intro.html
.. _Twisted - hello, asynchronous programming: http://jessenoller.com/blog/2009/02/11/twisted-hello-asynchronous-programming/
.. _Twisted Introduction - Krondo: http://krondo.com/an-introduction-to-asynchronous-programming-and-twisted/

2
docs/topics/autothrottle.rst
View File

@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Design goals
============
1. be nicer to sites instead of using default download delay of zero
2. automatically adjust scrapy to the optimum crawling speed, so the user
2. automatically adjust Scrapy to the optimum crawling speed, so the user
doesn't have to tune the download delays to find the optimum one.
The user only needs to specify the maximum concurrent requests
it allows, and the extension does the rest.

9
docs/topics/broad-crawls.rst
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@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ AjaxCrawlMiddleware helps to crawl them correctly.
It is turned OFF by default because it has some performance overhead,
and enabling it for focused crawls doesn't make much sense.
.. _ajax crawlable: https://developers.google.com/webmasters/ajax-crawling/docs/getting-started
.. _ajax crawlable: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/ajax-crawling/docs/getting-started
.. _broad-crawls-bfo:
@ -211,3 +211,10 @@ If your broad crawl shows a high memory usage, in addition to :ref:`crawling in
BFO order <broad-crawls-bfo>` and :ref:`lowering concurrency
<broad-crawls-concurrency>` you should :ref:`debug your memory leaks
<topics-leaks>`.
Install a specific Twisted reactor
==================================
If the crawl is exceeding the system's capabilities, you might want to try
installing a specific Twisted reactor, via the :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR` setting.

30
docs/topics/commands.rst
View File

@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
.. highlight:: none
.. _topics-commands:
=================
@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ in standard locations:
1. ``/etc/scrapy.cfg`` or ``c:\scrapy\scrapy.cfg`` (system-wide),
2. ``~/.config/scrapy.cfg`` (``$XDG_CONFIG_HOME``) and ``~/.scrapy.cfg`` (``$HOME``)
for global (user-wide) settings, and
3. ``scrapy.cfg`` inside a scrapy project's root (see next section).
3. ``scrapy.cfg`` inside a Scrapy project's root (see next section).
Settings from these files are merged in the listed order of preference:
user-defined values have higher priority than system-wide defaults
@ -66,7 +68,9 @@ structure by default, similar to this::
The directory where the ``scrapy.cfg`` file resides is known as the *project
root directory*. That file contains the name of the python module that defines
the project settings. Here is an example::
the project settings. Here is an example:
.. code-block:: ini
[settings]
default = myproject.settings
@ -80,7 +84,9 @@ A project root directory, the one that contains the ``scrapy.cfg``, may be
shared by multiple Scrapy projects, each with its own settings module.
In that case, you must define one or more aliases for those settings modules
under ``[settings]`` in your ``scrapy.cfg`` file::
under ``[settings]`` in your ``scrapy.cfg`` file:
.. code-block:: ini
[settings]
default = myproject1.settings
@ -277,6 +283,8 @@ check
Run contract checks.
.. skip: start
Usage examples::
$ scrapy check -l
@ -294,6 +302,8 @@ Usage examples::
[FAILED] first_spider:parse
>>> Returned 92 requests, expected 0..4
.. skip: end
.. command:: list
list
@ -481,6 +491,8 @@ Supported options:
* ``--verbose`` or ``-v``: display information for each depth level
.. skip: start
Usage example::
$ scrapy parse http://www.example.com/ -c parse_item
@ -495,6 +507,8 @@ Usage example::
# Requests -----------------------------------------------------------------
[]
.. skip: end
.. command:: settings
@ -573,7 +587,9 @@ Default: ``''`` (empty string)
A module to use for looking up custom Scrapy commands. This is used to add custom
commands for your Scrapy project.
Example::
Example:
.. code-block:: python
COMMANDS_MODULE = 'mybot.commands'
@ -588,7 +604,11 @@ You can also add Scrapy commands from an external library by adding a
``scrapy.commands`` section in the entry points of the library ``setup.py``
file.
The following example adds ``my_command`` command::
The following example adds ``my_command`` command:
.. skip: next
.. code-block:: python
from setuptools import setup, find_packages

2
docs/topics/contracts.rst
View File

@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Use the :command:`check` command to run the contract checks.
Custom Contracts
================
If you find you need more power than the built-in scrapy contracts you can
If you find you need more power than the built-in Scrapy contracts you can
create and load your own contracts in the project by using the
:setting:`SPIDER_CONTRACTS` setting::

10
docs/topics/debug.rst
View File

@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Debugging Spiders
=================
This document explains the most common techniques for debugging spiders.
Consider the following scrapy spider below::
Consider the following Scrapy spider below::
import scrapy
from myproject.items import MyItem
@ -48,6 +48,10 @@ The most basic way of checking the output of your spider is to use the
of the spider at the method level. It has the advantage of being flexible and
simple to use, but does not allow debugging code inside a method.
.. highlight:: none
.. skip: start
In order to see the item scraped from a specific url::
$ scrapy parse --spider=myspider -c parse_item -d 2 <item_url>
@ -85,6 +89,8 @@ using::
$ scrapy parse --spider=myspider -d 3 'http://example.com/page1'
.. skip: end
Scrapy Shell
============
@ -94,6 +100,8 @@ spider, it is of little help to check what happens inside a callback, besides
showing the response received and the output. How to debug the situation when
``parse_details`` sometimes receives no item?
.. highlight:: python
Fortunately, the :command:`shell` is your bread and butter in this case (see
:ref:`topics-shell-inspect-response`)::

42
docs/topics/developer-tools.rst
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@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Therefore, you should keep in mind the following things:
.. _topics-inspector:
Inspecting a website
===================================
====================
By far the most handy feature of the Developer Tools is the `Inspector`
feature, which allows you to inspect the underlying HTML code of
@ -79,13 +79,23 @@ sections and tags of a webpage, which greatly improves readability. You can
expand and collapse a tag by clicking on the arrow in front of it or by double
clicking directly on the tag. If we expand the ``span`` tag with the ``class=
"text"`` we will see the quote-text we clicked on. The `Inspector` lets you
copy XPaths to selected elements. Let's try it out: Right-click on the ``span``
tag, select ``Copy > XPath`` and paste it in the scrapy shell like so::
copy XPaths to selected elements. Let's try it out.
First open the Scrapy shell at http://quotes.toscrape.com/ in a terminal:
.. code-block:: none
$ scrapy shell "http://quotes.toscrape.com/"
(...)
>>> response.xpath('/html/body/div/div[2]/div[1]/div[1]/span[1]/text()').getall()
['"The world as we have created it is a process of our thinking. It cannot be changed without changing our thinking.”]
Then, back to your web browser, right-click on the ``span`` tag, select
``Copy > XPath`` and paste it in the Scrapy shell like so:
.. invisible-code-block: python
response = load_response('http://quotes.toscrape.com/', 'quotes.html')
>>> response.xpath('/html/body/div/div[2]/div[1]/div[1]/span[1]/text()').getall()
['“The world as we have created it is a process of our thinking. It cannot be changed without changing our thinking.”']
Adding ``text()`` at the end we are able to extract the first quote with this
basic selector. But this XPath is not really that clever. All it does is
@ -112,13 +122,13 @@ see each quote:
With this knowledge we can refine our XPath: Instead of a path to follow,
we'll simply select all ``span`` tags with the ``class="text"`` by using
the `has-class-extension`_::
the `has-class-extension`_:
>>> response.xpath('//span[has-class("text")]/text()').getall()
['"The world as we have created it is a process of our thinking. It cannot be changed without changing our thinking.”,
'“It is our choices, Harry, that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities.”',
'“There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle.”',
(...)]
>>> response.xpath('//span[has-class("text")]/text()').getall()
['“The world as we have created it is a process of our thinking. It cannot be changed without changing our thinking.”',
'“It is our choices, Harry, that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities.”',
'“There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle.”',
...]
And with one simple, cleverer XPath we are able to extract all quotes from
the page. We could have constructed a loop over our first XPath to increase
@ -132,7 +142,7 @@ a use case:
Say you want to find the ``Next`` button on the page. Type ``Next`` into the
search bar on the top right of the `Inspector`. You should get two results.
The first is a ``li`` tag with the ``class="text"``, the second the text
The first is a ``li`` tag with the ``class="next"``, the second the text
of an ``a`` tag. Right click on the ``a`` tag and select ``Scroll into View``.
If you hover over the tag, you'll see the button highlighted. From here
we could easily create a :ref:`Link Extractor <topics-link-extractors>` to
@ -159,7 +169,11 @@ The page is quite similar to the basic `quotes.toscrape.com`_-page,
but instead of the above-mentioned ``Next`` button, the page
automatically loads new quotes when you scroll to the bottom. We
could go ahead and try out different XPaths directly, but instead
we'll check another quite useful command from the scrapy shell::
we'll check another quite useful command from the Scrapy shell:
.. skip: next
.. code-block:: none
$ scrapy shell "quotes.toscrape.com/scroll"
(...)

29
docs/topics/downloader-middleware.rst
View File

@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ CookiesMiddleware
This middleware enables working with sites that require cookies, such as
those that use sessions. It keeps track of cookies sent by web servers, and
send them back on subsequent requests (from that spider), just like web
sends them back on subsequent requests (from that spider), just like web
browsers do.
The following settings can be used to configure the cookie middleware:
@ -259,8 +259,8 @@ COOKIES_DEBUG
Default: ``False``
If enabled, Scrapy will log all cookies sent in requests (ie. ``Cookie``
header) and all cookies received in responses (ie. ``Set-Cookie`` header).
If enabled, Scrapy will log all cookies sent in requests (i.e. ``Cookie``
header) and all cookies received in responses (i.e. ``Set-Cookie`` header).
Here's an example of a log with :setting:`COOKIES_DEBUG` enabled::
@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ DBM storage backend
A DBM_ storage backend is also available for the HTTP cache middleware.
By default, it uses the anydbm_ module, but you can change it with the
By default, it uses the :mod:`dbm`, but you can change it with the
:setting:`HTTPCACHE_DBM_MODULE` setting.
.. _httpcache-storage-custom:
@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ HTTPCACHE_DBM_MODULE
.. versionadded:: 0.13
Default: ``'anydbm'``
Default: ``'dbm'``
The database module to use in the :ref:`DBM storage backend
<httpcache-storage-dbm>`. This setting is specific to the DBM backend.
@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ sometimes a more nuanced policy is desirable.
This setting still respects ``Cache-Control: no-store`` directives in responses.
If you don't want that, filter ``no-store`` out of the Cache-Control headers in
responses you feedto the cache middleware.
responses you feed to the cache middleware.
.. setting:: HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_RESPONSE_CACHE_CONTROLS
@ -686,7 +686,7 @@ Default: ``[]``
List of Cache-Control directives in responses to be ignored.
Sites often set "no-store", "no-cache", "must-revalidate", etc., but get
upset at the traffic a spider can generate if it respects those
upset at the traffic a spider can generate if it actually respects those
directives. This allows to selectively ignore Cache-Control directives
that are known to be unimportant for the sites being crawled.
@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ HttpCompressionMiddleware
provided `brotlipy`_ is installed.
.. _brotli-compressed: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc7932.txt
.. _brotlipy: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/brotlipy
.. _brotlipy: https://pypi.org/project/brotlipy/
HttpCompressionMiddleware Settings
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ Whether the Meta Refresh middleware will be enabled.
METAREFRESH_IGNORE_TAGS
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Default: ``['script', 'noscript']``
Default: ``[]``
Meta tags within these tags are ignored.
@ -1038,7 +1038,7 @@ Based on `RobotFileParser
* is Python's built-in robots.txt_ parser
* is compliant with `Martijn Koster's 1996 draft specification
<http://www.robotstxt.org/norobots-rfc.txt>`_
<https://www.robotstxt.org/norobots-rfc.txt>`_
* lacks support for wildcard matching
@ -1061,7 +1061,7 @@ Based on `Reppy <https://github.com/seomoz/reppy/>`_:
<https://github.com/seomoz/rep-cpp>`_
* is compliant with `Martijn Koster's 1996 draft specification
<http://www.robotstxt.org/norobots-rfc.txt>`_
<https://www.robotstxt.org/norobots-rfc.txt>`_
* supports wildcard matching
@ -1086,7 +1086,7 @@ Based on `Robotexclusionrulesparser <http://nikitathespider.com/python/rerp/>`_:
* implemented in Python
* is compliant with `Martijn Koster's 1996 draft specification
<http://www.robotstxt.org/norobots-rfc.txt>`_
<https://www.robotstxt.org/norobots-rfc.txt>`_
* supports wildcard matching
@ -1115,7 +1115,7 @@ implementing the methods described below.
.. autoclass:: RobotParser
:members:
.. _robots.txt: http://www.robotstxt.org/
.. _robots.txt: https://www.robotstxt.org/
DownloaderStats
---------------
@ -1155,7 +1155,7 @@ AjaxCrawlMiddleware
Middleware that finds 'AJAX crawlable' page variants based
on meta-fragment html tag. See
https://developers.google.com/webmasters/ajax-crawling/docs/getting-started
https://developers.google.com/search/docs/ajax-crawling/docs/getting-started
for more info.
.. note::
@ -1202,4 +1202,3 @@ The default encoding for proxy authentication on :class:`HttpProxyMiddleware`.
.. _DBM: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dbm
.. _anydbm: https://docs.python.org/2/library/anydbm.html

34
docs/topics/dynamic-content.rst
View File

@ -172,27 +172,27 @@ data from it:
data in JSON format, which you can then parse with `json.loads`_.
For example, if the JavaScript code contains a separate line like
``var data = {"field": "value"};`` you can extract that data as follows::
``var data = {"field": "value"};`` you can extract that data as follows:
>>> pattern = r'\bvar\s+data\s*=\s*(\{.*?\})\s*;\s*\n'
>>> json_data = response.css('script::text').re_first(pattern)
>>> json.loads(json_data)
{'field': 'value'}
>>> pattern = r'\bvar\s+data\s*=\s*(\{.*?\})\s*;\s*\n'
>>> json_data = response.css('script::text').re_first(pattern)
>>> json.loads(json_data)
{'field': 'value'}
- Otherwise, use js2xml_ to convert the JavaScript code into an XML document
that you can parse using :ref:`selectors <topics-selectors>`.
For example, if the JavaScript code contains
``var data = {field: "value"};`` you can extract that data as follows::
``var data = {field: "value"};`` you can extract that data as follows:
>>> import js2xml
>>> import lxml.etree
>>> from parsel import Selector
>>> javascript = response.css('script::text').get()
>>> xml = lxml.etree.tostring(js2xml.parse(javascript), encoding='unicode')
>>> selector = Selector(text=xml)
>>> selector.css('var[name="data"]').get()
'<var name="data"><object><property name="field"><string>value</string></property></object></var>'
>>> import js2xml
>>> import lxml.etree
>>> from parsel import Selector
>>> javascript = response.css('script::text').get()
>>> xml = lxml.etree.tostring(js2xml.parse(javascript), encoding='unicode')
>>> selector = Selector(text=xml)
>>> selector.css('var[name="data"]').get()
'<var name="data"><object><property name="field"><string>value</string></property></object></var>'
.. _topics-javascript-rendering:
@ -241,12 +241,12 @@ along with `scrapy-selenium`_ for seamless integration.
.. _headless browser: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headless_browser
.. _JavaScript: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript
.. _js2xml: https://github.com/scrapinghub/js2xml
.. _json.loads: https://docs.python.org/library/json.html#json.loads
.. _json.loads: https://docs.python.org/3/library/json.html#json.loads
.. _pytesseract: https://github.com/madmaze/pytesseract
.. _regular expression: https://docs.python.org/library/re.html
.. _regular expression: https://docs.python.org/3/library/re.html
.. _scrapy-selenium: https://github.com/clemfromspace/scrapy-selenium
.. _scrapy-splash: https://github.com/scrapy-plugins/scrapy-splash
.. _Selenium: https://www.seleniumhq.org/
.. _Selenium: https://www.selenium.dev/
.. _Splash: https://github.com/scrapinghub/splash
.. _tabula-py: https://github.com/chezou/tabula-py
.. _wget: https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/

17
docs/topics/email.rst
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@ -9,19 +9,19 @@ Sending e-mail
Although Python makes sending e-mails relatively easy via the `smtplib`_
library, Scrapy provides its own facility for sending e-mails which is very
easy to use and it's implemented using `Twisted non-blocking IO`_, to avoid
interfering with the non-blocking IO of the crawler. It also provides a
simple API for sending attachments and it's very easy to configure, with a few
:ref:`settings <topics-email-settings>`.
easy to use and it's implemented using :doc:`Twisted non-blocking IO
<twisted:core/howto/defer-intro>`, to avoid interfering with the non-blocking
IO of the crawler. It also provides a simple API for sending attachments and
it's very easy to configure, with a few :ref:`settings
<topics-email-settings>`.
.. _smtplib: https://docs.python.org/2/library/smtplib.html
.. _Twisted non-blocking IO: https://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/core/howto/defer-intro.html
Quick example
=============
There are two ways to instantiate the mail sender. You can instantiate it using
the standard constructor::
the standard ``__init__`` method::
from scrapy.mail import MailSender
mailer = MailSender()
@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ MailSender class reference
==========================
MailSender is the preferred class to use for sending emails from Scrapy, as it
uses `Twisted non-blocking IO`_, like the rest of the framework.
uses :doc:`Twisted non-blocking IO <twisted:core/howto/defer-intro>`, like the
rest of the framework.
.. class:: MailSender(smtphost=None, mailfrom=None, smtpuser=None, smtppass=None, smtpport=None)
@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ uses `Twisted non-blocking IO`_, like the rest of the framework.
Mail settings
=============
These settings define the default constructor values of the :class:`MailSender`
These settings define the default ``__init__`` method values of the :class:`MailSender`
class, and can be used to configure e-mail notifications in your project without
writing any code (for those extensions and code that uses :class:`MailSender`).

40
docs/topics/exporters.rst
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@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ described next.
1. Declaring a serializer in the field
--------------------------------------
If you use :class:`~.Item` you can declare a serializer in the
:ref:`field metadata <topics-items-fields>`. The serializer must be
If you use :class:`~.Item` you can declare a serializer in the
:ref:`field metadata <topics-items-fields>`. The serializer must be
a callable which receives a value and returns its serialized form.
Example::
@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ BaseItemExporter
defining what fields to export, whether to export empty fields, or which
encoding to use.
These features can be configured through the constructor arguments which
These features can be configured through the ``__init__`` method arguments which
populate their respective instance attributes: :attr:`fields_to_export`,
:attr:`export_empty_fields`, :attr:`encoding`, :attr:`indent`.
@ -246,8 +246,8 @@ XmlItemExporter
:param item_element: The name of each item element in the exported XML.
:type item_element: str
The additional keyword arguments of this constructor are passed to the
:class:`BaseItemExporter` constructor.
The additional keyword arguments of this ``__init__`` method are passed to the
:class:`BaseItemExporter` ``__init__`` method.
A typical output of this exporter would be::
@ -306,9 +306,9 @@ CsvItemExporter
multi-valued fields, if found.
:type include_headers_line: str
The additional keyword arguments of this constructor are passed to the
:class:`BaseItemExporter` constructor, and the leftover arguments to the
`csv.writer`_ constructor, so you can use any ``csv.writer`` constructor
The additional keyword arguments of this ``__init__`` method are passed to the
:class:`BaseItemExporter` ``__init__`` method, and the leftover arguments to the
`csv.writer`_ ``__init__`` method, so you can use any ``csv.writer`` ``__init__`` method
argument to customize this exporter.
A typical output of this exporter would be::
@ -334,8 +334,8 @@ PickleItemExporter
For more information, refer to the `pickle module documentation`_.
The additional keyword arguments of this constructor are passed to the
:class:`BaseItemExporter` constructor.
The additional keyword arguments of this ``__init__`` method are passed to the
:class:`BaseItemExporter` ``__init__`` method.
Pickle isn't a human readable format, so no output examples are provided.
@ -351,8 +351,8 @@ PprintItemExporter
:param file: the file-like object to use for exporting the data. Its ``write`` method should
accept ``bytes`` (a disk file opened in binary mode, a ``io.BytesIO`` object, etc)
The additional keyword arguments of this constructor are passed to the
:class:`BaseItemExporter` constructor.
The additional keyword arguments of this ``__init__`` method are passed to the
:class:`BaseItemExporter` ``__init__`` method.
A typical output of this exporter would be::
@ -367,10 +367,10 @@ JsonItemExporter
.. class:: JsonItemExporter(file, \**kwargs)
Exports Items in JSON format to the specified file-like object, writing all
objects as a list of objects. The additional constructor arguments are
passed to the :class:`BaseItemExporter` constructor, and the leftover
arguments to the `JSONEncoder`_ constructor, so you can use any
`JSONEncoder`_ constructor argument to customize this exporter.
objects as a list of objects. The additional ``__init__`` method arguments are
passed to the :class:`BaseItemExporter` ``__init__`` method, and the leftover
arguments to the `JSONEncoder`_ ``__init__`` method, so you can use any
`JSONEncoder`_ ``__init__`` method argument to customize this exporter.
:param file: the file-like object to use for exporting the data. Its ``write`` method should
accept ``bytes`` (a disk file opened in binary mode, a ``io.BytesIO`` object, etc)
@ -398,10 +398,10 @@ JsonLinesItemExporter
.. class:: JsonLinesItemExporter(file, \**kwargs)
Exports Items in JSON format to the specified file-like object, writing one
JSON-encoded item per line. The additional constructor arguments are passed
to the :class:`BaseItemExporter` constructor, and the leftover arguments to
the `JSONEncoder`_ constructor, so you can use any `JSONEncoder`_
constructor argument to customize this exporter.
JSON-encoded item per line. The additional ``__init__`` method arguments are passed
to the :class:`BaseItemExporter` ``__init__`` method, and the leftover arguments to
the `JSONEncoder`_ ``__init__`` method, so you can use any `JSONEncoder`_
``__init__`` method argument to customize this exporter.
:param file: the file-like object to use for exporting the data. Its ``write`` method should
accept ``bytes`` (a disk file opened in binary mode, a ``io.BytesIO`` object, etc)

8
docs/topics/extensions.rst
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@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Loading & activating extensions
Extensions are loaded and activated at startup by instantiating a single
instance of the extension class. Therefore, all the extension initialization
code must be performed in the class constructor (``__init__`` method).
code must be performed in the class ``__init__`` method.
To make an extension available, add it to the :setting:`EXTENSIONS` setting in
your Scrapy settings. In :setting:`EXTENSIONS`, each extension is represented
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ but disabled unless the :setting:`HTTPCACHE_ENABLED` setting is set.
Disabling an extension
======================
In order to disable an extension that comes enabled by default (ie. those
In order to disable an extension that comes enabled by default (i.e. those
included in the :setting:`EXTENSIONS_BASE` setting) you must set its order to
``None``. For example::
@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ signal is received. The information dumped is the following:
After the stack trace and engine status is dumped, the Scrapy process continues
running normally.
This extension only works on POSIX-compliant platforms (ie. not Windows),
This extension only works on POSIX-compliant platforms (i.e. not Windows),
because the `SIGQUIT`_ and `SIGUSR2`_ signals are not available on Windows.
There are at least two ways to send Scrapy the `SIGQUIT`_ signal:
@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ running normally.
For more info see `Debugging in Python`_.
This extension only works on POSIX-compliant platforms (ie. not Windows).
This extension only works on POSIX-compliant platforms (i.e. not Windows).
.. _Python debugger: https://docs.python.org/2/library/pdb.html
.. _Debugging in Python: https://pythonconquerstheuniverse.wordpress.com/2009/09/10/debugging-in-python/

9
docs/topics/feed-exports.rst
View File

@ -99,12 +99,12 @@ The storages backends supported out of the box are:
* :ref:`topics-feed-storage-fs`
* :ref:`topics-feed-storage-ftp`
* :ref:`topics-feed-storage-s3` (requires botocore_ or boto_)
* :ref:`topics-feed-storage-s3` (requires botocore_)
* :ref:`topics-feed-storage-stdout`
Some storage backends may be unavailable if the required external libraries are
not available. For example, the S3 backend is only available if the botocore_
or boto_ library is installed (Scrapy supports boto_ only on Python 2).
library is installed.
.. _topics-feed-uri-params:
@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ The feeds are stored on `Amazon S3`_.
* ``s3://mybucket/path/to/export.csv``
* ``s3://aws_key:aws_secret@mybucket/path/to/export.csv``
* Required external libraries: `botocore`_ (Python 2 and Python 3) or `boto`_ (Python 2 only)
* Required external libraries: `botocore`_
The AWS credentials can be passed as user/password in the URI, or they can be
passed through the following settings:
@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ FEED_STORE_EMPTY
Default: ``False``
Whether to export empty feeds (ie. feeds with no items).
Whether to export empty feeds (i.e. feeds with no items).
.. setting:: FEED_STORAGES
@ -399,6 +399,5 @@ format in :setting:`FEED_EXPORTERS`. E.g., to disable the built-in CSV exporter
.. _URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier
.. _Amazon S3: https://aws.amazon.com/s3/
.. _boto: https://github.com/boto/boto
.. _botocore: https://github.com/boto/botocore
.. _Canned ACL: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/acl-overview.html#canned-acl

13
docs/topics/item-pipeline.rst
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@ -29,7 +29,8 @@ Each item pipeline component is a Python class that must implement the following
This method is called for every item pipeline component. :meth:`process_item`
must either: return a dict with data, return an :class:`~scrapy.item.Item`
(or any descendant class) object, return a `Twisted Deferred`_ or raise
(or any descendant class) object, return a
:class:`~twisted.internet.defer.Deferred` or raise
:exc:`~scrapy.exceptions.DropItem` exception. Dropped items are no longer
processed by further pipeline components.
@ -67,8 +68,6 @@ Additionally, they may also implement the following methods:
:type crawler: :class:`~scrapy.crawler.Crawler` object
.. _Twisted Deferred: https://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/core/howto/defer.html
Item pipeline example
=====================
@ -159,14 +158,15 @@ method and how to clean up the resources properly.::
self.db[self.collection_name].insert_one(dict(item))
return item
.. _MongoDB: https://www.mongodb.org/
.. _pymongo: https://api.mongodb.org/python/current/
.. _MongoDB: https://www.mongodb.com/
.. _pymongo: https://api.mongodb.com/python/current/
Take screenshot of item
-----------------------
This example demonstrates how to return Deferred_ from :meth:`process_item` method.
This example demonstrates how to return a
:class:`~twisted.internet.defer.Deferred` from the :meth:`process_item` method.
It uses Splash_ to render screenshot of item url. Pipeline
makes request to locally running instance of Splash_. After request is downloaded
and Deferred callback fires, it saves item to a file and adds filename to an item.
@ -209,7 +209,6 @@ and Deferred callback fires, it saves item to a file and adds filename to an ite
return item
.. _Splash: https://splash.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
.. _Deferred: https://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/core/howto/defer.html
Duplicates filter
-----------------

118
docs/topics/items.rst
View File

@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ especially in a larger project with many spiders.
To define common output data format Scrapy provides the :class:`Item` class.
:class:`Item` objects are simple containers used to collect the scraped data.
They provide a `dictionary-like`_ API with a convenient syntax for declaring
their available fields.
their available fields.
Various Scrapy components use extra information provided by Items:
Various Scrapy components use extra information provided by Items:
exporters look at declared fields to figure out columns to export,
serialization can be customized using Item fields metadata, :mod:`trackref`
tracks Item instances to help find memory leaks
tracks Item instances to help find memory leaks
(see :ref:`topics-leaks-trackrefs`), etc.
.. _dictionary-like: https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#dict
@ -84,77 +84,74 @@ notice the API is very similar to the `dict API`_.
Creating items
--------------
::
>>> product = Product(name='Desktop PC', price=1000)
>>> print(product)
Product(name='Desktop PC', price=1000)
>>> product = Product(name='Desktop PC', price=1000)
>>> print(product)
Product(name='Desktop PC', price=1000)
Getting field values
--------------------
::
>>> product['name']
Desktop PC
>>> product.get('name')
Desktop PC
>>> product['name']
Desktop PC
>>> product.get('name')
Desktop PC
>>> product['price']
1000
>>> product['price']
1000
>>> product['last_updated']
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
KeyError: 'last_updated'
>>> product['last_updated']
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
KeyError: 'last_updated'
>>> product.get('last_updated', 'not set')
not set
>>> product.get('last_updated', 'not set')
not set
>>> product['lala'] # getting unknown field
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
KeyError: 'lala'
>>> product['lala'] # getting unknown field
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
KeyError: 'lala'
>>> product.get('lala', 'unknown field')
'unknown field'
>>> product.get('lala', 'unknown field')
'unknown field'
>>> 'name' in product # is name field populated?
True
>>> 'name' in product # is name field populated?
True
>>> 'last_updated' in product # is last_updated populated?
False
>>> 'last_updated' in product # is last_updated populated?
False
>>> 'last_updated' in product.fields # is last_updated a declared field?
True
>>> 'last_updated' in product.fields # is last_updated a declared field?
True
>>> 'lala' in product.fields # is lala a declared field?
False
>>> 'lala' in product.fields # is lala a declared field?
False
Setting field values
--------------------
::
>>> product['last_updated'] = 'today'
>>> product['last_updated']
today
>>> product['last_updated'] = 'today'
>>> product['last_updated']
today
>>> product['lala'] = 'test' # setting unknown field
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
KeyError: 'Product does not support field: lala'
>>> product['lala'] = 'test' # setting unknown field
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
KeyError: 'Product does not support field: lala'
Accessing all populated values
------------------------------
To access all populated values, just use the typical `dict API`_::
To access all populated values, just use the typical `dict API`_:
>>> product.keys()
['price', 'name']
>>> product.keys()
['price', 'name']
>>> product.items()
[('price', 1000), ('name', 'Desktop PC')]
>>> product.items()
[('price', 1000), ('name', 'Desktop PC')]
.. _copying-items:
@ -169,7 +166,7 @@ If your item contains mutable_ values like lists or dictionaries, a shallow
copy will keep references to the same mutable values across all different
copies.
.. _mutable: https://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-mutable
.. _mutable: https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-mutable
For example, if you have an item with a list of tags, and you create a shallow
copy of that item, both the original item and the copy have the same list of
@ -180,7 +177,7 @@ If that is not the desired behavior, use a deep copy instead.
See the `documentation of the copy module`_ for more information.
.. _documentation of the copy module: https://docs.python.org/library/copy.html
.. _documentation of the copy module: https://docs.python.org/3/library/copy.html
To create a shallow copy of an item, you can either call
:meth:`~scrapy.item.Item.copy` on an existing item
@ -194,20 +191,21 @@ To create a deep copy, call :meth:`~scrapy.item.Item.deepcopy` instead
Other common tasks
------------------
Creating dicts from items::
Creating dicts from items:
>>> dict(product) # create a dict from all populated values
{'price': 1000, 'name': 'Desktop PC'}
>>> dict(product) # create a dict from all populated values
{'price': 1000, 'name': 'Desktop PC'}
Creating items from dicts::
Creating items from dicts:
>>> Product({'name': 'Laptop PC', 'price': 1500})
Product(price=1500, name='Laptop PC')
>>> Product({'name': 'Laptop PC', 'price': 1500})
Product(price=1500, name='Laptop PC')
>>> Product({'name': 'Laptop PC', 'lala': 1500}) # warning: unknown field in dict
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
KeyError: 'Product does not support field: lala'
>>> Product({'name': 'Laptop PC', 'lala': 1500}) # warning: unknown field in dict
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
KeyError: 'Product does not support field: lala'
Extending Items
===============
@ -237,7 +235,7 @@ Item objects
Return a new Item optionally initialized from the given argument.
Items replicate the standard `dict API`_, including its constructor, and
Items replicate the standard `dict API`_, including its ``__init__`` method, and
also provide the following additional API members:
.. automethod:: copy

33
docs/topics/jobs.rst
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@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Job directory
To enable persistence support you just need to define a *job directory* through
the ``JOBDIR`` setting. This directory will be for storing all required data to
keep the state of a single job (ie. a spider run). It's important to note that
keep the state of a single job (i.e. a spider run). It's important to note that
this directory must not be shared by different spiders, or even different
jobs/runs of the same spider, as it's meant to be used for storing the state of
a *single* job.
@ -71,34 +71,11 @@ on cookies.
Request serialization
---------------------
Requests must be serializable by the ``pickle`` module, in order for persistence
to work, so you should make sure that your requests are serializable.
The most common issue here is to use ``lambda`` functions on request callbacks that
can't be persisted.
So, for example, this won't work::
def some_callback(self, response):
somearg = 'test'
return scrapy.Request('http://www.example.com',
callback=lambda r: self.other_callback(r, somearg))
def other_callback(self, response, somearg):
print("the argument passed is: %s" % somearg)
But this will::
def some_callback(self, response):
somearg = 'test'
return scrapy.Request('http://www.example.com',
callback=self.other_callback, cb_kwargs={'somearg': somearg})
def other_callback(self, response, somearg):
print("the argument passed is: %s" % somearg)
For persistence to work, :class:`~scrapy.http.Request` objects must be
serializable with :mod:`pickle`, except for the ``callback`` and ``errback``
values passed to their ``__init__`` method, which must be methods of the
running :class:`~scrapy.spiders.Spider` class.
If you wish to log the requests that couldn't be serialized, you can set the
:setting:`SCHEDULER_DEBUG` setting to ``True`` in the project's settings page.
It is ``False`` by default.
.. _pickle: https://docs.python.org/library/pickle.html

154
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@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ ties the response lifetime to the requests' one, and that would definitely
cause memory leaks.
Let's see how we can discover the cause (without knowing it
a-priori, of course) by using the ``trackref`` tool.
a priori, of course) by using the ``trackref`` tool.
After the crawler is running for a few minutes and we notice its memory usage
has grown a lot, we can enter its telnet console and check the live
@ -132,21 +132,21 @@ and check the code of the spider to discover the nasty line that is
generating the leaks (passing response references inside requests).
Sometimes extra information about live objects can be helpful.
Let's check the oldest response::
Let's check the oldest response:
>>> from scrapy.utils.trackref import get_oldest
>>> r = get_oldest('HtmlResponse')
>>> r.url
'http://www.somenastyspider.com/product.php?pid=123'
>>> from scrapy.utils.trackref import get_oldest
>>> r = get_oldest('HtmlResponse')
>>> r.url
'http://www.somenastyspider.com/product.php?pid=123'
If you want to iterate over all objects, instead of getting the oldest one, you
can use the :func:`scrapy.utils.trackref.iter_all` function::
can use the :func:`scrapy.utils.trackref.iter_all` function:
>>> from scrapy.utils.trackref import iter_all
>>> [r.url for r in iter_all('HtmlResponse')]
['http://www.somenastyspider.com/product.php?pid=123',
'http://www.somenastyspider.com/product.php?pid=584',
...
>>> from scrapy.utils.trackref import iter_all
>>> [r.url for r in iter_all('HtmlResponse')]
['http://www.somenastyspider.com/product.php?pid=123',
'http://www.somenastyspider.com/product.php?pid=584',
...]
Too many spiders?
-----------------
@ -155,10 +155,10 @@ If your project has too many spiders executed in parallel,
the output of :func:`prefs()` can be difficult to read.
For this reason, that function has a ``ignore`` argument which can be used to
ignore a particular class (and all its subclases). For
example, this won't show any live references to spiders::
example, this won't show any live references to spiders:
>>> from scrapy.spiders import Spider
>>> prefs(ignore=Spider)
>>> from scrapy.spiders import Spider
>>> prefs(ignore=Spider)
.. module:: scrapy.utils.trackref
:synopsis: Track references of live objects
@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ objects. If this is your case, and you can't find your leaks using ``trackref``,
you still have another resource: the `Guppy library`_.
If you're using Python3, see :ref:`topics-leaks-muppy`.
.. _Guppy library: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/guppy
.. _Guppy library: https://pypi.org/project/guppy/
If you use ``pip``, you can install Guppy with the following command::
@ -214,41 +214,41 @@ If you use ``pip``, you can install Guppy with the following command::
The telnet console also comes with a built-in shortcut (``hpy``) for accessing
Guppy heap objects. Here's an example to view all Python objects available in
the heap using Guppy::
the heap using Guppy:
>>> x = hpy.heap()
>>> x.bytype
Partition of a set of 297033 objects. Total size = 52587824 bytes.
Index Count % Size % Cumulative % Type
0 22307 8 16423880 31 16423880 31 dict
1 122285 41 12441544 24 28865424 55 str
2 68346 23 5966696 11 34832120 66 tuple
3 227 0 5836528 11 40668648 77 unicode
4 2461 1 2222272 4 42890920 82 type
5 16870 6 2024400 4 44915320 85 function
6 13949 5 1673880 3 46589200 89 types.CodeType
7 13422 5 1653104 3 48242304 92 list
8 3735 1 1173680 2 49415984 94 _sre.SRE_Pattern
9 1209 0 456936 1 49872920 95 scrapy.http.headers.Headers
<1676 more rows. Type e.g. '_.more' to view.>
>>> x = hpy.heap()
>>> x.bytype
Partition of a set of 297033 objects. Total size = 52587824 bytes.
Index Count % Size % Cumulative % Type
0 22307 8 16423880 31 16423880 31 dict
1 122285 41 12441544 24 28865424 55 str
2 68346 23 5966696 11 34832120 66 tuple
3 227 0 5836528 11 40668648 77 unicode
4 2461 1 2222272 4 42890920 82 type
5 16870 6 2024400 4 44915320 85 function
6 13949 5 1673880 3 46589200 89 types.CodeType
7 13422 5 1653104 3 48242304 92 list
8 3735 1 1173680 2 49415984 94 _sre.SRE_Pattern
9 1209 0 456936 1 49872920 95 scrapy.http.headers.Headers
<1676 more rows. Type e.g. '_.more' to view.>
You can see that most space is used by dicts. Then, if you want to see from
which attribute those dicts are referenced, you could do::
which attribute those dicts are referenced, you could do:
>>> x.bytype[0].byvia
Partition of a set of 22307 objects. Total size = 16423880 bytes.
Index Count % Size % Cumulative % Referred Via:
0 10982 49 9416336 57 9416336 57 '.__dict__'
1 1820 8 2681504 16 12097840 74 '.__dict__', '.func_globals'
2 3097 14 1122904 7 13220744 80
3 990 4 277200 2 13497944 82 "['cookies']"
4 987 4 276360 2 13774304 84 "['cache']"
5 985 4 275800 2 14050104 86 "['meta']"
6 897 4 251160 2 14301264 87 '[2]'
7 1 0 196888 1 14498152 88 "['moduleDict']", "['modules']"
8 672 3 188160 1 14686312 89 "['cb_kwargs']"
9 27 0 155016 1 14841328 90 '[1]'
<333 more rows. Type e.g. '_.more' to view.>
>>> x.bytype[0].byvia
Partition of a set of 22307 objects. Total size = 16423880 bytes.
Index Count % Size % Cumulative % Referred Via:
0 10982 49 9416336 57 9416336 57 '.__dict__'
1 1820 8 2681504 16 12097840 74 '.__dict__', '.func_globals'
2 3097 14 1122904 7 13220744 80
3 990 4 277200 2 13497944 82 "['cookies']"
4 987 4 276360 2 13774304 84 "['cache']"
5 985 4 275800 2 14050104 86 "['meta']"
6 897 4 251160 2 14301264 87 '[2]'
7 1 0 196888 1 14498152 88 "['moduleDict']", "['modules']"
8 672 3 188160 1 14686312 89 "['cb_kwargs']"
9 27 0 155016 1 14841328 90 '[1]'
<333 more rows. Type e.g. '_.more' to view.>
As you can see, the Guppy module is very powerful but also requires some deep
knowledge about Python internals. For more info about Guppy, refer to the
@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ knowledge about Python internals. For more info about Guppy, refer to the
Debugging memory leaks with muppy
=================================
If you're using Python 3, you can use muppy from `Pympler`_.
You can use muppy from `Pympler`_.
.. _Pympler: https://pypi.org/project/Pympler/
@ -269,32 +269,32 @@ If you use ``pip``, you can install muppy with the following command::
pip install Pympler
Here's an example to view all Python objects available in
the heap using muppy::
the heap using muppy:
>>> from pympler import muppy
>>> all_objects = muppy.get_objects()
>>> len(all_objects)
28667
>>> from pympler import summary
>>> suml = summary.summarize(all_objects)
>>> summary.print_(suml)
types | # objects | total size
==================================== | =========== | ============
<class 'str | 9822 | 1.10 MB
<class 'dict | 1658 | 856.62 KB
<class 'type | 436 | 443.60 KB
<class 'code | 2974 | 419.56 KB
<class '_io.BufferedWriter | 2 | 256.34 KB
<class 'set | 420 | 159.88 KB
<class '_io.BufferedReader | 1 | 128.17 KB
<class 'wrapper_descriptor | 1130 | 88.28 KB
<class 'tuple | 1304 | 86.57 KB
<class 'weakref | 1013 | 79.14 KB
<class 'builtin_function_or_method | 958 | 67.36 KB
<class 'method_descriptor | 865 | 60.82 KB
<class 'abc.ABCMeta | 62 | 59.96 KB
<class 'list | 446 | 58.52 KB
<class 'int | 1425 | 43.20 KB
>>> from pympler import muppy
>>> all_objects = muppy.get_objects()
>>> len(all_objects)
28667
>>> from pympler import summary
>>> suml = summary.summarize(all_objects)
>>> summary.print_(suml)
types | # objects | total size
==================================== | =========== | ============
<class 'str | 9822 | 1.10 MB
<class 'dict | 1658 | 856.62 KB
<class 'type | 436 | 443.60 KB
<class 'code | 2974 | 419.56 KB
<class '_io.BufferedWriter | 2 | 256.34 KB
<class 'set | 420 | 159.88 KB
<class '_io.BufferedReader | 1 | 128.17 KB
<class 'wrapper_descriptor | 1130 | 88.28 KB
<class 'tuple | 1304 | 86.57 KB
<class 'weakref | 1013 | 79.14 KB
<class 'builtin_function_or_method | 958 | 67.36 KB
<class 'method_descriptor | 865 | 60.82 KB
<class 'abc.ABCMeta | 62 | 59.96 KB
<class 'list | 446 | 58.52 KB
<class 'int | 1425 | 43.20 KB
For more info about muppy, refer to the `muppy documentation`_.
@ -311,9 +311,9 @@ though neither Scrapy nor your project are leaking memory. This is due to a
(not so well) known problem of Python, which may not return released memory to
the operating system in some cases. For more information on this issue see:
* `Python Memory Management <http://www.evanjones.ca/python-memory.html>`_
* `Python Memory Management Part 2 <http://www.evanjones.ca/python-memory-part2.html>`_
* `Python Memory Management Part 3 <http://www.evanjones.ca/python-memory-part3.html>`_
* `Python Memory Management <https://www.evanjones.ca/python-memory.html>`_
* `Python Memory Management Part 2 <https://www.evanjones.ca/python-memory-part2.html>`_
* `Python Memory Management Part 3 <https://www.evanjones.ca/python-memory-part3.html>`_
The improvements proposed by Evan Jones, which are detailed in `this paper`_,
got merged in Python 2.5, but this only reduces the problem, it doesn't fix it
@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ completely. To quote the paper:
to move to a compacting garbage collector, which is able to move objects in
memory. This would require significant changes to the Python interpreter.*
.. _this paper: http://www.evanjones.ca/memoryallocator/
.. _this paper: https://www.evanjones.ca/memoryallocator/
To keep memory consumption reasonable you can split the job into several
smaller jobs or enable :ref:`persistent job queue <topics-jobs>`

47
docs/topics/link-extractors.rst
View File

@ -4,46 +4,33 @@
Link Extractors
===============
Link extractors are objects whose only purpose is to extract links from web
pages (:class:`scrapy.http.Response` objects) which will be eventually
followed.
A link extractor is an object that extracts links from responses.
There is ``scrapy.linkextractors.LinkExtractor`` available
in Scrapy, but you can create your own custom Link Extractors to suit your
needs by implementing a simple interface.
The only public method that every link extractor has is ``extract_links``,
which receives a :class:`~scrapy.http.Response` object and returns a list
of :class:`scrapy.link.Link` objects. Link extractors are meant to be
instantiated once and their ``extract_links`` method called several times
with different responses to extract links to follow.
Link extractors are used in the :class:`~scrapy.spiders.CrawlSpider`
class (available in Scrapy), through a set of rules, but you can also use it in
your spiders, even if you don't subclass from
:class:`~scrapy.spiders.CrawlSpider`, as its purpose is very simple: to
extract links.
The ``__init__`` method of
:class:`~scrapy.linkextractors.lxmlhtml.LxmlLinkExtractor` takes settings that
determine which links may be extracted. :class:`LxmlLinkExtractor.extract_links
<scrapy.linkextractors.lxmlhtml.LxmlLinkExtractor.extract_links>` returns a
list of matching :class:`scrapy.link.Link` objects from a
:class:`~scrapy.http.Response` object.
Link extractors are used in :class:`~scrapy.spiders.CrawlSpider` spiders
through a set of :class:`~scrapy.spiders.Rule` objects. You can also use link
extractors in regular spiders.
.. _topics-link-extractors-ref:
Built-in link extractors reference
==================================
Link extractor reference
========================
.. module:: scrapy.linkextractors
:synopsis: Link extractors classes
Link extractors classes bundled with Scrapy are provided in the
:mod:`scrapy.linkextractors` module.
The default link extractor is ``LinkExtractor``, which is the same as
:class:`~.LxmlLinkExtractor`::
The link extractor class is
:class:`scrapy.linkextractors.lxmlhtml.LxmlLinkExtractor`. For convenience it
can also be imported as ``scrapy.linkextractors.LinkExtractor``::
from scrapy.linkextractors import LinkExtractor
There used to be other link extractor classes in previous Scrapy versions,
but they are deprecated now.
LxmlLinkExtractor
-----------------
@ -62,7 +49,7 @@ LxmlLinkExtractor
:type allow: a regular expression (or list of)
:param deny: a single regular expression (or list of regular expressions)
that the (absolute) urls must match in order to be excluded (ie. not
that the (absolute) urls must match in order to be excluded (i.e. not
extracted). It has precedence over the ``allow`` parameter. If not
given (or empty) it won't exclude any links.
:type deny: a regular expression (or list of)
@ -152,4 +139,6 @@ LxmlLinkExtractor
from elements or attributes which allow leading/trailing whitespaces).
:type strip: boolean
.. automethod:: extract_links
.. _scrapy.linkextractors: https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy/blob/master/scrapy/linkextractors/__init__.py

158
docs/topics/loaders.rst
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@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Using Item Loaders to populate items
To use an Item Loader, you must first instantiate it. You can either
instantiate it with a dict-like object (e.g. Item or dict) or without one, in
which case an Item is automatically instantiated in the Item Loader constructor
which case an Item is automatically instantiated in the Item Loader ``__init__`` method
using the Item class specified in the :attr:`ItemLoader.default_item_class`
attribute.
@ -142,20 +142,6 @@ accept one (and only one) positional argument, which will be an iterable.
containing the collected values (for that field). The result of the output
processors is the value that will be finally assigned to the item.
If you want to use a plain function as a processor, make sure it receives
``self`` as the first argument::
def lowercase_processor(self, values):
for v in values:
yield v.lower()
class MyItemLoader(ItemLoader):
name_in = lowercase_processor
This is because whenever a function is assigned as a class variable, it becomes
a method and would be passed the instance as the the first argument when being
called. See `this answer on stackoverflow`_ for more details.
The other thing you need to keep in mind is that the values returned by input
processors are collected internally (in lists) and then passed to output
processors to populate the fields.
@ -163,7 +149,7 @@ processors to populate the fields.
Last, but not least, Scrapy comes with some :ref:`commonly used processors
<topics-loaders-available-processors>` built-in for convenience.
.. _this answer on stackoverflow: https://stackoverflow.com/a/35322635
Declaring Item Loaders
======================
@ -220,14 +206,12 @@ metadata. Here is an example::
output_processor=TakeFirst(),
)
::
>>> from scrapy.loader import ItemLoader
>>> il = ItemLoader(item=Product())
>>> il.add_value('name', [u'Welcome to my', u'<strong>website</strong>'])
>>> il.add_value('price', [u'&euro;', u'<span>1000</span>'])
>>> il.load_item()
{'name': u'Welcome to my website', 'price': u'1000'}
>>> from scrapy.loader import ItemLoader
>>> il = ItemLoader(item=Product())
>>> il.add_value('name', [u'Welcome to my', u'<strong>website</strong>'])
>>> il.add_value('price', [u'&euro;', u'<span>1000</span>'])
>>> il.load_item()
{'name': u'Welcome to my website', 'price': u'1000'}
The precedence order, for both input and output processors, is as follows:
@ -271,7 +255,7 @@ There are several ways to modify Item Loader context values:
loader.context['unit'] = 'cm'
2. On Item Loader instantiation (the keyword arguments of Item Loader
constructor are stored in the Item Loader context)::
``__init__`` method are stored in the Item Loader context)::
loader = ItemLoader(product, unit='cm')
@ -328,11 +312,11 @@ ItemLoader objects
applied before processors
:type re: str or compiled regex
Examples::
Examples:
>>> from scrapy.loader.processors import TakeFirst
>>> loader.get_value(u'name: foo', TakeFirst(), unicode.upper, re='name: (.+)')
'FOO`
>>> from scrapy.loader.processors import TakeFirst
>>> loader.get_value(u'name: foo', TakeFirst(), unicode.upper, re='name: (.+)')
'FOO`
.. method:: add_value(field_name, value, \*processors, \**kwargs)
@ -491,6 +475,8 @@ ItemLoader objects
.. attribute:: item
The :class:`~scrapy.item.Item` object being parsed by this Item Loader.
This is mostly used as a property so when attempting to override this
value, you may want to check out :attr:`default_item_class` first.
.. attribute:: context
@ -500,7 +486,7 @@ ItemLoader objects
.. attribute:: default_item_class
An Item class (or factory), used to instantiate items when not given in
the constructor.
the ``__init__`` method.
.. attribute:: default_input_processor
@ -515,15 +501,15 @@ ItemLoader objects
.. attribute:: default_selector_class
The class used to construct the :attr:`selector` of this
:class:`ItemLoader`, if only a response is given in the constructor.
If a selector is given in the constructor this attribute is ignored.
:class:`ItemLoader`, if only a response is given in the ``__init__`` method.
If a selector is given in the ``__init__`` method this attribute is ignored.
This attribute is sometimes overridden in subclasses.
.. attribute:: selector
The :class:`~scrapy.selector.Selector` object to extract data from.
It's either the selector given in the constructor or one created from
the response given in the constructor using the
It's either the selector given in the ``__init__`` method or one created from
the response given in the ``__init__`` method using the
:attr:`default_selector_class`. This attribute is meant to be
read-only.
@ -648,46 +634,46 @@ Here is a list of all built-in processors:
.. class:: Identity
The simplest processor, which doesn't do anything. It returns the original
values unchanged. It doesn't receive any constructor arguments, nor does it
values unchanged. It doesn't receive any ``__init__`` method arguments, nor does it
accept Loader contexts.
Example::
Example:
>>> from scrapy.loader.processors import Identity
>>> proc = Identity()
>>> proc(['one', 'two', 'three'])
['one', 'two', 'three']
>>> from scrapy.loader.processors import Identity
>>> proc = Identity()
>>> proc(['one', 'two', 'three'])
['one', 'two', 'three']
.. class:: TakeFirst
Returns the first non-null/non-empty value from the values received,
so it's typically used as an output processor to single-valued fields.
It doesn't receive any constructor arguments, nor does it accept Loader contexts.
It doesn't receive any ``__init__`` method arguments, nor does it accept Loader contexts.
Example::
Example:
>>> from scrapy.loader.processors import TakeFirst
>>> proc = TakeFirst()
>>> proc(['', 'one', 'two', 'three'])
'one'
>>> from scrapy.loader.processors import TakeFirst
>>> proc = TakeFirst()
>>> proc(['', 'one', 'two', 'three'])
'one'
.. class:: Join(separator=u' ')
Returns the values joined with the separator given in the constructor, which
Returns the values joined with the separator given in the ``__init__`` method, which
defaults to ``u' '``. It doesn't accept Loader contexts.
When using the default separator, this processor is equivalent to the
function: ``u' '.join``
Examples::
Examples:
>>> from scrapy.loader.processors import Join
>>> proc = Join()
>>> proc(['one', 'two', 'three'])
'one two three'
>>> proc = Join('<br>')
>>> proc(['one', 'two', 'three'])
'one<br>two<br>three'
>>> from scrapy.loader.processors import Join
>>> proc = Join()
>>> proc(['one', 'two', 'three'])
'one two three'
>>> proc = Join('<br>')
>>> proc(['one', 'two', 'three'])
'one<br>two<br>three'
.. class:: Compose(\*functions, \**default_loader_context)
@ -700,18 +686,18 @@ Here is a list of all built-in processors:
By default, stop process on ``None`` value. This behaviour can be changed by
passing keyword argument ``stop_on_none=False``.
Example::
Example:
>>> from scrapy.loader.processors import Compose
>>> proc = Compose(lambda v: v[0], str.upper)
>>> proc(['hello', 'world'])
'HELLO'
>>> from scrapy.loader.processors import Compose
>>> proc = Compose(lambda v: v[0], str.upper)
>>> proc(['hello', 'world'])
'HELLO'
Each function can optionally receive a ``loader_context`` parameter. For
those which do, this processor will pass the currently active :ref:`Loader
context <topics-loaders-context>` through that parameter.
The keyword arguments passed in the constructor are used as the default
The keyword arguments passed in the ``__init__`` method are used as the default
Loader context values passed to each function call. However, the final
Loader context values passed to functions are overridden with the currently
active Loader context accessible through the :meth:`ItemLoader.context`
@ -744,41 +730,41 @@ Here is a list of all built-in processors:
:meth:`~scrapy.selector.Selector.extract` method of :ref:`selectors
<topics-selectors>`, which returns a list of unicode strings.
The example below should clarify how it works::
The example below should clarify how it works:
>>> def filter_world(x):
... return None if x == 'world' else x
...
>>> from scrapy.loader.processors import MapCompose
>>> proc = MapCompose(filter_world, str.upper)
>>> proc(['hello', 'world', 'this', 'is', 'scrapy'])
['HELLO, 'THIS', 'IS', 'SCRAPY']
>>> def filter_world(x):
... return None if x == 'world' else x
...
>>> from scrapy.loader.processors import MapCompose
>>> proc = MapCompose(filter_world, str.upper)
>>> proc(['hello', 'world', 'this', 'is', 'scrapy'])
['HELLO, 'THIS', 'IS', 'SCRAPY']
As with the Compose processor, functions can receive Loader contexts, and
constructor keyword arguments are used as default context values. See
``__init__`` method keyword arguments are used as default context values. See
:class:`Compose` processor for more info.
.. class:: SelectJmes(json_path)
Queries the value using the json path provided to the constructor and returns the output.
Queries the value using the json path provided to the ``__init__`` method and returns the output.
Requires jmespath (https://github.com/jmespath/jmespath.py) to run.
This processor takes only one input at a time.
Example::
Example:
>>> from scrapy.loader.processors import SelectJmes, Compose, MapCompose
>>> proc = SelectJmes("foo") #for direct use on lists and dictionaries
>>> proc({'foo': 'bar'})
'bar'
>>> proc({'foo': {'bar': 'baz'}})
{'bar': 'baz'}
>>> from scrapy.loader.processors import SelectJmes, Compose, MapCompose
>>> proc = SelectJmes("foo") #for direct use on lists and dictionaries
>>> proc({'foo': 'bar'})
'bar'
>>> proc({'foo': {'bar': 'baz'}})
{'bar': 'baz'}
Working with Json::
Working with Json:
>>> import json
>>> proc_single_json_str = Compose(json.loads, SelectJmes("foo"))
>>> proc_single_json_str('{"foo": "bar"}')
'bar'
>>> proc_json_list = Compose(json.loads, MapCompose(SelectJmes('foo')))
>>> proc_json_list('[{"foo":"bar"}, {"baz":"tar"}]')
['bar']
>>> import json
>>> proc_single_json_str = Compose(json.loads, SelectJmes("foo"))
>>> proc_single_json_str('{"foo": "bar"}')
'bar'
>>> proc_json_list = Compose(json.loads, MapCompose(SelectJmes('foo')))
>>> proc_json_list('[{"foo":"bar"}, {"baz":"tar"}]')
['bar']

18
docs/topics/logging.rst
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@ -171,9 +171,9 @@ listed in `logging's logrecord attributes docs
<https://docs.python.org/2/library/datetime.html#strftime-and-strptime-behavior>`_
respectively.
If :setting:`LOG_SHORT_NAMES` is set, then the logs will not display the scrapy
If :setting:`LOG_SHORT_NAMES` is set, then the logs will not display the Scrapy
component that prints the log. It is unset by default, hence logs contain the
scrapy component responsible for that log output.
Scrapy component responsible for that log output.
Command-line options
--------------------
@ -255,18 +255,18 @@ scrapy.utils.log module
when running custom scripts using :class:`~scrapy.crawler.CrawlerRunner`.
In that case, its usage is not required but it's recommended.
If you plan on configuring the handlers yourself is still recommended you
call this function, passing ``install_root_handler=False``. Bear in mind
there won't be any log output set by default in that case.
Another option when running custom scripts is to manually configure the logging.
To do this you can use `logging.basicConfig()`_ to set a basic root handler.
To get you started on manually configuring logging's output, you can use
`logging.basicConfig()`_ to set a basic root handler. This is an example
on how to redirect ``INFO`` or higher messages to a file::
Note that :class:`~scrapy.crawler.CrawlerProcess` automatically calls ``configure_logging``,
so it is recommended to only use `logging.basicConfig()`_ together with
:class:`~scrapy.crawler.CrawlerRunner`.
This is an example on how to redirect ``INFO`` or higher messages to a file::
import logging
from scrapy.utils.log import configure_logging
configure_logging(install_root_handler=False)
logging.basicConfig(
filename='log.txt',
format='%(levelname)s: %(message)s',

46
docs/topics/media-pipeline.rst
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@ -97,7 +97,6 @@ For Files Pipeline, use::
ITEM_PIPELINES = {'scrapy.pipelines.files.FilesPipeline': 1}
.. note::
You can also use both the Files and Images Pipeline at the same time.
@ -148,6 +147,25 @@ Where:
* ``full`` is a sub-directory to separate full images from thumbnails (if
used). For more info see :ref:`topics-images-thumbnails`.
FTP server storage
------------------
:setting:`FILES_STORE` and :setting:`IMAGES_STORE` can point to an FTP server.
Scrapy will automatically upload the files to the server.
:setting:`FILES_STORE` and :setting:`IMAGES_STORE` should be written in one of the
following forms::
ftp://username:password@address:port/path
ftp://address:port/path
If ``username`` and ``password`` are not provided, they are taken from the :setting:`FTP_USER` and
:setting:`FTP_PASSWORD` settings respectively.
FTP supports two different connection modes: active or passive. Scrapy uses
the passive connection mode by default. To use the active connection mode instead,
set the :setting:`FEED_STORAGE_FTP_ACTIVE` setting to ``True``.
Amazon S3 storage
-----------------
@ -171,7 +189,7 @@ policy::
For more information, see `canned ACLs`_ in the Amazon S3 Developer Guide.
Because Scrapy uses ``boto`` / ``botocore`` internally you can also use other S3-like storages. Storages like
Because Scrapy uses ``botocore`` internally you can also use other S3-like storages. Storages like
self-hosted `Minio`_ or `s3.scality`_. All you need to do is set endpoint option in you Scrapy settings::
AWS_ENDPOINT_URL = 'http://minio.example.com:9000'
@ -392,7 +410,7 @@ See here the methods that you can override in your custom Files Pipeline:
.. class:: FilesPipeline
.. method:: file_path(request, response, info)
.. method:: file_path(self, request, response=None, info=None)
This method is called once per downloaded item. It returns the
download path of the file originating from the specified
@ -416,7 +434,7 @@ See here the methods that you can override in your custom Files Pipeline:
class MyFilesPipeline(FilesPipeline):
def file_path(self, request, response, info):
def file_path(self, request, response=None, info=None):
return 'files/' + os.path.basename(urlparse(request.url).path)
By default the :meth:`file_path` method returns
@ -441,8 +459,9 @@ See here the methods that you can override in your custom Files Pipeline:
* ``success`` is a boolean which is ``True`` if the image was downloaded
successfully or ``False`` if it failed for some reason
* ``file_info_or_error`` is a dict containing the following keys (if success
is ``True``) or a `Twisted Failure`_ if there was a problem.
* ``file_info_or_error`` is a dict containing the following keys (if
success is ``True``) or a :exc:`~twisted.python.failure.Failure` if
there was a problem.
* ``url`` - the url where the file was downloaded from. This is the url of
the request returned from the :meth:`~get_media_requests`
@ -505,7 +524,7 @@ See here the methods that you can override in your custom Images Pipeline:
The :class:`ImagesPipeline` is an extension of the :class:`FilesPipeline`,
customizing the field names and adding custom behavior for images.
.. method:: file_path(request, response, info)
.. method:: file_path(self, request, response=None, info=None)
This method is called once per downloaded item. It returns the
download path of the file originating from the specified
@ -529,7 +548,7 @@ See here the methods that you can override in your custom Images Pipeline:
class MyImagesPipeline(ImagesPipeline):
def file_path(self, request, response, info):
def file_path(self, request, response=None, info=None):
return 'files/' + os.path.basename(urlparse(request.url).path)
By default the :meth:`file_path` method returns
@ -557,7 +576,7 @@ See here the methods that you can override in your custom Images Pipeline:
Custom Images pipeline example
==============================
Here is a full example of the Images Pipeline whose methods are examplified
Here is a full example of the Images Pipeline whose methods are exemplified
above::
import scrapy
@ -577,5 +596,12 @@ above::
item['image_paths'] = image_paths
return item
.. _Twisted Failure: https://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/api/twisted.python.failure.Failure.html
To enable your custom media pipeline component you must add its class import path to the
:setting:`ITEM_PIPELINES` setting, like in the following example::
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
'myproject.pipelines.MyImagesPipeline': 300
}
.. _MD5 hash: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5

3
docs/topics/practices.rst
View File

@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ reactor after ``MySpider`` has finished running.
d.addBoth(lambda _: reactor.stop())
reactor.run() # the script will block here until the crawling is finished
.. seealso:: `Twisted Reactor Overview`_.
.. seealso:: :doc:`twisted:core/howto/reactor-basics`
.. _run-multiple-spiders:
@ -253,6 +253,5 @@ If you are still unable to prevent your bot getting banned, consider contacting
.. _ProxyMesh: https://proxymesh.com/
.. _Google cache: http://www.googleguide.com/cached_pages.html
.. _testspiders: https://github.com/scrapinghub/testspiders
.. _Twisted Reactor Overview: https://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/core/howto/reactor-basics.html
.. _Crawlera: https://scrapinghub.com/crawlera
.. _scrapoxy: https://scrapoxy.io/

61
docs/topics/request-response.rst
View File

@ -121,8 +121,8 @@ Request objects
:param errback: a function that will be called if any exception was
raised while processing the request. This includes pages that failed
with 404 HTTP errors and such. It receives a `Twisted Failure`_ instance
as first parameter.
with 404 HTTP errors and such. It receives a
:exc:`~twisted.python.failure.Failure` as first parameter.
For more information,
see :ref:`topics-request-response-ref-errbacks` below.
:type errback: callable
@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ Request objects
A string containing the URL of this request. Keep in mind that this
attribute contains the escaped URL, so it can differ from the URL passed in
the constructor.
the ``__init__`` method.
This attribute is read-only. To change the URL of a Request use
:meth:`replace`.
@ -254,8 +254,8 @@ Using errbacks to catch exceptions in request processing
The errback of a request is a function that will be called when an exception
is raise while processing it.
It receives a `Twisted Failure`_ instance as first parameter and can be
used to track connection establishment timeouts, DNS errors etc.
It receives a :exc:`~twisted.python.failure.Failure` as first parameter and can
be used to track connection establishment timeouts, DNS errors etc.
Here's an example spider logging all errors and catching some specific
errors if needed::
@ -396,11 +396,11 @@ The FormRequest class extends the base :class:`Request` with functionality for
dealing with HTML forms. It uses `lxml.html forms`_ to pre-populate form
fields with form data from :class:`Response` objects.
.. _lxml.html forms: http://lxml.de/lxmlhtml.html#forms
.. _lxml.html forms: https://lxml.de/lxmlhtml.html#forms
.. class:: FormRequest(url, [formdata, ...])
The :class:`FormRequest` class adds a new keyword parameter to the constructor. The
The :class:`FormRequest` class adds a new keyword parameter to the ``__init__`` method. The
remaining arguments are the same as for the :class:`Request` class and are
not documented here.
@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ fields with form data from :class:`Response` objects.
:type dont_click: boolean
The other parameters of this class method are passed directly to the
:class:`FormRequest` constructor.
:class:`FormRequest` ``__init__`` method.
.. versionadded:: 0.10.3
The ``formname`` parameter.
@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ dealing with JSON requests.
.. class:: JsonRequest(url, [... data, dumps_kwargs])
The :class:`JsonRequest` class adds two new keyword parameters to the constructor. The
The :class:`JsonRequest` class adds two new keyword parameters to the ``__init__`` method. The
remaining arguments are the same as for the :class:`Request` class and are
not documented here.
@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ dealing with JSON requests.
:param data: is any JSON serializable object that needs to be JSON encoded and assigned to body.
if :attr:`Request.body` argument is provided this parameter will be ignored.
if :attr:`Request.body` argument is not provided and data argument is provided :attr:`Request.method` will be
if :attr:`Request.body` argument is not provided and data argument is provided :attr:`Request.method` will be
set to ``'POST'`` automatically.
:type data: JSON serializable object
@ -596,8 +596,8 @@ Response objects
(for single valued headers) or lists (for multi-valued headers).
:type headers: dict
:param body: the response body. To access the decoded text as str (unicode
in Python 2) you can use ``response.text`` from an encoding-aware
:param body: the response body. To access the decoded text as str you can use
``response.text`` from an encoding-aware
:ref:`Response subclass <topics-request-response-ref-response-subclasses>`,
such as :class:`TextResponse`.
:type body: bytes
@ -609,7 +609,10 @@ Response objects
:param request: the initial value of the :attr:`Response.request` attribute.
This represents the :class:`Request` that generated this response.
:type request: :class:`Request` object
:type request: scrapy.http.Request
:param certificate: an object representing the server's SSL certificate.
:type certificate: twisted.internet.ssl.Certificate
.. attribute:: Response.url
@ -664,7 +667,7 @@ Response objects
.. attribute:: Response.meta
A shortcut to the :attr:`Request.meta` attribute of the
:attr:`Response.request` object (ie. ``self.request.meta``).
:attr:`Response.request` object (i.e. ``self.request.meta``).
Unlike the :attr:`Response.request` attribute, the :attr:`Response.meta`
attribute is propagated along redirects and retries, so you will get
@ -672,6 +675,18 @@ Response objects
.. seealso:: :attr:`Request.meta` attribute
.. attribute:: Response.cb_kwargs
A shortcut to the :attr:`Request.cb_kwargs` attribute of the
:attr:`Response.request` object (i.e. ``self.request.cb_kwargs``).
Unlike the :attr:`Response.request` attribute, the
:attr:`Response.cb_kwargs` attribute is propagated along redirects and
retries, so you will get the original :attr:`Request.cb_kwargs` sent
from your spider.
.. seealso:: :attr:`Request.cb_kwargs` attribute
.. attribute:: Response.flags
A list that contains flags for this response. Flags are labels used for
@ -679,6 +694,13 @@ Response objects
they're shown on the string representation of the Response (`__str__`
method) which is used by the engine for logging.
.. attribute:: Response.certificate
A :class:`twisted.internet.ssl.Certificate` object representing
the server's SSL certificate.
Only populated for ``https`` responses, ``None`` otherwise.
.. method:: Response.copy()
Returns a new Response which is a copy of this Response.
@ -701,6 +723,8 @@ Response objects
.. automethod:: Response.follow
.. automethod:: Response.follow_all
.. _urlparse.urljoin: https://docs.python.org/2/library/urlparse.html#urlparse.urljoin
@ -721,7 +745,7 @@ TextResponse objects
:class:`Response` class, which is meant to be used only for binary data,
such as images, sounds or any media file.
:class:`TextResponse` objects support a new constructor argument, in
:class:`TextResponse` objects support a new ``__init__`` method argument, in
addition to the base :class:`Response` objects. The remaining functionality
is the same as for the :class:`Response` class and is not documented here.
@ -755,10 +779,10 @@ TextResponse objects
A string with the encoding of this response. The encoding is resolved by
trying the following mechanisms, in order:
1. the encoding passed in the constructor ``encoding`` argument
1. the encoding passed in the ``__init__`` method ``encoding`` argument
2. the encoding declared in the Content-Type HTTP header. If this
encoding is not valid (ie. unknown), it is ignored and the next
encoding is not valid (i.e. unknown), it is ignored and the next
resolution mechanism is tried.
3. the encoding declared in the response body. The TextResponse class
@ -790,6 +814,8 @@ TextResponse objects
.. automethod:: TextResponse.follow
.. automethod:: TextResponse.follow_all
.. method:: TextResponse.body_as_unicode()
The same as :attr:`text`, but available as a method. This method is
@ -816,5 +842,4 @@ XmlResponse objects
adds encoding auto-discovering support by looking into the XML declaration
line. See :attr:`TextResponse.encoding`.
.. _Twisted Failure: https://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/api/twisted.python.failure.Failure.html
.. _bug in lxml: https://bugs.launchpad.net/lxml/+bug/1665241

586
docs/topics/selectors.rst
View File

@ -35,12 +35,11 @@ defines selectors to associate those styles with specific HTML elements.
in speed and parsing accuracy to lxml.
.. _BeautifulSoup: https://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/
.. _lxml: http://lxml.de/
.. _lxml: https://lxml.de/
.. _ElementTree: https://docs.python.org/2/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html
.. _cssselect: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/cssselect/
.. _XPath: https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath
.. _XPath: https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/all/
.. _CSS: https://www.w3.org/TR/selectors
.. _parsel: https://parsel.readthedocs.io/
.. _parsel: https://parsel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
Using selectors
===============
@ -51,18 +50,18 @@ Constructing selectors
.. highlight:: python
Response objects expose a :class:`~scrapy.selector.Selector` instance
on ``.selector`` attribute::
on ``.selector`` attribute:
>>> response.selector.xpath('//span/text()').get()
'good'
>>> response.selector.xpath('//span/text()').get()
'good'
Querying responses using XPath and CSS is so common that responses include two
more shortcuts: ``response.xpath()`` and ``response.css()``::
more shortcuts: ``response.xpath()`` and ``response.css()``:
>>> response.xpath('//span/text()').get()
'good'
>>> response.css('span::text').get()
'good'
>>> response.xpath('//span/text()').get()
'good'
>>> response.css('span::text').get()
'good'
Scrapy selectors are instances of :class:`~scrapy.selector.Selector` class
constructed by passing either :class:`~scrapy.http.TextResponse` object or
@ -74,21 +73,21 @@ shortcuts. By using ``response.selector`` or one of these shortcuts
you can also ensure the response body is parsed only once.
But if required, it is possible to use ``Selector`` directly.
Constructing from text::
Constructing from text:
>>> from scrapy.selector import Selector
>>> body = '<html><body><span>good</span></body></html>'
>>> Selector(text=body).xpath('//span/text()').get()
'good'
>>> from scrapy.selector import Selector
>>> body = '<html><body><span>good</span></body></html>'
>>> Selector(text=body).xpath('//span/text()').get()
'good'
Constructing from response - :class:`~scrapy.http.HtmlResponse` is one of
:class:`~scrapy.http.TextResponse` subclasses::
:class:`~scrapy.http.TextResponse` subclasses:
>>> from scrapy.selector import Selector
>>> from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse
>>> response = HtmlResponse(url='http://example.com', body=body)
>>> Selector(response=response).xpath('//span/text()').get()
'good'
>>> from scrapy.selector import Selector
>>> from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse
>>> response = HtmlResponse(url='http://example.com', body=body)
>>> Selector(response=response).xpath('//span/text()').get()
'good'
``Selector`` automatically chooses the best parsing rules
(XML vs HTML) based on input type.
@ -123,118 +122,118 @@ Since we're dealing with HTML, the selector will automatically use an HTML parse
.. highlight:: python
So, by looking at the :ref:`HTML code <topics-selectors-htmlcode>` of that
page, let's construct an XPath for selecting the text inside the title tag::
page, let's construct an XPath for selecting the text inside the title tag:
>>> response.xpath('//title/text()')
[<Selector xpath='//title/text()' data='Example website'>]
>>> response.xpath('//title/text()')
[<Selector xpath='//title/text()' data='Example website'>]
To actually extract the textual data, you must call the selector ``.get()``
or ``.getall()`` methods, as follows::
or ``.getall()`` methods, as follows:
>>> response.xpath('//title/text()').getall()
['Example website']
>>> response.xpath('//title/text()').get()
'Example website'
>>> response.xpath('//title/text()').getall()
['Example website']
>>> response.xpath('//title/text()').get()
'Example website'
``.get()`` always returns a single result; if there are several matches,
content of a first match is returned; if there are no matches, None
is returned. ``.getall()`` returns a list with all results.
Notice that CSS selectors can select text or attribute nodes using CSS3
pseudo-elements::
pseudo-elements:
>>> response.css('title::text').get()
'Example website'
>>> response.css('title::text').get()
'Example website'
As you can see, ``.xpath()`` and ``.css()`` methods return a
:class:`~scrapy.selector.SelectorList` instance, which is a list of new
selectors. This API can be used for quickly selecting nested data::
selectors. This API can be used for quickly selecting nested data:
>>> response.css('img').xpath('@src').getall()
['image1_thumb.jpg',
'image2_thumb.jpg',
'image3_thumb.jpg',
'image4_thumb.jpg',
'image5_thumb.jpg']
>>> response.css('img').xpath('@src').getall()
['image1_thumb.jpg',
'image2_thumb.jpg',
'image3_thumb.jpg',
'image4_thumb.jpg',
'image5_thumb.jpg']
If you want to extract only the first matched element, you can call the
selector ``.get()`` (or its alias ``.extract_first()`` commonly used in
previous Scrapy versions)::
previous Scrapy versions):
>>> response.xpath('//div[@id="images"]/a/text()').get()
'Name: My image 1 '
>>> response.xpath('//div[@id="images"]/a/text()').get()
'Name: My image 1 '
It returns ``None`` if no element was found::
It returns ``None`` if no element was found:
>>> response.xpath('//div[@id="not-exists"]/text()').get() is None
True
>>> response.xpath('//div[@id="not-exists"]/text()').get() is None
True
A default return value can be provided as an argument, to be used instead
of ``None``:
>>> response.xpath('//div[@id="not-exists"]/text()').get(default='not-found')
'not-found'
>>> response.xpath('//div[@id="not-exists"]/text()').get(default='not-found')
'not-found'
Instead of using e.g. ``'@src'`` XPath it is possible to query for attributes
using ``.attrib`` property of a :class:`~scrapy.selector.Selector`::
using ``.attrib`` property of a :class:`~scrapy.selector.Selector`:
>>> [img.attrib['src'] for img in response.css('img')]
['image1_thumb.jpg',
'image2_thumb.jpg',
'image3_thumb.jpg',
'image4_thumb.jpg',
'image5_thumb.jpg']
>>> [img.attrib['src'] for img in response.css('img')]
['image1_thumb.jpg',
'image2_thumb.jpg',
'image3_thumb.jpg',
'image4_thumb.jpg',
'image5_thumb.jpg']
As a shortcut, ``.attrib`` is also available on SelectorList directly;
it returns attributes for the first matching element::
it returns attributes for the first matching element:
>>> response.css('img').attrib['src']
'image1_thumb.jpg'
>>> response.css('img').attrib['src']
'image1_thumb.jpg'
This is most useful when only a single result is expected, e.g. when selecting
by id, or selecting unique elements on a web page::
by id, or selecting unique elements on a web page:
>>> response.css('base').attrib['href']
'http://example.com/'
>>> response.css('base').attrib['href']
'http://example.com/'
Now we're going to get the base URL and some image links::
Now we're going to get the base URL and some image links:
>>> response.xpath('//base/@href').get()
'http://example.com/'
>>> response.xpath('//base/@href').get()
'http://example.com/'
>>> response.css('base::attr(href)').get()
'http://example.com/'
>>> response.css('base::attr(href)').get()
'http://example.com/'
>>> response.css('base').attrib['href']
'http://example.com/'
>>> response.css('base').attrib['href']
'http://example.com/'
>>> response.xpath('//a[contains(@href, "image")]/@href').getall()
['image1.html',
'image2.html',
'image3.html',
'image4.html',
'image5.html']
>>> response.xpath('//a[contains(@href, "image")]/@href').getall()
['image1.html',
'image2.html',
'image3.html',
'image4.html',
'image5.html']
>>> response.css('a[href*=image]::attr(href)').getall()
['image1.html',
'image2.html',
'image3.html',
'image4.html',
'image5.html']
>>> response.css('a[href*=image]::attr(href)').getall()
['image1.html',
'image2.html',
'image3.html',
'image4.html',
'image5.html']
>>> response.xpath('//a[contains(@href, "image")]/img/@src').getall()
['image1_thumb.jpg',
'image2_thumb.jpg',
'image3_thumb.jpg',
'image4_thumb.jpg',
'image5_thumb.jpg']
>>> response.xpath('//a[contains(@href, "image")]/img/@src').getall()
['image1_thumb.jpg',
'image2_thumb.jpg',
'image3_thumb.jpg',
'image4_thumb.jpg',
'image5_thumb.jpg']
>>> response.css('a[href*=image] img::attr(src)').getall()
['image1_thumb.jpg',
'image2_thumb.jpg',
'image3_thumb.jpg',
'image4_thumb.jpg',
'image5_thumb.jpg']
>>> response.css('a[href*=image] img::attr(src)').getall()
['image1_thumb.jpg',
'image2_thumb.jpg',
'image3_thumb.jpg',
'image4_thumb.jpg',
'image5_thumb.jpg']
.. _topics-selectors-css-extensions:
@ -255,51 +254,51 @@ that Scrapy (parsel) implements a couple of **non-standard pseudo-elements**:
They will most probably not work with other libraries like
`lxml`_ or `PyQuery`_.
.. _PyQuery: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyquery
.. _PyQuery: https://pypi.org/project/pyquery/
Examples:
* ``title::text`` selects children text nodes of a descendant ``<title>`` element::
* ``title::text`` selects children text nodes of a descendant ``<title>`` element:
>>> response.css('title::text').get()
'Example website'
>>> response.css('title::text').get()
'Example website'
* ``*::text`` selects all descendant text nodes of the current selector context::
* ``*::text`` selects all descendant text nodes of the current selector context:
>>> response.css('#images *::text').getall()
['\n ',
'Name: My image 1 ',
'\n ',
'Name: My image 2 ',
'\n ',
'Name: My image 3 ',
'\n ',
'Name: My image 4 ',
'\n ',
'Name: My image 5 ',
'\n ']
>>> response.css('#images *::text').getall()
['\n ',
'Name: My image 1 ',
'\n ',
'Name: My image 2 ',
'\n ',
'Name: My image 3 ',
'\n ',
'Name: My image 4 ',
'\n ',
'Name: My image 5 ',
'\n ']
* ``foo::text`` returns no results if ``foo`` element exists, but contains
no text (i.e. text is empty)::
no text (i.e. text is empty):
>>> response.css('img::text').getall()
[]
>>> response.css('img::text').getall()
[]
This means ``.css('foo::text').get()`` could return None even if an element
exists. Use ``default=''`` if you always want a string::
exists. Use ``default=''`` if you always want a string:
>>> response.css('img::text').get()
>>> response.css('img::text').get(default='')
''
>>> response.css('img::text').get()
>>> response.css('img::text').get(default='')
''
* ``a::attr(href)`` selects the *href* attribute value of descendant links::
* ``a::attr(href)`` selects the *href* attribute value of descendant links:
>>> response.css('a::attr(href)').getall()
['image1.html',
'image2.html',
'image3.html',
'image4.html',
'image5.html']
>>> response.css('a::attr(href)').getall()
['image1.html',
'image2.html',
'image3.html',
'image4.html',
'image5.html']
.. note::
See also: :ref:`selecting-attributes`.
@ -309,7 +308,7 @@ Examples:
make much sense: text nodes do not have attributes, and attribute values
are string values already and do not have children nodes.
.. _CSS Selectors: https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#selectors
.. _CSS Selectors: https://www.w3.org/TR/selectors-3/#selectors
.. _topics-selectors-nesting-selectors:
@ -318,25 +317,24 @@ Nesting selectors
The selection methods (``.xpath()`` or ``.css()``) return a list of selectors
of the same type, so you can call the selection methods for those selectors
too. Here's an example::
too. Here's an example:
>>> links = response.xpath('//a[contains(@href, "image")]')
>>> links.getall()
['<a href="image1.html">Name: My image 1 <br><img src="image1_thumb.jpg"></a>',
'<a href="image2.html">Name: My image 2 <br><img src="image2_thumb.jpg"></a>',
'<a href="image3.html">Name: My image 3 <br><img src="image3_thumb.jpg"></a>',
'<a href="image4.html">Name: My image 4 <br><img src="image4_thumb.jpg"></a>',
'<a href="image5.html">Name: My image 5 <br><img src="image5_thumb.jpg"></a>']
>>> links = response.xpath('//a[contains(@href, "image")]')
>>> links.getall()
['<a href="image1.html">Name: My image 1 <br><img src="image1_thumb.jpg"></a>',
'<a href="image2.html">Name: My image 2 <br><img src="image2_thumb.jpg"></a>',
'<a href="image3.html">Name: My image 3 <br><img src="image3_thumb.jpg"></a>',
'<a href="image4.html">Name: My image 4 <br><img src="image4_thumb.jpg"></a>',
'<a href="image5.html">Name: My image 5 <br><img src="image5_thumb.jpg"></a>']
>>> for index, link in enumerate(links):
... args = (index, link.xpath('@href').get(), link.xpath('img/@src').get())
... print('Link number %d points to url %r and image %r' % args)
Link number 0 points to url 'image1.html' and image 'image1_thumb.jpg'
Link number 1 points to url 'image2.html' and image 'image2_thumb.jpg'
Link number 2 points to url 'image3.html' and image 'image3_thumb.jpg'
Link number 3 points to url 'image4.html' and image 'image4_thumb.jpg'
Link number 4 points to url 'image5.html' and image 'image5_thumb.jpg'
>>> for index, link in enumerate(links):
... args = (index, link.xpath('@href').get(), link.xpath('img/@src').get())
... print('Link number %d points to url %r and image %r' % args)
Link number 0 points to url 'image1.html' and image 'image1_thumb.jpg'
Link number 1 points to url 'image2.html' and image 'image2_thumb.jpg'
Link number 2 points to url 'image3.html' and image 'image3_thumb.jpg'
Link number 3 points to url 'image4.html' and image 'image4_thumb.jpg'
Link number 4 points to url 'image5.html' and image 'image5_thumb.jpg'
.. _selecting-attributes:
@ -344,42 +342,42 @@ Selecting element attributes
----------------------------
There are several ways to get a value of an attribute. First, one can use
XPath syntax::
XPath syntax:
>>> response.xpath("//a/@href").getall()
['image1.html', 'image2.html', 'image3.html', 'image4.html', 'image5.html']
>>> response.xpath("//a/@href").getall()
['image1.html', 'image2.html', 'image3.html', 'image4.html', 'image5.html']
XPath syntax has a few advantages: it is a standard XPath feature, and
``@attributes`` can be used in other parts of an XPath expression - e.g.
it is possible to filter by attribute value.
Scrapy also provides an extension to CSS selectors (``::attr(...)``)
which allows to get attribute values::
which allows to get attribute values:
>>> response.css('a::attr(href)').getall()
['image1.html', 'image2.html', 'image3.html', 'image4.html', 'image5.html']
>>> response.css('a::attr(href)').getall()
['image1.html', 'image2.html', 'image3.html', 'image4.html', 'image5.html']
In addition to that, there is a ``.attrib`` property of Selector.
You can use it if you prefer to lookup attributes in Python
code, without using XPaths or CSS extensions::
code, without using XPaths or CSS extensions:
>>> [a.attrib['href'] for a in response.css('a')]
['image1.html', 'image2.html', 'image3.html', 'image4.html', 'image5.html']
>>> [a.attrib['href'] for a in response.css('a')]
['image1.html', 'image2.html', 'image3.html', 'image4.html', 'image5.html']
This property is also available on SelectorList; it returns a dictionary
with attributes of a first matching element. It is convenient to use when
a selector is expected to give a single result (e.g. when selecting by element
ID, or when selecting an unique element on a page)::
ID, or when selecting an unique element on a page):
>>> response.css('base').attrib
{'href': 'http://example.com/'}
>>> response.css('base').attrib['href']
'http://example.com/'
>>> response.css('base').attrib
{'href': 'http://example.com/'}
>>> response.css('base').attrib['href']
'http://example.com/'
``.attrib`` property of an empty SelectorList is empty::
``.attrib`` property of an empty SelectorList is empty:
>>> response.css('foo').attrib
{}
>>> response.css('foo').attrib
{}
Using selectors with regular expressions
----------------------------------------
@ -390,21 +388,21 @@ data using regular expressions. However, unlike using ``.xpath()`` or
can't construct nested ``.re()`` calls.
Here's an example used to extract image names from the :ref:`HTML code
<topics-selectors-htmlcode>` above::
<topics-selectors-htmlcode>` above:
>>> response.xpath('//a[contains(@href, "image")]/text()').re(r'Name:\s*(.*)')
['My image 1',
'My image 2',
'My image 3',
'My image 4',
'My image 5']
>>> response.xpath('//a[contains(@href, "image")]/text()').re(r'Name:\s*(.*)')
['My image 1',
'My image 2',
'My image 3',
'My image 4',
'My image 5']
There's an additional helper reciprocating ``.get()`` (and its
alias ``.extract_first()``) for ``.re()``, named ``.re_first()``.
Use it to extract just the first matching string::
Use it to extract just the first matching string:
>>> response.xpath('//a[contains(@href, "image")]/text()').re_first(r'Name:\s*(.*)')
'My image 1'
>>> response.xpath('//a[contains(@href, "image")]/text()').re_first(r'Name:\s*(.*)')
'My image 1'
.. _old-extraction-api:
@ -422,28 +420,28 @@ and readable code.
The following examples show how these methods map to each other.
1. ``SelectorList.get()`` is the same as ``SelectorList.extract_first()``::
1. ``SelectorList.get()`` is the same as ``SelectorList.extract_first()``:
>>> response.css('a::attr(href)').get()
'image1.html'
>>> response.css('a::attr(href)').extract_first()
'image1.html'
>>> response.css('a::attr(href)').get()
'image1.html'
>>> response.css('a::attr(href)').extract_first()
'image1.html'
2. ``SelectorList.getall()`` is the same as ``SelectorList.extract()``::
2. ``SelectorList.getall()`` is the same as ``SelectorList.extract()``:
>>> response.css('a::attr(href)').getall()
['image1.html', 'image2.html', 'image3.html', 'image4.html', 'image5.html']
>>> response.css('a::attr(href)').extract()
['image1.html', 'image2.html', 'image3.html', 'image4.html', 'image5.html']
>>> response.css('a::attr(href)').getall()
['image1.html', 'image2.html', 'image3.html', 'image4.html', 'image5.html']
>>> response.css('a::attr(href)').extract()
['image1.html', 'image2.html', 'image3.html', 'image4.html', 'image5.html']
3. ``Selector.get()`` is the same as ``Selector.extract()``::
3. ``Selector.get()`` is the same as ``Selector.extract()``:
>>> response.css('a::attr(href)')[0].get()
'image1.html'
>>> response.css('a::attr(href)')[0].extract()
'image1.html'
>>> response.css('a::attr(href)')[0].get()
'image1.html'
>>> response.css('a::attr(href)')[0].extract()
'image1.html'
4. For consistency, there is also ``Selector.getall()``, which returns a list::
4. For consistency, there is also ``Selector.getall()``, which returns a list:
>>> response.css('a::attr(href)')[0].getall()
['image1.html']
@ -481,31 +479,31 @@ with ``/``, that XPath will be absolute to the document and not relative to the
``Selector`` you're calling it from.
For example, suppose you want to extract all ``<p>`` elements inside ``<div>``
elements. First, you would get all ``<div>`` elements::
elements. First, you would get all ``<div>`` elements:
>>> divs = response.xpath('//div')
>>> divs = response.xpath('//div')
At first, you may be tempted to use the following approach, which is wrong, as
it actually extracts all ``<p>`` elements from the document, not only those
inside ``<div>`` elements::
inside ``<div>`` elements:
>>> for p in divs.xpath('//p'): # this is wrong - gets all <p> from the whole document
... print(p.get())
>>> for p in divs.xpath('//p'): # this is wrong - gets all <p> from the whole document
... print(p.get())
This is the proper way to do it (note the dot prefixing the ``.//p`` XPath)::
This is the proper way to do it (note the dot prefixing the ``.//p`` XPath):
>>> for p in divs.xpath('.//p'): # extracts all <p> inside
... print(p.get())
>>> for p in divs.xpath('.//p'): # extracts all <p> inside
... print(p.get())
Another common case would be to extract all direct ``<p>`` children::
Another common case would be to extract all direct ``<p>`` children:
>>> for p in divs.xpath('p'):
... print(p.get())
>>> for p in divs.xpath('p'):
... print(p.get())
For more details about relative XPaths see the `Location Paths`_ section in the
XPath specification.
.. _Location Paths: https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath#location-paths
.. _Location Paths: https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/all/#location-paths
When querying by class, consider using CSS
------------------------------------------
@ -521,12 +519,12 @@ for that you may end up with more elements that you want, if they have a differe
class name that shares the string ``someclass``.
As it turns out, Scrapy selectors allow you to chain selectors, so most of the time
you can just select by class using CSS and then switch to XPath when needed::
you can just select by class using CSS and then switch to XPath when needed:
>>> from scrapy import Selector
>>> sel = Selector(text='<div class="hero shout"><time datetime="2014-07-23 19:00">Special date</time></div>')
>>> sel.css('.shout').xpath('./time/@datetime').getall()
['2014-07-23 19:00']
>>> from scrapy import Selector
>>> sel = Selector(text='<div class="hero shout"><time datetime="2014-07-23 19:00">Special date</time></div>')
>>> sel.css('.shout').xpath('./time/@datetime').getall()
['2014-07-23 19:00']
This is cleaner than using the verbose XPath trick shown above. Just remember
to use the ``.`` in the XPath expressions that will follow.
@ -538,41 +536,41 @@ Beware of the difference between //node[1] and (//node)[1]
``(//node)[1]`` selects all the nodes in the document, and then gets only the first of them.
Example::
Example:
>>> from scrapy import Selector
>>> sel = Selector(text="""
....: <ul class="list">
....: <li>1</li>
....: <li>2</li>
....: <li>3</li>
....: </ul>
....: <ul class="list">
....: <li>4</li>
....: <li>5</li>
....: <li>6</li>
....: </ul>""")
>>> xp = lambda x: sel.xpath(x).getall()
>>> from scrapy import Selector
>>> sel = Selector(text="""
....: <ul class="list">
....: <li>1</li>
....: <li>2</li>
....: <li>3</li>
....: </ul>
....: <ul class="list">
....: <li>4</li>
....: <li>5</li>
....: <li>6</li>
....: </ul>""")
>>> xp = lambda x: sel.xpath(x).getall()
This gets all first ``<li>`` elements under whatever it is its parent::
This gets all first ``<li>`` elements under whatever it is its parent:
>>> xp("//li[1]")
['<li>1</li>', '<li>4</li>']
>>> xp("//li[1]")
['<li>1</li>', '<li>4</li>']
And this gets the first ``<li>`` element in the whole document::
And this gets the first ``<li>`` element in the whole document:
>>> xp("(//li)[1]")
['<li>1</li>']
>>> xp("(//li)[1]")
['<li>1</li>']
This gets all first ``<li>`` elements under an ``<ul>`` parent::
This gets all first ``<li>`` elements under an ``<ul>`` parent:
>>> xp("//ul/li[1]")
['<li>1</li>', '<li>4</li>']
>>> xp("//ul/li[1]")
['<li>1</li>', '<li>4</li>']
And this gets the first ``<li>`` element under an ``<ul>`` parent in the whole document::
And this gets the first ``<li>`` element under an ``<ul>`` parent in the whole document:
>>> xp("(//ul/li)[1]")
['<li>1</li>']
>>> xp("(//ul/li)[1]")
['<li>1</li>']
Using text nodes in a condition
-------------------------------
@ -584,36 +582,36 @@ This is because the expression ``.//text()`` yields a collection of text element
And when a node-set is converted to a string, which happens when it is passed as argument to
a string function like ``contains()`` or ``starts-with()``, it results in the text for the first element only.
Example::
Example:
>>> from scrapy import Selector
>>> sel = Selector(text='<a href="#">Click here to go to the <strong>Next Page</strong></a>')
>>> from scrapy import Selector
>>> sel = Selector(text='<a href="#">Click here to go to the <strong>Next Page</strong></a>')
Converting a *node-set* to string::
Converting a *node-set* to string:
>>> sel.xpath('//a//text()').getall() # take a peek at the node-set
['Click here to go to the ', 'Next Page']
>>> sel.xpath("string(//a[1]//text())").getall() # convert it to string
['Click here to go to the ']
>>> sel.xpath('//a//text()').getall() # take a peek at the node-set
['Click here to go to the ', 'Next Page']
>>> sel.xpath("string(//a[1]//text())").getall() # convert it to string
['Click here to go to the ']
A *node* converted to a string, however, puts together the text of itself plus of all its descendants::
A *node* converted to a string, however, puts together the text of itself plus of all its descendants:
>>> sel.xpath("//a[1]").getall() # select the first node
['<a href="#">Click here to go to the <strong>Next Page</strong></a>']
>>> sel.xpath("string(//a[1])").getall() # convert it to string
['Click here to go to the Next Page']
>>> sel.xpath("//a[1]").getall() # select the first node
['<a href="#">Click here to go to the <strong>Next Page</strong></a>']
>>> sel.xpath("string(//a[1])").getall() # convert it to string
['Click here to go to the Next Page']
So, using the ``.//text()`` node-set won't select anything in this case::
So, using the ``.//text()`` node-set won't select anything in this case:
>>> sel.xpath("//a[contains(.//text(), 'Next Page')]").getall()
[]
>>> sel.xpath("//a[contains(.//text(), 'Next Page')]").getall()
[]
But using the ``.`` to mean the node, works::
But using the ``.`` to mean the node, works:
>>> sel.xpath("//a[contains(., 'Next Page')]").getall()
['<a href="#">Click here to go to the <strong>Next Page</strong></a>']
>>> sel.xpath("//a[contains(., 'Next Page')]").getall()
['<a href="#">Click here to go to the <strong>Next Page</strong></a>']
.. _`XPath string function`: https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/#section-String-Functions
.. _`XPath string function`: https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/all/#section-String-Functions
.. _topics-selectors-xpath-variables:
@ -627,17 +625,17 @@ some arguments in your queries with placeholders like ``?``,
which are then substituted with values passed with the query.
Here's an example to match an element based on its "id" attribute value,
without hard-coding it (that was shown previously)::
without hard-coding it (that was shown previously):
>>> # `$val` used in the expression, a `val` argument needs to be passed
>>> response.xpath('//div[@id=$val]/a/text()', val='images').get()
'Name: My image 1 '
>>> # `$val` used in the expression, a `val` argument needs to be passed
>>> response.xpath('//div[@id=$val]/a/text()', val='images').get()
'Name: My image 1 '
Here's another example, to find the "id" attribute of a ``<div>`` tag containing
five ``<a>`` children (here we pass the value ``5`` as an integer)::
five ``<a>`` children (here we pass the value ``5`` as an integer):
>>> response.xpath('//div[count(a)=$cnt]/@id', cnt=5).get()
'images'
>>> response.xpath('//div[count(a)=$cnt]/@id', cnt=5).get()
'images'
All variable references must have a binding value when calling ``.xpath()``
(otherwise you'll get a ``ValueError: XPath error:`` exception).
@ -687,19 +685,19 @@ You can see several namespace declarations including a default
.. highlight:: python
Once in the shell we can try selecting all ``<link>`` objects and see that it
doesn't work (because the Atom XML namespace is obfuscating those nodes)::
doesn't work (because the Atom XML namespace is obfuscating those nodes):
>>> response.xpath("//link")
[]
>>> response.xpath("//link")
[]
But once we call the :meth:`Selector.remove_namespaces` method, all
nodes can be accessed directly by their names::
nodes can be accessed directly by their names:
>>> response.selector.remove_namespaces()
>>> response.xpath("//link")
[<Selector xpath='//link' data='<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" h'>,
<Selector xpath='//link' data='<link rel="next" type="application/atom+'>,
...
>>> response.selector.remove_namespaces()
>>> response.xpath("//link")
[<Selector xpath='//link' data='<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" h'>,
<Selector xpath='//link' data='<link rel="next" type="application/atom+'>,
...
If you wonder why the namespace removal procedure isn't always called by default
instead of having to call it manually, this is because of two reasons, which, in order
@ -734,26 +732,25 @@ Regular expressions
The ``test()`` function, for example, can prove quite useful when XPath's
``starts-with()`` or ``contains()`` are not sufficient.
Example selecting links in list item with a "class" attribute ending with a digit::
Example selecting links in list item with a "class" attribute ending with a digit:
>>> from scrapy import Selector
>>> doc = u"""
... <div>
... <ul>
... <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li>
... <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
... <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html">third item</a></li>
... <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
... <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
... </ul>
... </div>
... """
>>> sel = Selector(text=doc, type="html")
>>> sel.xpath('//li//@href').getall()
['link1.html', 'link2.html', 'link3.html', 'link4.html', 'link5.html']
>>> sel.xpath('//li[re:test(@class, "item-\d$")]//@href').getall()
['link1.html', 'link2.html', 'link4.html', 'link5.html']
>>>
>>> from scrapy import Selector
>>> doc = u"""
... <div>
... <ul>
... <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li>
... <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
... <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html">third item</a></li>
... <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
... <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
... </ul>
... </div>
... """
>>> sel = Selector(text=doc, type="html")
>>> sel.xpath('//li//@href').getall()
['link1.html', 'link2.html', 'link3.html', 'link4.html', 'link5.html']
>>> sel.xpath('//li[re:test(@class, "item-\d$")]//@href').getall()
['link1.html', 'link2.html', 'link4.html', 'link5.html']
.. warning:: C library ``libxslt`` doesn't natively support EXSLT regular
expressions so `lxml`_'s implementation uses hooks to Python's ``re`` module.
@ -766,7 +763,7 @@ Set operations
These can be handy for excluding parts of a document tree before
extracting text elements for example.
Example extracting microdata (sample content taken from http://schema.org/Product)
Example extracting microdata (sample content taken from https://schema.org/Product)
with groups of itemscopes and corresponding itemprops::
>>> doc = u"""
@ -849,7 +846,6 @@ with groups of itemscopes and corresponding itemprops::
current scope: ['http://schema.org/Rating']
properties: ['worstRating', 'ratingValue', 'bestRating']
>>>
Here we first iterate over ``itemscope`` elements, and for each one,
we look for all ``itemprops`` elements and exclude those that are themselves
@ -877,15 +873,15 @@ For the following HTML::
.. highlight:: python
You can use it like this::
You can use it like this:
>>> response.xpath('//p[has-class("foo")]')
[<Selector xpath='//p[has-class("foo")]' data='<p class="foo bar-baz">First</p>'>,
<Selector xpath='//p[has-class("foo")]' data='<p class="foo">Second</p>'>]
>>> response.xpath('//p[has-class("foo", "bar-baz")]')
[<Selector xpath='//p[has-class("foo", "bar-baz")]' data='<p class="foo bar-baz">First</p>'>]
>>> response.xpath('//p[has-class("foo", "bar")]')
[]
>>> response.xpath('//p[has-class("foo")]')
[<Selector xpath='//p[has-class("foo")]' data='<p class="foo bar-baz">First</p>'>,
<Selector xpath='//p[has-class("foo")]' data='<p class="foo">Second</p>'>]
>>> response.xpath('//p[has-class("foo", "bar-baz")]')
[<Selector xpath='//p[has-class("foo", "bar-baz")]' data='<p class="foo bar-baz">First</p>'>]
>>> response.xpath('//p[has-class("foo", "bar")]')
[]
So XPath ``//p[has-class("foo", "bar-baz")]`` is roughly equivalent to CSS
``p.foo.bar-baz``. Please note, that it is slower in most of the cases,
@ -989,7 +985,7 @@ a :class:`~scrapy.http.HtmlResponse` object like this::
sel = Selector(html_response)
1. Select all ``<h1>`` elements from an HTML response body, returning a list of
:class:`Selector` objects (ie. a :class:`SelectorList` object)::
:class:`Selector` objects (i.e. a :class:`SelectorList` object)::
sel.xpath("//h1")
@ -1016,7 +1012,7 @@ instantiated with an :class:`~scrapy.http.XmlResponse` object::
sel = Selector(xml_response)
1. Select all ``<product>`` elements from an XML response body, returning a list
of :class:`Selector` objects (ie. a :class:`SelectorList` object)::
of :class:`Selector` objects (i.e. a :class:`SelectorList` object)::
sel.xpath("//product")

65
docs/topics/settings.rst
View File

@ -188,7 +188,6 @@ AWS_ENDPOINT_URL
Default: ``None``
Endpoint URL used for S3-like storage, for example Minio or s3.scality.
Only supported with ``botocore`` library.
.. setting:: AWS_USE_SSL
@ -199,7 +198,6 @@ Default: ``None``
Use this option if you want to disable SSL connection for communication with
S3 or S3-like storage. By default SSL will be used.
Only supported with ``botocore`` library.
.. setting:: AWS_VERIFY
@ -209,7 +207,7 @@ AWS_VERIFY
Default: ``None``
Verify SSL connection between Scrapy and S3 or S3-like storage. By default
SSL verification will occur. Only supported with ``botocore`` library.
SSL verification will occur.
.. setting:: AWS_REGION_NAME
@ -219,7 +217,6 @@ AWS_REGION_NAME
Default: ``None``
The name of the region associated with the AWS client.
Only supported with ``botocore`` library.
.. setting:: BOT_NAME
@ -251,7 +248,7 @@ CONCURRENT_REQUESTS
Default: ``16``
The maximum number of concurrent (ie. simultaneous) requests that will be
The maximum number of concurrent (i.e. simultaneous) requests that will be
performed by the Scrapy downloader.
.. setting:: CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN
@ -261,7 +258,7 @@ CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN
Default: ``8``
The maximum number of concurrent (ie. simultaneous) requests that will be
The maximum number of concurrent (i.e. simultaneous) requests that will be
performed to any single domain.
See also: :ref:`topics-autothrottle` and its
@ -275,7 +272,7 @@ CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP
Default: ``0``
The maximum number of concurrent (ie. simultaneous) requests that will be
The maximum number of concurrent (i.e. simultaneous) requests that will be
performed to any single IP. If non-zero, the
:setting:`CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN` setting is ignored, and this one is
used instead. In other words, concurrency limits will be applied per IP, not
@ -379,6 +376,19 @@ Default: ``10000``
DNS in-memory cache size.
.. setting:: DNS_RESOLVER
DNS_RESOLVER
------------
Default: ``'scrapy.resolver.CachingThreadedResolver'``
The class to be used to resolve DNS names. The default ``scrapy.resolver.CachingThreadedResolver``
supports specifying a timeout for DNS requests via the :setting:`DNS_TIMEOUT` setting,
but works only with IPv4 addresses. Scrapy provides an alternative resolver,
``scrapy.resolver.CachingHostnameResolver``, which supports IPv4/IPv6 addresses but does not
take the :setting:`DNS_TIMEOUT` setting into account.
.. setting:: DNS_TIMEOUT
DNS_TIMEOUT
@ -887,7 +897,7 @@ LOG_FORMAT
Default: ``'%(asctime)s [%(name)s] %(levelname)s: %(message)s'``
String for formatting log messsages. Refer to the `Python logging documentation`_ for the whole list of available
String for formatting log messages. Refer to the `Python logging documentation`_ for the whole list of available
placeholders.
.. _Python logging documentation: https://docs.python.org/2/library/logging.html#logrecord-attributes
@ -1244,6 +1254,17 @@ Type of priority queue used by the scheduler. Another available type is
domains in parallel. But currently ``scrapy.pqueues.DownloaderAwarePriorityQueue``
does not work together with :setting:`CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP`.
.. setting:: SCRAPER_SLOT_MAX_ACTIVE_SIZE
SCRAPER_SLOT_MAX_ACTIVE_SIZE
----------------------------
Default: ``5_000_000``
Soft limit (in bytes) for response data being processed.
While the sum of the sizes of all responses being processed is above this value,
Scrapy does not process new requests.
.. setting:: SPIDER_CONTRACTS
SPIDER_CONTRACTS
@ -1267,7 +1288,7 @@ Default::
'scrapy.contracts.default.ScrapesContract': 3,
}
A dict containing the scrapy contracts enabled by default in Scrapy. You should
A dict containing the Scrapy contracts enabled by default in Scrapy. You should
never modify this setting in your project, modify :setting:`SPIDER_CONTRACTS`
instead. For more info see :ref:`topics-contracts`.
@ -1298,7 +1319,7 @@ SPIDER_LOADER_WARN_ONLY
Default: ``False``
By default, when scrapy tries to import spider classes from :setting:`SPIDER_MODULES`,
By default, when Scrapy tries to import spider classes from :setting:`SPIDER_MODULES`,
it will fail loudly if there is any ``ImportError`` exception.
But you can choose to silence this exception and turn it into a simple
warning by setting ``SPIDER_LOADER_WARN_ONLY = True``.
@ -1421,6 +1442,30 @@ command.
The project name must not conflict with the name of custom files or directories
in the ``project`` subdirectory.
.. setting:: TWISTED_REACTOR
TWISTED_REACTOR
---------------
Default: ``None``
Import path of a given Twisted reactor, for instance:
:class:`twisted.internet.asyncioreactor.AsyncioSelectorReactor`.
Scrapy will install this reactor if no other is installed yet, such as when
the ``scrapy`` CLI program is invoked or when using the
:class:`~scrapy.crawler.CrawlerProcess` class. If you are using the
:class:`~scrapy.crawler.CrawlerRunner` class, you need to install the correct
reactor manually. An exception will be raised if the installation fails.
The default value for this option is currently ``None``, which means that Scrapy
will not attempt to install any specific reactor, and the default one defined by
Twisted for the current platform will be used. This is to maintain backward
compatibility and avoid possible problems caused by using a non-default reactor.
For additional information, please see
:doc:`core/howto/choosing-reactor`.
.. setting:: URLLENGTH_LIMIT

83
docs/topics/shell.rst
View File

@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ for more info.
Scrapy also has support for `bpython`_, and will try to use it where `IPython`_
is unavailable.
Through scrapy's settings you can configure it to use any one of
Through Scrapy's settings you can configure it to use any one of
``ipython``, ``bpython`` or the standard ``python`` shell, regardless of which
are installed. This is done by setting the ``SCRAPY_PYTHON_SHELL`` environment
variable; or by defining it in your :ref:`scrapy.cfg <topics-config-settings>`::
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ variable; or by defining it in your :ref:`scrapy.cfg <topics-config-settings>`::
.. _IPython: https://ipython.org/
.. _IPython installation guide: https://ipython.org/install.html
.. _bpython: https://www.bpython-interpreter.org/
.. _bpython: https://bpython-interpreter.org/
Launch the shell
================
@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ Example of shell session
========================
Here's an example of a typical shell session where we start by scraping the
https://scrapy.org page, and then proceed to scrape the https://reddit.com
https://scrapy.org page, and then proceed to scrape the https://old.reddit.com/
page. Finally, we modify the (Reddit) request method to POST and re-fetch it
getting an error. We end the session by typing Ctrl-D (in Unix systems) or
Ctrl-Z in Windows.
@ -177,47 +177,46 @@ all start with the ``[s]`` prefix)::
>>>
After that, we can start playing with the objects::
After that, we can start playing with the objects:
>>> response.xpath('//title/text()').get()
'Scrapy | A Fast and Powerful Scraping and Web Crawling Framework'
>>> response.xpath('//title/text()').get()
'Scrapy | A Fast and Powerful Scraping and Web Crawling Framework'
>>> fetch("https://reddit.com")
>>> fetch("https://old.reddit.com/")
>>> response.xpath('//title/text()').get()
'reddit: the front page of the internet'
>>> response.xpath('//title/text()').get()
'reddit: the front page of the internet'
>>> request = request.replace(method="POST")
>>> request = request.replace(method="POST")
>>> fetch(request)
>>> fetch(request)
>>> response.status
404
>>> response.status
404
>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> pprint(response.headers)
{'Accept-Ranges': ['bytes'],
'Cache-Control': ['max-age=0, must-revalidate'],
'Content-Type': ['text/html; charset=UTF-8'],
'Date': ['Thu, 08 Dec 2016 16:21:19 GMT'],
'Server': ['snooserv'],
'Set-Cookie': ['loid=KqNLou0V9SKMX4qb4n; Domain=reddit.com; Max-Age=63071999; Path=/; expires=Sat, 08-Dec-2018 16:21:19 GMT; secure',
'loidcreated=2016-12-08T16%3A21%3A19.445Z; Domain=reddit.com; Max-Age=63071999; Path=/; expires=Sat, 08-Dec-2018 16:21:19 GMT; secure',
'loid=vi0ZVe4NkxNWdlH7r7; Domain=reddit.com; Max-Age=63071999; Path=/; expires=Sat, 08-Dec-2018 16:21:19 GMT; secure',
'loidcreated=2016-12-08T16%3A21%3A19.459Z; Domain=reddit.com; Max-Age=63071999; Path=/; expires=Sat, 08-Dec-2018 16:21:19 GMT; secure'],
'Vary': ['accept-encoding'],
'Via': ['1.1 varnish'],
'X-Cache': ['MISS'],
'X-Cache-Hits': ['0'],
'X-Content-Type-Options': ['nosniff'],
'X-Frame-Options': ['SAMEORIGIN'],
'X-Moose': ['majestic'],
'X-Served-By': ['cache-cdg8730-CDG'],
'X-Timer': ['S1481214079.394283,VS0,VE159'],
'X-Ua-Compatible': ['IE=edge'],
'X-Xss-Protection': ['1; mode=block']}
>>>
>>> pprint(response.headers)
{'Accept-Ranges': ['bytes'],
'Cache-Control': ['max-age=0, must-revalidate'],
'Content-Type': ['text/html; charset=UTF-8'],
'Date': ['Thu, 08 Dec 2016 16:21:19 GMT'],
'Server': ['snooserv'],
'Set-Cookie': ['loid=KqNLou0V9SKMX4qb4n; Domain=reddit.com; Max-Age=63071999; Path=/; expires=Sat, 08-Dec-2018 16:21:19 GMT; secure',
'loidcreated=2016-12-08T16%3A21%3A19.445Z; Domain=reddit.com; Max-Age=63071999; Path=/; expires=Sat, 08-Dec-2018 16:21:19 GMT; secure',
'loid=vi0ZVe4NkxNWdlH7r7; Domain=reddit.com; Max-Age=63071999; Path=/; expires=Sat, 08-Dec-2018 16:21:19 GMT; secure',
'loidcreated=2016-12-08T16%3A21%3A19.459Z; Domain=reddit.com; Max-Age=63071999; Path=/; expires=Sat, 08-Dec-2018 16:21:19 GMT; secure'],
'Vary': ['accept-encoding'],
'Via': ['1.1 varnish'],
'X-Cache': ['MISS'],
'X-Cache-Hits': ['0'],
'X-Content-Type-Options': ['nosniff'],
'X-Frame-Options': ['SAMEORIGIN'],
'X-Moose': ['majestic'],
'X-Served-By': ['cache-cdg8730-CDG'],
'X-Timer': ['S1481214079.394283,VS0,VE159'],
'X-Ua-Compatible': ['IE=edge'],
'X-Xss-Protection': ['1; mode=block']}
.. _topics-shell-inspect-response:
@ -263,16 +262,16 @@ When you run the spider, you will get something similar to this::
>>> response.url
'http://example.org'
Then, you can check if the extraction code is working::
Then, you can check if the extraction code is working:
>>> response.xpath('//h1[@class="fn"]')
[]
>>> response.xpath('//h1[@class="fn"]')
[]
Nope, it doesn't. So you can open the response in your web browser and see if
it's the response you were expecting::
it's the response you were expecting:
>>> view(response)
True
>>> view(response)
True
Finally you hit Ctrl-D (or Ctrl-Z in Windows) to exit the shell and resume the
crawling::

37
docs/topics/signals.rst
View File

@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ Here is a simple example showing how you can catch signals and perform some acti
Deferred signal handlers
========================
Some signals support returning `Twisted deferreds`_ from their handlers, see
the :ref:`topics-signals-ref` below to know which ones.
Some signals support returning :class:`~twisted.internet.defer.Deferred`
objects from their handlers, see the :ref:`topics-signals-ref` below to know
which ones.
.. _Twisted deferreds: https://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/core/howto/defer.html
.. _topics-signals-ref:
@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ item_error
.. signal:: item_error
.. function:: item_error(item, response, spider, failure)
Sent when a :ref:`topics-item-pipeline` generates an error (ie. raises
Sent when a :ref:`topics-item-pipeline` generates an error (i.e. raises
an exception), except :exc:`~scrapy.exceptions.DropItem` exception.
This signal supports returning deferreds from their handlers.
@ -155,8 +155,8 @@ item_error
:param spider: the spider which raised the exception
:type spider: :class:`~scrapy.spiders.Spider` object
:param failure: the exception raised as a Twisted `Failure`_ object
:type failure: `Failure`_ object
:param failure: the exception raised
:type failure: twisted.python.failure.Failure
spider_closed
-------------
@ -232,12 +232,12 @@ spider_error
.. signal:: spider_error
.. function:: spider_error(failure, response, spider)
Sent when a spider callback generates an error (ie. raises an exception).
Sent when a spider callback generates an error (i.e. raises an exception).
This signal does not support returning deferreds from their handlers.
:param failure: the exception raised as a Twisted `Failure`_ object
:type failure: `Failure`_ object
:param failure: the exception raised
:type failure: twisted.python.failure.Failure
:param response: the response being processed when the exception was raised
:type response: :class:`~scrapy.http.Response` object
@ -295,6 +295,23 @@ request_reached_downloader
:param spider: the spider that yielded the request
:type spider: :class:`~scrapy.spiders.Spider` object
request_left_downloader
-----------------------
.. signal:: request_left_downloader
.. function:: request_left_downloader(request, spider)
Sent when a :class:`~scrapy.http.Request` leaves the downloader, even in case of
failure.
This signal does not support returning deferreds from its handlers.
:param request: the request that reached the downloader
:type request: :class:`~scrapy.http.Request` object
:param spider: the spider that yielded the request
:type spider: :class:`~scrapy.spiders.Spider` object
response_received
-----------------
@ -333,5 +350,3 @@ response_downloaded
:param spider: the spider for which the response is intended
:type spider: :class:`~scrapy.spiders.Spider` object
.. _Failure: https://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/api/twisted.python.failure.Failure.html

14
docs/topics/spiders.rst
View File

@ -72,8 +72,6 @@ scrapy.Spider
spider that crawls ``mywebsite.com`` would often be called
``mywebsite``.
.. note:: In Python 2 this must be ASCII only.
.. attribute:: allowed_domains
An optional list of strings containing domains that this spider is
@ -301,8 +299,8 @@ The spider will not do any parsing on its own.
If you were to set the ``start_urls`` attribute from the command line,
you would have to parse it on your own into a list
using something like
`ast.literal_eval <https://docs.python.org/library/ast.html#ast.literal_eval>`_
or `json.loads <https://docs.python.org/library/json.html#json.loads>`_
`ast.literal_eval <https://docs.python.org/3/library/ast.html#ast.literal_eval>`_
or `json.loads <https://docs.python.org/3/library/json.html#json.loads>`_
and then set it as an attribute.
Otherwise, you would cause iteration over a ``start_urls`` string
(a very common python pitfall)
@ -416,6 +414,12 @@ Crawling rules
from which the request originated as second argument. It must return a
``Request`` object or ``None`` (to filter out the request).
``errback`` is a callable or a string (in which case a method from the spider
object with that name will be used) to be called if any exception is
raised while processing a request generated by the rule.
It receives a :class:`Twisted Failure <twisted.python.failure.Failure>`
instance as first parameter.
CrawlSpider example
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@ -807,6 +811,6 @@ Combine SitemapSpider with other sources of urls::
.. _Sitemaps: https://www.sitemaps.org/index.html
.. _Sitemap index files: https://www.sitemaps.org/protocol.html#index
.. _robots.txt: http://www.robotstxt.org/
.. _robots.txt: https://www.robotstxt.org/
.. _TLD: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain
.. _Scrapyd documentation: https://scrapyd.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

12
docs/topics/stats.rst
View File

@ -57,15 +57,15 @@ Set stat value only if lower than previous::
stats.min_value('min_free_memory_percent', value)
Get stat value::
Get stat value:
>>> stats.get_value('custom_count')
1
>>> stats.get_value('custom_count')
1
Get all stats::
Get all stats:
>>> stats.get_stats()
{'custom_count': 1, 'start_time': datetime.datetime(2009, 7, 14, 21, 47, 28, 977139)}
>>> stats.get_stats()
{'custom_count': 1, 'start_time': datetime.datetime(2009, 7, 14, 21, 47, 28, 977139)}
Available Stats Collectors
==========================

4
docs/topics/telnetconsole.rst
View File

@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ the console you need to type::
>>>
By default Username is ``scrapy`` and Password is autogenerated. The
autogenerated Password can be seen on scrapy logs like the example below::
autogenerated Password can be seen on Scrapy logs like the example below::
2018-10-16 14:35:21 [scrapy.extensions.telnet] INFO: Telnet Password: 16f92501e8a59326
Default Username and Password can be overriden by the settings
Default Username and Password can be overridden by the settings
:setting:`TELNETCONSOLE_USERNAME` and :setting:`TELNETCONSOLE_PASSWORD`.
.. warning::

1
extras/qps-bench-server.py
View File

@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
#!/usr/bin/env python
from __future__ import print_function
from time import time
from collections import deque
from twisted.web.server import Site, NOT_DONE_YET

9
extras/scrapy_zsh_completion
View File

@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
#compdef scrapy
_scrapy() {
local context state state_descr line
local ret=1
typeset -A opt_args
_arguments \
"(- 1 *)--help[Help]" \
"(- 1 *)"{-h,--help}"[Help]" \
"1: :->command" \
"*:: :->args"
"*:: :->args" && ret=0
case $state in
command)
@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ _scrapy() {
'-c[evaluate the code in the shell, print the result and exit]:code:(CODE)'
'--no-redirect[do not handle HTTP 3xx status codes and print response as-is]'
'--spider[use this spider]:spider:_scrapy_spiders'
'::file:_files -g \*.http'
'::file:_files -g \*.html'
'::URL:_httpie_urls'
)
_scrapy_glb_opts $options
@ -134,6 +135,8 @@ _scrapy() {
esac
;;
esac
return ret
}
_scrapy_cmds() {

247
pytest.ini
View File

@ -2,5 +2,250 @@
usefixtures = chdir
python_files=test_*.py __init__.py
python_classes=
addopts = --doctest-modules --assert=plain
addopts =
--assert=plain
--doctest-modules
--ignore=docs/_ext
--ignore=docs/conf.py
--ignore=docs/news.rst
--ignore=docs/topics/dynamic-content.rst
--ignore=docs/topics/items.rst
--ignore=docs/topics/leaks.rst
--ignore=docs/topics/loaders.rst
--ignore=docs/topics/selectors.rst
--ignore=docs/topics/shell.rst
--ignore=docs/topics/stats.rst
--ignore=docs/topics/telnetconsole.rst
--ignore=docs/utils
twisted = 1
markers =
only_asyncio: marks tests as only enabled when --reactor=asyncio is passed
flake8-ignore =
W503
# Files that are only meant to provide top-level imports are expected not
# to use any of their imports:
scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/http.py F401
scrapy/http/__init__.py F401
# Issues pending a review:
# extras
extras/qps-bench-server.py E501
extras/qpsclient.py E501 E501
# scrapy/commands
scrapy/commands/__init__.py E128 E501
scrapy/commands/check.py E501
scrapy/commands/crawl.py E501
scrapy/commands/edit.py E501
scrapy/commands/fetch.py E401 E501 E128 E731
scrapy/commands/genspider.py E128 E501 E502
scrapy/commands/parse.py E128 E501 E731
scrapy/commands/runspider.py E501
scrapy/commands/settings.py E128
scrapy/commands/shell.py E128 E501 E502
scrapy/commands/startproject.py E127 E501 E128
scrapy/commands/version.py E501 E128
# scrapy/contracts
scrapy/contracts/__init__.py E501 W504
scrapy/contracts/default.py E128
# scrapy/core
scrapy/core/engine.py E501 E128 E127 E502
scrapy/core/scheduler.py E501
scrapy/core/scraper.py E501 E128 W504
scrapy/core/spidermw.py E501 E731 E126
scrapy/core/downloader/__init__.py E501
scrapy/core/downloader/contextfactory.py E501 E128 E126
scrapy/core/downloader/middleware.py E501 E502
scrapy/core/downloader/tls.py E501 E241
scrapy/core/downloader/webclient.py E731 E501 E128 E126
scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/__init__.py E501
scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/ftp.py E501 E128 E127
scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/http10.py E501
scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/http11.py E501
scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/s3.py E501 E128 E126
# scrapy/downloadermiddlewares
scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/ajaxcrawl.py E501
scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/decompression.py E501
scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/defaultheaders.py E501
scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/httpcache.py E501 E126
scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/httpcompression.py E501 E128
scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/httpproxy.py E501
scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/redirect.py E501 W504
scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/retry.py E501 E126
scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/robotstxt.py E501
scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/stats.py E501
# scrapy/extensions
scrapy/extensions/closespider.py E501 E128 E123
scrapy/extensions/corestats.py E501
scrapy/extensions/feedexport.py E128 E501
scrapy/extensions/httpcache.py E128 E501
scrapy/extensions/memdebug.py E501
scrapy/extensions/spiderstate.py E501
scrapy/extensions/telnet.py E501 W504
scrapy/extensions/throttle.py E501
# scrapy/http
scrapy/http/common.py E501
scrapy/http/cookies.py E501
scrapy/http/request/__init__.py E501
scrapy/http/request/form.py E501 E123
scrapy/http/request/json_request.py E501
scrapy/http/response/__init__.py E501 E128
scrapy/http/response/text.py E501 E128 E124
# scrapy/linkextractors
scrapy/linkextractors/__init__.py E731 E501 E402 W504
scrapy/linkextractors/lxmlhtml.py E501 E731
# scrapy/loader
scrapy/loader/__init__.py E501 E128
scrapy/loader/processors.py E501
# scrapy/pipelines
scrapy/pipelines/__init__.py E501
scrapy/pipelines/files.py E116 E501 E266
scrapy/pipelines/images.py E265 E501
scrapy/pipelines/media.py E125 E501 E266
# scrapy/selector
scrapy/selector/__init__.py F403
scrapy/selector/unified.py E501 E111
# scrapy/settings
scrapy/settings/__init__.py E501
scrapy/settings/default_settings.py E501 E114 E116
scrapy/settings/deprecated.py E501
# scrapy/spidermiddlewares
scrapy/spidermiddlewares/httperror.py E501
scrapy/spidermiddlewares/offsite.py E501
scrapy/spidermiddlewares/referer.py E501 E129 W504
scrapy/spidermiddlewares/urllength.py E501
# scrapy/spiders
scrapy/spiders/__init__.py E501 E402
scrapy/spiders/crawl.py E501
scrapy/spiders/feed.py E501
scrapy/spiders/sitemap.py E501
# scrapy/utils
scrapy/utils/asyncio.py E501
scrapy/utils/benchserver.py E501
scrapy/utils/conf.py E402 E501
scrapy/utils/datatypes.py E501
scrapy/utils/decorators.py E501
scrapy/utils/defer.py E501 E128
scrapy/utils/deprecate.py E128 E501 E127 E502
scrapy/utils/gz.py E501 W504
scrapy/utils/http.py F403
scrapy/utils/httpobj.py E501
scrapy/utils/iterators.py E501
scrapy/utils/log.py E128 E501
scrapy/utils/markup.py F403
scrapy/utils/misc.py E501
scrapy/utils/multipart.py F403
scrapy/utils/project.py E501
scrapy/utils/python.py E501
scrapy/utils/reactor.py E501
scrapy/utils/reqser.py E501
scrapy/utils/request.py E127 E501
scrapy/utils/response.py E501 E128
scrapy/utils/signal.py E501 E128
scrapy/utils/sitemap.py E501
scrapy/utils/spider.py E501
scrapy/utils/ssl.py E501
scrapy/utils/test.py E501
scrapy/utils/url.py E501 F403 E128 F405
# scrapy
scrapy/__init__.py E402 E501
scrapy/cmdline.py E501
scrapy/crawler.py E501
scrapy/dupefilters.py E501 E202
scrapy/exceptions.py E501
scrapy/exporters.py E501
scrapy/interfaces.py E501
scrapy/item.py E501 E128
scrapy/link.py E501
scrapy/logformatter.py E501
scrapy/mail.py E402 E128 E501 E502
scrapy/middleware.py E128 E501
scrapy/pqueues.py E501
scrapy/resolver.py E501
scrapy/responsetypes.py E128 E501
scrapy/robotstxt.py E501
scrapy/shell.py E501
scrapy/signalmanager.py E501
scrapy/spiderloader.py F841 E501 E126
scrapy/squeues.py E128
scrapy/statscollectors.py E501
# tests
tests/__init__.py E402 E501
tests/mockserver.py E401 E501 E126 E123
tests/pipelines.py F841
tests/spiders.py E501 E127
tests/test_closespider.py E501 E127
tests/test_command_fetch.py E501
tests/test_command_parse.py E501 E128
tests/test_command_shell.py E501 E128
tests/test_commands.py E128 E501
tests/test_contracts.py E501 E128
tests/test_crawl.py E501 E741 E265
tests/test_crawler.py F841 E501
tests/test_dependencies.py F841 E501
tests/test_downloader_handlers.py E124 E127 E128 E265 E501 E126 E123
tests/test_downloadermiddleware.py E501
tests/test_downloadermiddleware_ajaxcrawlable.py E501
tests/test_downloadermiddleware_cookies.py E731 E741 E501 E128 E265 E126
tests/test_downloadermiddleware_decompression.py E127
tests/test_downloadermiddleware_defaultheaders.py E501
tests/test_downloadermiddleware_downloadtimeout.py E501
tests/test_downloadermiddleware_httpcache.py E501
tests/test_downloadermiddleware_httpcompression.py E501 E126 E123
tests/test_downloadermiddleware_httpproxy.py E501 E128
tests/test_downloadermiddleware_redirect.py E501 E128 E127
tests/test_downloadermiddleware_retry.py E501 E128 E126
tests/test_downloadermiddleware_robotstxt.py E501
tests/test_downloadermiddleware_stats.py E501
tests/test_dupefilters.py E501 E741 E128 E124
tests/test_engine.py E401 E501 E128
tests/test_exporters.py E501 E731 E128 E124
tests/test_extension_telnet.py F841
tests/test_feedexport.py E501 F841 E241
tests/test_http_cookies.py E501
tests/test_http_headers.py E501
tests/test_http_request.py E402 E501 E127 E128 E128 E126 E123
tests/test_http_response.py E501 E128 E265
tests/test_item.py E128 F841
tests/test_link.py E501
tests/test_linkextractors.py E501 E128 E124
tests/test_loader.py E501 E731 E741 E128 E117 E241
tests/test_logformatter.py E128 E501 E122
tests/test_mail.py E128 E501
tests/test_middleware.py E501 E128
tests/test_pipeline_crawl.py E501 E128 E126
tests/test_pipeline_files.py E501
tests/test_pipeline_images.py F841 E501
tests/test_pipeline_media.py E501 E741 E731 E128 E502
tests/test_proxy_connect.py E501 E741
tests/test_request_cb_kwargs.py E501
tests/test_responsetypes.py E501
tests/test_robotstxt_interface.py E501 E501
tests/test_scheduler.py E501 E126 E123
tests/test_selector.py E501 E127
tests/test_spider.py E501
tests/test_spidermiddleware.py E501
tests/test_spidermiddleware_httperror.py E128 E501 E127 E121
tests/test_spidermiddleware_offsite.py E501 E128 E111
tests/test_spidermiddleware_output_chain.py E501
tests/test_spidermiddleware_referer.py E501 F841 E125 E201 E124 E501 E241 E121
tests/test_squeues.py E501 E741
tests/test_utils_asyncio.py E501
tests/test_utils_conf.py E501 E128
tests/test_utils_curl.py E501
tests/test_utils_datatypes.py E402 E501
tests/test_utils_defer.py E501 F841
tests/test_utils_deprecate.py F841 E501
tests/test_utils_http.py E501 E128 W504
tests/test_utils_iterators.py E501 E128 E129 E241
tests/test_utils_log.py E741
tests/test_utils_python.py E501 E731
tests/test_utils_reqser.py E501 E128
tests/test_utils_request.py E501 E128
tests/test_utils_response.py E501
tests/test_utils_signal.py E741 F841 E731
tests/test_utils_sitemap.py E128 E501 E124
tests/test_utils_url.py E501 E127 E125 E501 E241 E126 E123
tests/test_webclient.py E501 E128 E122 E402 E241 E123 E126
tests/test_cmdline/__init__.py E501
tests/test_settings/__init__.py E501 E128
tests/test_spiderloader/__init__.py E128 E501
tests/test_utils_misc/__init__.py E501

18
requirements-py2.txt
View File

@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
parsel>=1.5.0
PyDispatcher>=2.0.5
w3lib>=1.17.0
protego>=0.1.15
pyOpenSSL>=16.2.0 # Earlier versions fail with "AttributeError: module 'lib' has no attribute 'SSL_ST_INIT'"
queuelib>=1.4.2 # Earlier versions fail with "AttributeError: '...QueueTest' object has no attribute 'qpath'"
cryptography>=2.0 # Earlier versions would fail to install
# Reference versions taken from
# https://packages.ubuntu.com/xenial/python/
# https://packages.ubuntu.com/xenial/zope/
cssselect>=0.9.1
lxml>=3.5.0
service_identity>=16.0.0
six>=1.10.0
Twisted>=16.0.0
zope.interface>=4.1.3

18
requirements-py3.txt
View File

@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
parsel>=1.5.0
PyDispatcher>=2.0.5
Twisted>=17.9.0
w3lib>=1.17.0
protego>=0.1.15
pyOpenSSL>=16.2.0 # Earlier versions fail with "AttributeError: module 'lib' has no attribute 'SSL_ST_INIT'"
queuelib>=1.4.2 # Earlier versions fail with "AttributeError: '...QueueTest' object has no attribute 'qpath'"
cryptography>=2.0 # Earlier versions would fail to install
# Reference versions taken from
# https://packages.ubuntu.com/xenial/python/
# https://packages.ubuntu.com/xenial/zope/
cssselect>=0.9.1
lxml>=3.5.0
service_identity>=16.0.0
six>=1.10.0
zope.interface>=4.1.3

6
scrapy/__init__.py
View File

@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ del pkgutil
# Check minimum required Python version
import sys
if sys.version_info < (2, 7):
print("Scrapy %s requires Python 2.7" % __version__)
if sys.version_info < (3, 5):
print("Scrapy %s requires Python 3.5" % __version__)
sys.exit(1)
# Ignore noisy twisted deprecation warnings
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning, module='twisted')
del warnings
# Apply monkey patches to fix issues in external libraries
from . import _monkeypatches
from scrapy import _monkeypatches
del _monkeypatches
from twisted import version as _txv

12
scrapy/_monkeypatches.py
View File

@ -1,14 +1,4 @@
import six
from six.moves import copyreg
if six.PY2:
from urlparse import urlparse
# workaround for https://bugs.python.org/issue9374 - Python < 2.7.4
if urlparse('s3://bucket/key?key=value').query != 'key=value':
from urlparse import uses_query
uses_query.append('s3')
import copyreg
# Undo what Twisted's perspective broker adds to pickle register

5
scrapy/cmdline.py
View File

@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
from __future__ import print_function
import sys
import os
import optparse
@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ def _pop_command_name(argv):
def _print_header(settings, inproject):
if inproject:
print("Scrapy %s - project: %s\n" % (scrapy.__version__, \
print("Scrapy %s - project: %s\n" % (scrapy.__version__,
settings['BOT_NAME']))
else:
print("Scrapy %s - no active project\n" % scrapy.__version__)
@ -124,7 +123,7 @@ def execute(argv=None, settings=None):
inproject = inside_project()
cmds = _get_commands_dict(settings, inproject)
cmdname = _pop_command_name(argv)
parser = optparse.OptionParser(formatter=optparse.TitledHelpFormatter(), \
parser = optparse.OptionParser(formatter=optparse.TitledHelpFormatter(),
conflict_handler='resolve')
if not cmdname:
_print_commands(settings, inproject)

3
scrapy/commands/bench.py
View File

@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
import sys
import time
import subprocess
from six.moves.urllib.parse import urlencode
from urllib.parse import urlencode
import scrapy
from scrapy.commands import ScrapyCommand

3
scrapy/commands/check.py
View File

@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
from __future__ import print_function
import time
import sys
from collections import defaultdict
from unittest import TextTestRunner, TextTestResult as _TextTestResult
@ -96,4 +94,3 @@ class Command(ScrapyCommand):
result.printErrors()
result.printSummary(start, stop)
self.exitcode = int(not result.wasSuccessful())

11
scrapy/commands/crawl.py
View File

@ -54,8 +54,13 @@ class Command(ScrapyCommand):
raise UsageError("running 'scrapy crawl' with more than one spider is no longer supported")
spname = args[0]
self.crawler_process.crawl(spname, **opts.spargs)
self.crawler_process.start()
crawl_defer = self.crawler_process.crawl(spname, **opts.spargs)
if self.crawler_process.bootstrap_failed:
if getattr(crawl_defer, 'result', None) is not None and issubclass(crawl_defer.result.type, Exception):
self.exitcode = 1
else:
self.crawler_process.start()
if self.crawler_process.bootstrap_failed or \
(hasattr(self.crawler_process, 'has_exception') and self.crawler_process.has_exception):
self.exitcode = 1

18
scrapy/commands/fetch.py
View File

@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
from __future__ import print_function
import sys, six
import sys
from w3lib.url import is_url
from scrapy.commands import ScrapyCommand
@ -8,6 +7,7 @@ from scrapy.exceptions import UsageError
from scrapy.utils.datatypes import SequenceExclude
from scrapy.utils.spider import spidercls_for_request, DefaultSpider
class Command(ScrapyCommand):
requires_project = False
@ -24,12 +24,11 @@ class Command(ScrapyCommand):
def add_options(self, parser):
ScrapyCommand.add_options(self, parser)
parser.add_option("--spider", dest="spider",
help="use this spider")
parser.add_option("--headers", dest="headers", action="store_true", \
help="print response HTTP headers instead of body")
parser.add_option("--no-redirect", dest="no_redirect", action="store_true", \
default=False, help="do not handle HTTP 3xx status codes and print response as-is")
parser.add_option("--spider", dest="spider", help="use this spider")
parser.add_option("--headers", dest="headers", action="store_true",
help="print response HTTP headers instead of body")
parser.add_option("--no-redirect", dest="no_redirect", action="store_true",
default=False, help="do not handle HTTP 3xx status codes and print response as-is")
def _print_headers(self, headers, prefix):
for key, values in headers.items():
@ -45,8 +44,7 @@ class Command(ScrapyCommand):
self._print_bytes(response.body)
def _print_bytes(self, bytes_):
bytes_writer = sys.stdout if six.PY2 else sys.stdout.buffer
bytes_writer.write(bytes_ + b'\n')
sys.stdout.buffer.write(bytes_ + b'\n')
def run(self, args, opts):
if len(args) != 1 or not is_url(args[0]):

1
scrapy/commands/genspider.py
View File

@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
from __future__ import print_function
import os
import shutil
import string

2
scrapy/commands/list.py
View File

@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
from __future__ import print_function
from scrapy.commands import ScrapyCommand
class Command(ScrapyCommand):
requires_project = True

7
scrapy/commands/parse.py
View File

@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
from __future__ import print_function
import json
import logging
@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ class Command(ScrapyCommand):
else:
items = self.items.get(lvl, [])
print("# Scraped Items ", "-"*60)
print("# Scraped Items ", "-" * 60)
display.pprint([dict(x) for x in items], colorize=colour)
def print_requests(self, lvl=None, colour=True):
@ -93,14 +92,14 @@ class Command(ScrapyCommand):
else:
requests = self.requests.get(lvl, [])
print("# Requests ", "-"*65)
print("# Requests ", "-" * 65)
display.pprint(requests, colorize=colour)
def print_results(self, opts):
colour = not opts.nocolour
if opts.verbose:
for level in range(1, self.max_level+1):
for level in range(1, self.max_level + 1):
print('\n>>> DEPTH LEVEL: %s <<<' % level)
if not opts.noitems:
self.print_items(level, colour)

2
scrapy/commands/settings.py
View File

@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
from __future__ import print_function
import json
from scrapy.commands import ScrapyCommand
from scrapy.settings import BaseSettings
class Command(ScrapyCommand):
requires_project = False

2
scrapy/commands/shell.py
View File

@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ See documentation in docs/topics/shell.rst
from threading import Thread
from scrapy.commands import ScrapyCommand
from scrapy.shell import Shell
from scrapy.http import Request
from scrapy.shell import Shell
from scrapy.utils.spider import spidercls_for_request, DefaultSpider
from scrapy.utils.url import guess_scheme

6
scrapy/commands/startproject.py
View File

@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
from __future__ import print_function
import re
import os
import string
@ -44,8 +43,8 @@ class Command(ScrapyCommand):
return False
if not re.search(r'^[_a-zA-Z]\w*$', project_name):
print('Error: Project names must begin with a letter and contain'\
' only\nletters, numbers and underscores')
print('Error: Project names must begin with a letter and contain'
' only\nletters, numbers and underscores')
elif _module_exists(project_name):
print('Error: Module %r already exists' % project_name)
else:
@ -119,4 +118,3 @@ class Command(ScrapyCommand):
_templates_base_dir = self.settings['TEMPLATES_DIR'] or \
join(scrapy.__path__[0], 'templates')
return join(_templates_base_dir, 'project')

3
scrapy/commands/version.py
View File

@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
from __future__ import print_function
import scrapy
from scrapy.commands import ScrapyCommand
from scrapy.utils.versions import scrapy_components_versions
@ -30,4 +28,3 @@ class Command(ScrapyCommand):
print(patt % (name, version))
else:
print("Scrapy %s" % scrapy.__version__)

3
scrapy/commands/view.py
View File

@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
from scrapy.commands import fetch, ScrapyCommand
from scrapy.commands import fetch
from scrapy.utils.response import open_in_browser
class Command(fetch.Command):
def short_desc(self):

6
scrapy/contracts/default.py
View File

@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from scrapy.item import BaseItem
from scrapy.http import Request
from scrapy.exceptions import ContractFail
from . import Contract
from scrapy.contracts import Contract
# contracts
@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ class ReturnsContract(Contract):
else:
expected = '%s..%s' % (self.min_bound, self.max_bound)
raise ContractFail("Returned %s %s, expected %s" % \
(occurrences, self.obj_name, expected))
raise ContractFail("Returned %s %s, expected %s" %
(occurrences, self.obj_name, expected))
class ScrapesContract(Contract):

12
scrapy/core/downloader/__init__.py
View File

@ -1,19 +1,16 @@
from __future__ import absolute_import
import random
import warnings
from time import time
from datetime import datetime
from collections import deque
import six
from twisted.internet import reactor, defer, task
from scrapy.utils.defer import mustbe_deferred
from scrapy.utils.httpobj import urlparse_cached
from scrapy.resolver import dnscache
from scrapy import signals
from .middleware import DownloaderMiddlewareManager
from .handlers import DownloadHandlers
from scrapy.core.downloader.middleware import DownloaderMiddlewareManager
from scrapy.core.downloader.handlers import DownloadHandlers
class Slot(object):
@ -184,13 +181,16 @@ class Downloader(object):
def finish_transferring(_):
slot.transferring.remove(request)
self._process_queue(spider, slot)
self.signals.send_catch_log(signal=signals.request_left_downloader,
request=request,
spider=spider)
return _
return dfd.addBoth(finish_transferring)
def close(self):
self._slot_gc_loop.stop()
for slot in six.itervalues(self.slots):
for slot in self.slots.values():
slot.close()
def _slot_gc(self, age=60):

17
scrapy/core/downloader/contextfactory.py
View File

@ -67,15 +67,18 @@ class BrowserLikeContextFactory(ScrapyClientContextFactory):
"""
Twisted-recommended context factory for web clients.
Quoting https://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/api/twisted.web.client.Agent.html:
"The default is to use a BrowserLikePolicyForHTTPS,
so unless you have special requirements you can leave this as-is."
Quoting the documentation of the :class:`~twisted.web.client.Agent` class:
creatorForNetloc() is the same as BrowserLikePolicyForHTTPS
except this context factory allows setting the TLS/SSL method to use.
The default is to use a
:class:`~twisted.web.client.BrowserLikePolicyForHTTPS`, so unless you
have special requirements you can leave this as-is.
Default OpenSSL method is TLS_METHOD (also called SSLv23_METHOD)
which allows TLS protocol negotiation.
:meth:`creatorForNetloc` is the same as
:class:`~twisted.web.client.BrowserLikePolicyForHTTPS` except this context
factory allows setting the TLS/SSL method to use.
The default OpenSSL method is ``TLS_METHOD`` (also called
``SSLv23_METHOD``) which allows TLS protocol negotiation.
"""
def creatorForNetloc(self, hostname, port):

21
scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/__init__.py
View File

@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
"""Download handlers for different schemes"""
import logging
from twisted.internet import defer
import six
from scrapy.exceptions import NotSupported, NotConfigured
from scrapy.utils.httpobj import urlparse_cached
from scrapy.utils.misc import load_object
from scrapy.utils.python import without_none_values
from scrapy import signals
from scrapy.exceptions import NotConfigured, NotSupported
from scrapy.utils.httpobj import urlparse_cached
from scrapy.utils.misc import create_instance, load_object
from scrapy.utils.python import without_none_values
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
class DownloadHandlers(object):
class DownloadHandlers:
def __init__(self, crawler):
self._crawler = crawler
@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ class DownloadHandlers(object):
self._notconfigured = {} # remembers failed handlers
handlers = without_none_values(
crawler.settings.getwithbase('DOWNLOAD_HANDLERS'))
for scheme, clspath in six.iteritems(handlers):
for scheme, clspath in handlers.items():
self._schemes[scheme] = clspath
self._load_handler(scheme, skip_lazy=True)
@ -48,7 +49,11 @@ class DownloadHandlers(object):
dhcls = load_object(path)
if skip_lazy and getattr(dhcls, 'lazy', True):
return None
dh = dhcls(self._crawler.settings)
dh = create_instance(
objcls=dhcls,
settings=self._crawler.settings,
crawler=self._crawler,
)
except NotConfigured as ex:
self._notconfigured[scheme] = str(ex)
return None

9
scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/datauri.py
View File

@ -5,20 +5,17 @@ from scrapy.responsetypes import responsetypes
from scrapy.utils.decorators import defers
class DataURIDownloadHandler(object):
class DataURIDownloadHandler:
lazy = False
def __init__(self, settings):
super(DataURIDownloadHandler, self).__init__()
@defers
def download_request(self, request, spider):
uri = parse_data_uri(request.url)
respcls = responsetypes.from_mimetype(uri.media_type)
resp_kwargs = {}
if (issubclass(respcls, TextResponse) and
uri.media_type.split('/')[0] == 'text'):
if (issubclass(respcls, TextResponse)
and uri.media_type.split('/')[0] == 'text'):
charset = uri.media_type_parameters.get('charset')
resp_kwargs['encoding'] = charset

6
scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/file.py
View File

@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
from w3lib.url import file_uri_to_path
from scrapy.responsetypes import responsetypes
from scrapy.utils.decorators import defers
class FileDownloadHandler(object):
class FileDownloadHandler:
lazy = False
def __init__(self, settings):
pass
@defers
def download_request(self, request, spider):
filepath = file_uri_to_path(request.url)

14
scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/ftp.py
View File

@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ In case of status 200 request, response.headers will come with two keys:
import re
from io import BytesIO
from six.moves.urllib.parse import unquote
from urllib.parse import unquote
from twisted.internet import reactor
from twisted.protocols.ftp import FTPClient, CommandFailed
from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol, ClientCreator
from twisted.internet.protocol import ClientCreator, Protocol
from twisted.protocols.ftp import CommandFailed, FTPClient
from scrapy.http import Response
from scrapy.responsetypes import responsetypes
@ -59,10 +59,11 @@ class ReceivedDataProtocol(Protocol):
def close(self):
self.body.close() if self.filename else self.body.seek(0)
_CODE_RE = re.compile(r"\d+")
class FTPDownloadHandler(object):
class FTPDownloadHandler:
lazy = False
CODE_MAPPING = {
@ -75,6 +76,10 @@ class FTPDownloadHandler(object):
self.default_password = settings['FTP_PASSWORD']
self.passive_mode = settings['FTP_PASSIVE_MODE']
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
return cls(crawler.settings)
def download_request(self, request, spider):
parsed_url = urlparse_cached(request)
user = request.meta.get("ftp_user", self.default_user)
@ -112,4 +117,3 @@ class FTPDownloadHandler(object):
httpcode = self.CODE_MAPPING.get(ftpcode, self.CODE_MAPPING["default"])
return Response(url=request.url, status=httpcode, body=to_bytes(message))
raise result.type(result.value)

7
scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/http.py
View File

@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
from __future__ import absolute_import
from .http10 import HTTP10DownloadHandler
from .http11 import HTTP11DownloadHandler as HTTPDownloadHandler
from scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http10 import HTTP10DownloadHandler
from scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http11 import (
HTTP11DownloadHandler as HTTPDownloadHandler,
)

18
scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/http10.py
View File

@ -1,17 +1,23 @@
"""Download handlers for http and https schemes
"""
from twisted.internet import reactor
from scrapy.utils.misc import load_object, create_instance
from scrapy.utils.misc import create_instance, load_object
from scrapy.utils.python import to_unicode
class HTTP10DownloadHandler(object):
class HTTP10DownloadHandler:
lazy = False
def __init__(self, settings):
def __init__(self, settings, crawler=None):
self.HTTPClientFactory = load_object(settings['DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY'])
self.ClientContextFactory = load_object(settings['DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY'])
self._settings = settings
self._crawler = crawler
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
return cls(crawler.settings, crawler)
def download_request(self, request, spider):
"""Return a deferred for the HTTP download"""
@ -22,7 +28,11 @@ class HTTP10DownloadHandler(object):
def _connect(self, factory):
host, port = to_unicode(factory.host), factory.port
if factory.scheme == b'https':
client_context_factory = create_instance(self.ClientContextFactory, settings=self._settings, crawler=None)
client_context_factory = create_instance(
objcls=self.ClientContextFactory,
settings=self._settings,
crawler=self._crawler,
)
return reactor.connectSSL(host, port, factory, client_context_factory)
else:
return reactor.connectTCP(host, port, factory)

69
scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/http11.py
View File

@ -1,36 +1,38 @@
"""Download handlers for http and https schemes"""
import re
import logging
import re
import warnings
from contextlib import suppress
from io import BytesIO
from time import time
import warnings
from six.moves.urllib.parse import urldefrag
from urllib.parse import urldefrag
from zope.interface import implementer
from twisted.internet import defer, reactor, protocol
from twisted.internet import defer, protocol, reactor, ssl
from twisted.internet.endpoints import TCP4ClientEndpoint
from twisted.internet.error import TimeoutError
from twisted.web.client import Agent, HTTPConnectionPool, ResponseDone, ResponseFailed, URI
from twisted.web.http import _DataLoss, PotentialDataLoss
from twisted.web.http_headers import Headers as TxHeaders
from twisted.web.iweb import IBodyProducer, UNKNOWN_LENGTH
from twisted.internet.error import TimeoutError
from twisted.web.http import _DataLoss, PotentialDataLoss
from twisted.web.client import Agent, ResponseDone, HTTPConnectionPool, ResponseFailed, URI
from twisted.internet.endpoints import TCP4ClientEndpoint
from zope.interface import implementer
from scrapy.core.downloader.tls import openssl_methods
from scrapy.core.downloader.webclient import _parse
from scrapy.exceptions import ScrapyDeprecationWarning
from scrapy.http import Headers
from scrapy.responsetypes import responsetypes
from scrapy.core.downloader.webclient import _parse
from scrapy.core.downloader.tls import openssl_methods
from scrapy.utils.misc import load_object, create_instance
from scrapy.utils.misc import create_instance, load_object
from scrapy.utils.python import to_bytes, to_unicode
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
class HTTP11DownloadHandler(object):
class HTTP11DownloadHandler:
lazy = False
def __init__(self, settings):
def __init__(self, settings, crawler=None):
self._pool = HTTPConnectionPool(reactor, persistent=True)
self._pool.maxPersistentPerHost = settings.getint('CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN')
self._pool._factory.noisy = False
@ -40,17 +42,17 @@ class HTTP11DownloadHandler(object):
# try method-aware context factory
try:
self._contextFactory = create_instance(
self._contextFactoryClass,
objcls=self._contextFactoryClass,
settings=settings,
crawler=None,
crawler=crawler,
method=self._sslMethod,
)
except TypeError:
# use context factory defaults
self._contextFactory = create_instance(
self._contextFactoryClass,
objcls=self._contextFactoryClass,
settings=settings,
crawler=None,
crawler=crawler,
)
msg = """
'%s' does not accept `method` argument (type OpenSSL.SSL method,\
@ -63,6 +65,10 @@ class HTTP11DownloadHandler(object):
self._fail_on_dataloss = settings.getbool('DOWNLOAD_FAIL_ON_DATALOSS')
self._disconnect_timeout = 1
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
return cls(crawler.settings, crawler)
def download_request(self, request, spider):
"""Return a deferred for the HTTP download"""
agent = ScrapyAgent(
@ -174,7 +180,7 @@ def tunnel_request_data(host, port, proxy_auth_header=None):
r"""
Return binary content of a CONNECT request.
>>> from scrapy.utils.python import to_native_str as s
>>> from scrapy.utils.python import to_unicode as s
>>> s(tunnel_request_data("example.com", 8080))
'CONNECT example.com:8080 HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: example.com:8080\r\n\r\n'
>>> s(tunnel_request_data("example.com", 8080, b"123"))
@ -285,6 +291,12 @@ class ScrapyAgent(object):
scheme = _parse(request.url)[0]
proxyHost = to_unicode(proxyHost)
omitConnectTunnel = b'noconnect' in proxyParams
if omitConnectTunnel:
warnings.warn("Using HTTPS proxies in the noconnect mode is deprecated. "
"If you use Crawlera, it doesn't require this mode anymore, "
"so you should update scrapy-crawlera to 1.3.0+ "
"and remove '?noconnect' from the Crawlera URL.",
ScrapyDeprecationWarning)
if scheme == b'https' and not omitConnectTunnel:
proxyAuth = request.headers.get(b'Proxy-Authorization', None)
proxyConf = (proxyHost, proxyPort, proxyAuth)
@ -371,7 +383,7 @@ class ScrapyAgent(object):
def _cb_bodyready(self, txresponse, request):
# deliverBody hangs for responses without body
if txresponse.length == 0:
return txresponse, b'', None
return txresponse, b'', None, None
maxsize = request.meta.get('download_maxsize', self._maxsize)
warnsize = request.meta.get('download_warnsize', self._warnsize)
@ -407,11 +419,12 @@ class ScrapyAgent(object):
return d
def _cb_bodydone(self, result, request, url):
txresponse, body, flags = result
txresponse, body, flags, certificate = result
status = int(txresponse.code)
headers = Headers(txresponse.headers.getAllRawHeaders())
respcls = responsetypes.from_args(headers=headers, url=url, body=body)
return respcls(url=url, status=status, headers=headers, body=body, flags=flags)
return respcls(url=url, status=status, headers=headers, body=body,
flags=flags, certificate=certificate)
@implementer(IBodyProducer)
@ -445,6 +458,12 @@ class _ResponseReader(protocol.Protocol):
self._fail_on_dataloss_warned = False
self._reached_warnsize = False
self._bytes_received = 0
self._certificate = None
def connectionMade(self):
if self._certificate is None:
with suppress(AttributeError):
self._certificate = ssl.Certificate(self.transport._producer.getPeerCertificate())
def dataReceived(self, bodyBytes):
# This maybe called several times after cancel was called with buffered data.
@ -477,16 +496,16 @@ class _ResponseReader(protocol.Protocol):
body = self._bodybuf.getvalue()
if reason.check(ResponseDone):
self._finished.callback((self._txresponse, body, None))
self._finished.callback((self._txresponse, body, None, self._certificate))
return
if reason.check(PotentialDataLoss):
self._finished.callback((self._txresponse, body, ['partial']))
self._finished.callback((self._txresponse, body, ['partial'], self._certificate))
return
if reason.check(ResponseFailed) and any(r.check(_DataLoss) for r in reason.value.reasons):
if not self._fail_on_dataloss:
self._finished.callback((self._txresponse, body, ['dataloss']))
self._finished.callback((self._txresponse, body, ['dataloss'], self._certificate))
return
elif not self._fail_on_dataloss_warned:

29
scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/s3.py
View File

@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
from six.moves.urllib.parse import unquote
from urllib.parse import unquote
from scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http import HTTPDownloadHandler
from scrapy.exceptions import NotConfigured
from scrapy.utils.httpobj import urlparse_cached
from scrapy.utils.boto import is_botocore
from .http import HTTPDownloadHandler
from scrapy.utils.httpobj import urlparse_cached
from scrapy.utils.misc import create_instance
def _get_boto_connection():
@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ def _get_boto_connection():
return http_request.headers
try:
import boto.auth
import boto.auth # noqa: F401
except ImportError:
_S3Connection = _v19_S3Connection
else:
@ -30,11 +31,12 @@ def _get_boto_connection():
return _S3Connection
class S3DownloadHandler(object):
def __init__(self, settings, aws_access_key_id=None, aws_secret_access_key=None, \
httpdownloadhandler=HTTPDownloadHandler, **kw):
class S3DownloadHandler:
def __init__(self, settings, *,
crawler=None,
aws_access_key_id=None, aws_secret_access_key=None,
httpdownloadhandler=HTTPDownloadHandler, **kw):
if not aws_access_key_id:
aws_access_key_id = settings['AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID']
if not aws_secret_access_key:
@ -67,7 +69,16 @@ class S3DownloadHandler(object):
except Exception as ex:
raise NotConfigured(str(ex))
self._download_http = httpdownloadhandler(settings).download_request
_http_handler = create_instance(
objcls=httpdownloadhandler,
settings=settings,
crawler=crawler,
)
self._download_http = _http_handler.download_request
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler, **kwargs):
return cls(crawler.settings, crawler=crawler, **kwargs)
def download_request(self, request, spider):
p = urlparse_cached(request)

16
scrapy/core/downloader/middleware.py
View File

@ -3,14 +3,12 @@ Downloader Middleware manager
See documentation in docs/topics/downloader-middleware.rst
"""
import six
from twisted.internet import defer
from scrapy.exceptions import _InvalidOutput
from scrapy.http import Request, Response
from scrapy.middleware import MiddlewareManager
from scrapy.utils.defer import mustbe_deferred
from scrapy.utils.defer import mustbe_deferred, deferred_from_coro
from scrapy.utils.conf import build_component_list
@ -35,10 +33,10 @@ class DownloaderMiddlewareManager(MiddlewareManager):
@defer.inlineCallbacks
def process_request(request):
for method in self.methods['process_request']:
response = yield method(request=request, spider=spider)
response = yield deferred_from_coro(method(request=request, spider=spider))
if response is not None and not isinstance(response, (Response, Request)):
raise _InvalidOutput('Middleware %s.process_request must return None, Response or Request, got %s' % \
(six.get_method_self(method).__class__.__name__, response.__class__.__name__))
(method.__self__.__class__.__name__, response.__class__.__name__))
if response:
defer.returnValue(response)
defer.returnValue((yield download_func(request=request, spider=spider)))
@ -50,10 +48,10 @@ class DownloaderMiddlewareManager(MiddlewareManager):
defer.returnValue(response)
for method in self.methods['process_response']:
response = yield method(request=request, response=response, spider=spider)
response = yield deferred_from_coro(method(request=request, response=response, spider=spider))
if not isinstance(response, (Response, Request)):
raise _InvalidOutput('Middleware %s.process_response must return Response or Request, got %s' % \
(six.get_method_self(method).__class__.__name__, type(response)))
(method.__self__.__class__.__name__, type(response)))
if isinstance(response, Request):
defer.returnValue(response)
defer.returnValue(response)
@ -62,10 +60,10 @@ class DownloaderMiddlewareManager(MiddlewareManager):
def process_exception(_failure):
exception = _failure.value
for method in self.methods['process_exception']:
response = yield method(request=request, exception=exception, spider=spider)
response = yield deferred_from_coro(method(request=request, exception=exception, spider=spider))
if response is not None and not isinstance(response, (Response, Request)):
raise _InvalidOutput('Middleware %s.process_exception must return None, Response or Request, got %s' % \
(six.get_method_self(method).__class__.__name__, type(response)))
(method.__self__.__class__.__name__, type(response)))
if response:
defer.returnValue(response)
defer.returnValue(_failure)

1
scrapy/core/downloader/tls.py
View File

@ -89,4 +89,5 @@ class ScrapyClientTLSOptions(ClientTLSOptions):
'from host "{}" (exception: {})'.format(
self._hostnameASCII, repr(e)))
DEFAULT_CIPHERS = AcceptableCiphers.fromOpenSSLCipherString('DEFAULT')

13
scrapy/core/downloader/webclient.py
View File

@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
from time import time
from six.moves.urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse, urldefrag
from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse, urldefrag
from twisted.web.client import HTTPClientFactory
from twisted.web.http import HTTPClient
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class ScrapyHTTPPageGetter(HTTPClient):
delimiter = b'\n'
def connectionMade(self):
self.headers = Headers() # bucket for response headers
self.headers = Headers() # bucket for response headers
# Method command
self.sendCommand(self.factory.method, self.factory.path)
@ -88,9 +88,9 @@ class ScrapyHTTPPageGetter(HTTPClient):
if self.factory.url.startswith(b'https'):
self.transport.stopProducing()
self.factory.noPage(\
defer.TimeoutError("Getting %s took longer than %s seconds." % \
(self.factory.url, self.factory.timeout)))
self.factory.noPage(
defer.TimeoutError("Getting %s took longer than %s seconds." %
(self.factory.url, self.factory.timeout)))
class ScrapyHTTPClientFactory(HTTPClientFactory):
@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class ScrapyHTTPClientFactory(HTTPClientFactory):
self.headers['Content-Length'] = 0
def _build_response(self, body, request):
request.meta['download_latency'] = self.headers_time-self.start_time
request.meta['download_latency'] = self.headers_time - self.start_time
status = int(self.status)
headers = Headers(self.response_headers)
respcls = responsetypes.from_args(headers=headers, url=self._url)
@ -157,4 +157,3 @@ class ScrapyHTTPClientFactory(HTTPClientFactory):
def gotHeaders(self, headers):
self.headers_time = time()
self.response_headers = headers

3
scrapy/core/engine.py
View File

@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class Slot(object):
def __init__(self, start_requests, close_if_idle, nextcall, scheduler):
self.closing = False
self.inprogress = set() # requests in progress
self.inprogress = set() # requests in progress
self.start_requests = iter(start_requests)
self.close_if_idle = close_if_idle
self.nextcall = nextcall
@ -230,6 +230,7 @@ class ExecutionEngine(object):
def _download(self, request, spider):
slot = self.slot
slot.add_request(request)
def _on_success(response):
assert isinstance(response, (Response, Request))
if isinstance(response, Response):

30
scrapy/core/scheduler.py
View File

@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class Scheduler(object):
if self.dqs is None:
return
try:
self.dqs.push(request, -request.priority)
self.dqs.push(request)
except ValueError as e: # non serializable request
if self.logunser:
msg = ("Unable to serialize request: %(request)s - reason:"
@ -135,35 +135,29 @@ class Scheduler(object):
return True
def _mqpush(self, request):
self.mqs.push(request, -request.priority)
self.mqs.push(request)
def _dqpop(self):
if self.dqs:
return self.dqs.pop()
def _newmq(self, priority):
""" Factory for creating memory queues. """
return self.mqclass()
def _newdq(self, priority):
""" Factory for creating disk queues. """
path = join(self.dqdir, 'p%s' % (priority, ))
return self.dqclass(path)
def _mq(self):
""" Create a new priority queue instance, with in-memory storage """
return create_instance(self.pqclass, None, self.crawler, self._newmq,
serialize=False)
return create_instance(self.pqclass,
settings=None,
crawler=self.crawler,
downstream_queue_cls=self.mqclass,
key='')
def _dq(self):
""" Create a new priority queue instance, with disk storage """
state = self._read_dqs_state(self.dqdir)
q = create_instance(self.pqclass,
None,
self.crawler,
self._newdq,
state,
serialize=True)
settings=None,
crawler=self.crawler,
downstream_queue_cls=self.dqclass,
key=self.dqdir,
startprios=state)
if q:
logger.info("Resuming crawl (%(queuesize)d requests scheduled)",
{'queuesize': len(q)}, extra={'spider': self.spider})

54
scrapy/core/scraper.py
View File

@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ from twisted.internet import defer
from scrapy.utils.defer import defer_result, defer_succeed, parallel, iter_errback
from scrapy.utils.spider import iterate_spider_output
from scrapy.utils.misc import load_object
from scrapy.utils.misc import load_object, warn_on_generator_with_return_value
from scrapy.utils.log import logformatter_adapter, failure_to_exc_info
from scrapy.exceptions import CloseSpider, DropItem, IgnoreRequest
from scrapy import signals
from scrapy.http import Request, Response
from scrapy.item import BaseItem
from scrapy.core.spidermw import SpiderMiddlewareManager
from scrapy.utils.request import referer_str
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class Scraper(object):
@defer.inlineCallbacks
def open_spider(self, spider):
"""Open the given spider for scraping and allocate resources for it"""
self.slot = Slot()
self.slot = Slot(self.crawler.settings.getint('SCRAPER_SLOT_MAX_ACTIVE_SIZE'))
yield self.itemproc.open_spider(spider)
def close_spider(self, spider):
@ -99,11 +99,13 @@ class Scraper(object):
def enqueue_scrape(self, response, request, spider):
slot = self.slot
dfd = slot.add_response_request(response, request)
def finish_scraping(_):
slot.finish_response(response, request)
self._check_if_closing(spider, slot)
self._scrape_next(spider, slot)
return _
dfd.addBoth(finish_scraping)
dfd.addErrback(
lambda f: logger.error('Scraper bug processing %(request)s',
@ -123,7 +125,7 @@ class Scraper(object):
callback/errback"""
assert isinstance(response, (Response, Failure))
dfd = self._scrape2(response, request, spider) # returns spiders processed output
dfd = self._scrape2(response, request, spider) # returns spider's processed output
dfd.addErrback(self.handle_spider_error, request, response, spider)
dfd.addCallback(self.handle_spider_output, request, response, spider)
return dfd
@ -142,7 +144,10 @@ class Scraper(object):
def call_spider(self, result, request, spider):
result.request = request
dfd = defer_result(result)
dfd.addCallbacks(callback=request.callback or spider.parse,
callback = request.callback or spider.parse
warn_on_generator_with_return_value(spider, callback)
warn_on_generator_with_return_value(spider, request.errback)
dfd.addCallbacks(callback=callback,
errback=request.errback,
callbackKeywords=request.cb_kwargs)
return dfd.addCallback(iterate_spider_output)
@ -152,9 +157,9 @@ class Scraper(object):
if isinstance(exc, CloseSpider):
self.crawler.engine.close_spider(spider, exc.reason or 'cancelled')
return
logger.error(
"Spider error processing %(request)s (referer: %(referer)s)",
{'request': request, 'referer': referer_str(request)},
logkws = self.logformatter.spider_error(_failure, request, response, spider)
logger.log(
*logformatter_adapter(logkws),
exc_info=failure_to_exc_info(_failure),
extra={'spider': spider}
)
@ -172,8 +177,8 @@ class Scraper(object):
if not result:
return defer_succeed(None)
it = iter_errback(result, self.handle_spider_error, request, response, spider)
dfd = parallel(it, self.concurrent_items,
self._process_spidermw_output, request, response, spider)
dfd = parallel(it, self.concurrent_items, self._process_spidermw_output,
request, response, spider)
return dfd
def _process_spidermw_output(self, output, request, response, spider):
@ -200,19 +205,23 @@ class Scraper(object):
"""Log and silence errors that come from the engine (typically download
errors that got propagated thru here)
"""
if (isinstance(download_failure, Failure) and
not download_failure.check(IgnoreRequest)):
if isinstance(download_failure, Failure) and not download_failure.check(IgnoreRequest):
if download_failure.frames:
logger.error('Error downloading %(request)s',
{'request': request},
exc_info=failure_to_exc_info(download_failure),
extra={'spider': spider})
logkws = self.logformatter.download_error(download_failure, request, spider)
logger.log(
*logformatter_adapter(logkws),
extra={'spider': spider},
exc_info=failure_to_exc_info(download_failure),
)
else:
errmsg = download_failure.getErrorMessage()
if errmsg:
logger.error('Error downloading %(request)s: %(errmsg)s',
{'request': request, 'errmsg': errmsg},
extra={'spider': spider})
logkws = self.logformatter.download_error(
download_failure, request, spider, errmsg)
logger.log(
*logformatter_adapter(logkws),
extra={'spider': spider},
)
if spider_failure is not download_failure:
return spider_failure
@ -231,9 +240,9 @@ class Scraper(object):
signal=signals.item_dropped, item=item, response=response,
spider=spider, exception=output.value)
else:
logger.error('Error processing %(item)s', {'item': item},
exc_info=failure_to_exc_info(output),
extra={'spider': spider})
logkws = self.logformatter.item_error(item, ex, response, spider)
logger.log(*logformatter_adapter(logkws), extra={'spider': spider},
exc_info=failure_to_exc_info(output))
return self.signals.send_catch_log_deferred(
signal=signals.item_error, item=item, response=response,
spider=spider, failure=output)
@ -244,4 +253,3 @@ class Scraper(object):
return self.signals.send_catch_log_deferred(
signal=signals.item_scraped, item=output, response=response,
spider=spider)

71
scrapy/core/spidermw.py
View File

@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ Spider Middleware manager
See documentation in docs/topics/spider-middleware.rst
"""
from itertools import chain, islice
from itertools import islice
import six
from twisted.python.failure import Failure
from scrapy.exceptions import _InvalidOutput
from scrapy.middleware import MiddlewareManager
from scrapy.utils.defer import mustbe_deferred
from scrapy.utils.conf import build_component_list
from scrapy.utils.defer import mustbe_deferred
from scrapy.utils.python import MutableChain
@ -18,6 +18,13 @@ def _isiterable(possible_iterator):
return hasattr(possible_iterator, '__iter__')
def _fname(f):
return "%s.%s".format(
f.__self__.__class__.__name__,
f.__func__.__name__
)
class SpiderMiddlewareManager(MiddlewareManager):
component_name = 'spider middleware'
@ -32,27 +39,36 @@ class SpiderMiddlewareManager(MiddlewareManager):
self.methods['process_spider_input'].append(mw.process_spider_input)
if hasattr(mw, 'process_start_requests'):
self.methods['process_start_requests'].appendleft(mw.process_start_requests)
self.methods['process_spider_output'].appendleft(getattr(mw, 'process_spider_output', None))
self.methods['process_spider_exception'].appendleft(getattr(mw, 'process_spider_exception', None))
process_spider_output = getattr(mw, 'process_spider_output', None)
self.methods['process_spider_output'].appendleft(process_spider_output)
process_spider_exception = getattr(mw, 'process_spider_exception', None)
self.methods['process_spider_exception'].appendleft(process_spider_exception)
def scrape_response(self, scrape_func, response, request, spider):
fname = lambda f:'%s.%s' % (
six.get_method_self(f).__class__.__name__,
six.get_method_function(f).__name__)
def process_spider_input(response):
for method in self.methods['process_spider_input']:
try:
result = method(response=response, spider=spider)
if result is not None:
raise _InvalidOutput('Middleware {} must return None or raise an exception, got {}' \
.format(fname(method), type(result)))
msg = "Middleware {} must return None or raise an exception, got {}"
raise _InvalidOutput(msg.format(_fname(method), type(result)))
except _InvalidOutput:
raise
except Exception:
return scrape_func(Failure(), request, spider)
return scrape_func(response, request, spider)
def _evaluate_iterable(iterable, exception_processor_index, recover_to):
try:
for r in iterable:
yield r
except Exception as ex:
exception_result = process_spider_exception(Failure(ex), exception_processor_index)
if isinstance(exception_result, Failure):
raise
recover_to.extend(exception_result)
def process_spider_exception(_failure, start_index=0):
exception = _failure.value
# don't handle _InvalidOutput exception
@ -66,12 +82,12 @@ class SpiderMiddlewareManager(MiddlewareManager):
if _isiterable(result):
# stop exception handling by handing control over to the
# process_spider_output chain if an iterable has been returned
return process_spider_output(result, method_index+1)
return process_spider_output(result, method_index + 1)
elif result is None:
continue
else:
raise _InvalidOutput('Middleware {} must return None or an iterable, got {}' \
.format(fname(method), type(result)))
msg = "Middleware {} must return None or an iterable, got {}"
raise _InvalidOutput(msg.format(_fname(method), type(result)))
return _failure
def process_spider_output(result, start_index=0):
@ -79,38 +95,33 @@ class SpiderMiddlewareManager(MiddlewareManager):
# chain, they went through it already from the process_spider_exception method
recovered = MutableChain()
def evaluate_iterable(iterable, index):
try:
for r in iterable:
yield r
except Exception as ex:
exception_result = process_spider_exception(Failure(ex), index+1)
if isinstance(exception_result, Failure):
raise
recovered.extend(exception_result)
method_list = islice(self.methods['process_spider_output'], start_index, None)
for method_index, method in enumerate(method_list, start=start_index):
if method is None:
continue
# the following might fail directly if the output value is not a generator
try:
# might fail directly if the output value is not a generator
result = method(response=response, result=result, spider=spider)
except Exception as ex:
exception_result = process_spider_exception(Failure(ex), method_index+1)
exception_result = process_spider_exception(Failure(ex), method_index + 1)
if isinstance(exception_result, Failure):
raise
return exception_result
if _isiterable(result):
result = evaluate_iterable(result, method_index)
result = _evaluate_iterable(result, method_index + 1, recovered)
else:
raise _InvalidOutput('Middleware {} must return an iterable, got {}' \
.format(fname(method), type(result)))
msg = "Middleware {} must return an iterable, got {}"
raise _InvalidOutput(msg.format(_fname(method), type(result)))
return chain(result, recovered)
return MutableChain(result, recovered)
def process_callback_output(result):
recovered = MutableChain()
result = _evaluate_iterable(result, 0, recovered)
return MutableChain(process_spider_output(result), recovered)
dfd = mustbe_deferred(process_spider_input, response)
dfd.addCallbacks(callback=process_spider_output, errback=process_spider_exception)
dfd.addCallbacks(callback=process_callback_output, errback=process_spider_exception)
return dfd
def process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider):

98
scrapy/crawler.py
View File

@ -1,36 +1,38 @@
import six
import signal
import logging
import pprint
import signal
import warnings
import sys
from twisted.internet import reactor, defer
from zope.interface.verify import verifyClass, DoesNotImplement
from twisted.internet import defer
from zope.interface.verify import DoesNotImplement, verifyClass
from scrapy import Spider
from scrapy import signals, Spider
from scrapy.core.engine import ExecutionEngine
from scrapy.resolver import CachingThreadedResolver
from scrapy.interfaces import ISpiderLoader
from scrapy.exceptions import ScrapyDeprecationWarning
from scrapy.extension import ExtensionManager
from scrapy.interfaces import ISpiderLoader
from scrapy.settings import overridden_settings, Settings
from scrapy.signalmanager import SignalManager
from scrapy.exceptions import ScrapyDeprecationWarning
from scrapy.utils.ossignal import install_shutdown_handlers, signal_names
from scrapy.utils.misc import load_object
from scrapy.utils.log import (
LogCounterHandler, configure_logging, log_scrapy_info,
get_scrapy_root_handler, install_scrapy_root_handler)
from scrapy import signals
configure_logging,
get_scrapy_root_handler,
install_scrapy_root_handler,
log_scrapy_info,
LogCounterHandler,
)
from scrapy.utils.misc import create_instance, load_object
from scrapy.utils.ossignal import install_shutdown_handlers, signal_names
from scrapy.utils.reactor import install_reactor, verify_installed_reactor
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
class Crawler(object):
class Crawler:
def __init__(self, spidercls, settings=None):
if isinstance(spidercls, Spider):
raise ValueError(
'The spidercls argument must be a class, not an object')
raise ValueError('The spidercls argument must be a class, not an object')
if isinstance(settings, dict) or settings is None:
settings = Settings(settings)
@ -46,7 +48,8 @@ class Crawler(object):
logging.root.addHandler(handler)
d = dict(overridden_settings(self.settings))
logger.info("Overridden settings: %(settings)r", {'settings': d})
logger.info("Overridden settings:\n%(settings)s",
{'settings': pprint.pformat(d)})
if get_scrapy_root_handler() is not None:
# scrapy root handler already installed: update it with new settings
@ -88,20 +91,9 @@ class Crawler(object):
yield self.engine.open_spider(self.spider, start_requests)
yield defer.maybeDeferred(self.engine.start)
except Exception:
# In Python 2 reraising an exception after yield discards
# the original traceback (see https://bugs.python.org/issue7563),
# so sys.exc_info() workaround is used.
# This workaround also works in Python 3, but it is not needed,
# and it is slower, so in Python 3 we use native `raise`.
if six.PY2:
exc_info = sys.exc_info()
self.crawling = False
if self.engine is not None:
yield self.engine.close()
if six.PY2:
six.reraise(*exc_info)
raise
def _create_spider(self, *args, **kwargs):
@ -119,10 +111,10 @@ class Crawler(object):
yield defer.maybeDeferred(self.engine.stop)
class CrawlerRunner(object):
class CrawlerRunner:
"""
This is a convenient helper class that keeps track of, manages and runs
crawlers inside an already setup Twisted `reactor`_.
crawlers inside an already setup :mod:`~twisted.internet.reactor`.
The CrawlerRunner object must be instantiated with a
:class:`~scrapy.settings.Settings` object.
@ -146,6 +138,7 @@ class CrawlerRunner(object):
self._crawlers = set()
self._active = set()
self.bootstrap_failed = False
self._handle_twisted_reactor()
@property
def spiders(self):
@ -216,7 +209,7 @@ class CrawlerRunner(object):
return self._create_crawler(crawler_or_spidercls)
def _create_crawler(self, spidercls):
if isinstance(spidercls, six.string_types):
if isinstance(spidercls, str):
spidercls = self.spider_loader.load(spidercls)
return Crawler(spidercls, self.settings)
@ -239,18 +232,23 @@ class CrawlerRunner(object):
while self._active:
yield defer.DeferredList(self._active)
def _handle_twisted_reactor(self):
if self.settings.get("TWISTED_REACTOR"):
verify_installed_reactor(self.settings["TWISTED_REACTOR"])
class CrawlerProcess(CrawlerRunner):
"""
A class to run multiple scrapy crawlers in a process simultaneously.
This class extends :class:`~scrapy.crawler.CrawlerRunner` by adding support
for starting a Twisted `reactor`_ and handling shutdown signals, like the
keyboard interrupt command Ctrl-C. It also configures top-level logging.
for starting a :mod:`~twisted.internet.reactor` and handling shutdown
signals, like the keyboard interrupt command Ctrl-C. It also configures
top-level logging.
This utility should be a better fit than
:class:`~scrapy.crawler.CrawlerRunner` if you aren't running another
Twisted `reactor`_ within your application.
:mod:`~twisted.internet.reactor` within your application.
The CrawlerProcess object must be instantiated with a
:class:`~scrapy.settings.Settings` object.
@ -270,6 +268,7 @@ class CrawlerProcess(CrawlerRunner):
log_scrapy_info(self.settings)
def _signal_shutdown(self, signum, _):
from twisted.internet import reactor
install_shutdown_handlers(self._signal_kill)
signame = signal_names[signum]
logger.info("Received %(signame)s, shutting down gracefully. Send again to force ",
@ -277,6 +276,7 @@ class CrawlerProcess(CrawlerRunner):
reactor.callFromThread(self._graceful_stop_reactor)
def _signal_kill(self, signum, _):
from twisted.internet import reactor
install_shutdown_handlers(signal.SIG_IGN)
signame = signal_names[signum]
logger.info('Received %(signame)s twice, forcing unclean shutdown',
@ -285,9 +285,9 @@ class CrawlerProcess(CrawlerRunner):
def start(self, stop_after_crawl=True):
"""
This method starts a Twisted `reactor`_, adjusts its pool size to
:setting:`REACTOR_THREADPOOL_MAXSIZE`, and installs a DNS cache based
on :setting:`DNSCACHE_ENABLED` and :setting:`DNSCACHE_SIZE`.
This method starts a :mod:`~twisted.internet.reactor`, adjusts its pool
size to :setting:`REACTOR_THREADPOOL_MAXSIZE`, and installs a DNS cache
based on :setting:`DNSCACHE_ENABLED` and :setting:`DNSCACHE_SIZE`.
If ``stop_after_crawl`` is True, the reactor will be stopped after all
crawlers have finished, using :meth:`join`.
@ -295,6 +295,7 @@ class CrawlerProcess(CrawlerRunner):
:param boolean stop_after_crawl: stop or not the reactor when all
crawlers have finished
"""
from twisted.internet import reactor
if stop_after_crawl:
d = self.join()
# Don't start the reactor if the deferreds are already fired
@ -302,34 +303,31 @@ class CrawlerProcess(CrawlerRunner):
return
d.addBoth(self._stop_reactor)
reactor.installResolver(self._get_dns_resolver())
resolver_class = load_object(self.settings["DNS_RESOLVER"])
resolver = create_instance(resolver_class, self.settings, self, reactor=reactor)
resolver.install_on_reactor()
tp = reactor.getThreadPool()
tp.adjustPoolsize(maxthreads=self.settings.getint('REACTOR_THREADPOOL_MAXSIZE'))
reactor.addSystemEventTrigger('before', 'shutdown', self.stop)
reactor.run(installSignalHandlers=False) # blocking call
def _get_dns_resolver(self):
if self.settings.getbool('DNSCACHE_ENABLED'):
cache_size = self.settings.getint('DNSCACHE_SIZE')
else:
cache_size = 0
return CachingThreadedResolver(
reactor=reactor,
cache_size=cache_size,
timeout=self.settings.getfloat('DNS_TIMEOUT')
)
def _graceful_stop_reactor(self):
d = self.stop()
d.addBoth(self._stop_reactor)
return d
def _stop_reactor(self, _=None):
from twisted.internet import reactor
try:
reactor.stop()
except RuntimeError: # raised if already stopped or in shutdown stage
pass
def _handle_twisted_reactor(self):
if self.settings.get("TWISTED_REACTOR"):
install_reactor(self.settings["TWISTED_REACTOR"])
super()._handle_twisted_reactor()
def _get_spider_loader(settings):
""" Get SpiderLoader instance from settings """

8
scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/ajaxcrawl.py
View File

@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import absolute_import
import re
import logging
import six
from w3lib import html
from scrapy.exceptions import NotConfigured
@ -49,7 +47,7 @@ class AjaxCrawlMiddleware(object):
return response
# scrapy already handles #! links properly
ajax_crawl_request = request.replace(url=request.url+'#!')
ajax_crawl_request = request.replace(url=request.url + '#!')
logger.debug("Downloading AJAX crawlable %(ajax_crawl_request)s instead of %(request)s",
{'ajax_crawl_request': ajax_crawl_request, 'request': request},
extra={'spider': spider})
@ -67,7 +65,9 @@ class AjaxCrawlMiddleware(object):
# XXX: move it to w3lib?
_ajax_crawlable_re = re.compile(six.u(r'<meta\s+name=["\']fragment["\']\s+content=["\']!["\']/?>'))
_ajax_crawlable_re = re.compile(r'<meta\s+name=["\']fragment["\']\s+content=["\']!["\']/?>')
def _has_ajaxcrawlable_meta(text):
"""
>>> _has_ajaxcrawlable_meta('<html><head><meta name="fragment" content="!"/></head><body></body></html>')

15
scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/cookies.py
View File

@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
import os
import six
import logging
from collections import defaultdict
from scrapy.exceptions import NotConfigured
from scrapy.http import Response
from scrapy.http.cookies import CookieJar
from scrapy.utils.python import to_native_str
from scrapy.utils.python import to_unicode
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ class CookiesMiddleware(object):
def _debug_cookie(self, request, spider):
if self.debug:
cl = [to_native_str(c, errors='replace')
cl = [to_unicode(c, errors='replace')
for c in request.headers.getlist('Cookie')]
if cl:
cookies = "\n".join("Cookie: {}\n".format(c) for c in cl)
@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ class CookiesMiddleware(object):
def _debug_set_cookie(self, response, spider):
if self.debug:
cl = [to_native_str(c, errors='replace')
cl = [to_unicode(c, errors='replace')
for c in response.headers.getlist('Set-Cookie')]
if cl:
cookies = "\n".join("Set-Cookie: {}\n".format(c) for c in cl)
@ -82,8 +81,10 @@ class CookiesMiddleware(object):
def _get_request_cookies(self, jar, request):
if isinstance(request.cookies, dict):
cookie_list = [{'name': k, 'value': v} for k, v in \
six.iteritems(request.cookies)]
cookie_list = [
{'name': k, 'value': v}
for k, v in request.cookies.items()
]
else:
cookie_list = request.cookies

15
scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/decompression.py
View File

@ -4,20 +4,15 @@ and extract the potentially compressed responses that may arrive.
import bz2
import gzip
import zipfile
import tarfile
import logging
import tarfile
import zipfile
from io import BytesIO
from tempfile import mktemp
import six
try:
from cStringIO import StringIO as BytesIO
except ImportError:
from io import BytesIO
from scrapy.responsetypes import responsetypes
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@ -79,7 +74,7 @@ class DecompressionMiddleware(object):
if not response.body:
return response
for fmt, func in six.iteritems(self._formats):
for fmt, func in self._formats.items():
new_response = func(response)
if new_response:
logger.debug('Decompressed response with format: %(responsefmt)s',

16
scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/httpcache.py
View File

@ -1,11 +1,19 @@
from email.utils import formatdate
from twisted.internet import defer
from twisted.internet.error import TimeoutError, DNSLookupError, \
ConnectionRefusedError, ConnectionDone, ConnectError, \
ConnectionLost, TCPTimedOutError
from twisted.internet.error import (
ConnectError,
ConnectionDone,
ConnectionLost,
ConnectionRefusedError,
DNSLookupError,
TCPTimedOutError,
TimeoutError,
)
from twisted.web.client import ResponseFailed
from scrapy import signals
from scrapy.exceptions import NotConfigured, IgnoreRequest
from scrapy.exceptions import IgnoreRequest, NotConfigured
from scrapy.utils.misc import load_object

7
scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/httpcompression.py
View File

@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class HttpCompressionMiddleware(object):
def process_request(self, request, spider):
request.headers.setdefault('Accept-Encoding',
b",".join(ACCEPTED_ENCODINGS))
b", ".join(ACCEPTED_ENCODINGS))
def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
@ -37,8 +37,9 @@ class HttpCompressionMiddleware(object):
if content_encoding:
encoding = content_encoding.pop()
decoded_body = self._decode(response.body, encoding.lower())
respcls = responsetypes.from_args(headers=response.headers, \
url=response.url, body=decoded_body)
respcls = responsetypes.from_args(
headers=response.headers, url=response.url, body=decoded_body
)
kwargs = dict(cls=respcls, body=decoded_body)
if issubclass(respcls, TextResponse):
# force recalculating the encoding until we make sure the

8
scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/httpproxy.py
View File

@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
import base64
from six.moves.urllib.parse import unquote, urlunparse
from six.moves.urllib.request import getproxies, proxy_bypass
try:
from urllib2 import _parse_proxy
except ImportError:
from urllib.request import _parse_proxy
from urllib.parse import unquote, urlunparse
from urllib.request import getproxies, proxy_bypass, _parse_proxy
from scrapy.exceptions import NotConfigured
from scrapy.utils.httpobj import urlparse_cached

8
scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/redirect.py
View File

@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
import logging
from six.moves.urllib.parse import urljoin
from urllib.parse import urljoin, urlparse
from w3lib.url import safe_url_string
@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse
from scrapy.utils.response import get_meta_refresh
from scrapy.exceptions import IgnoreRequest, NotConfigured
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@ -70,7 +71,10 @@ class RedirectMiddleware(BaseRedirectMiddleware):
if 'Location' not in response.headers or response.status not in allowed_status:
return response
location = safe_url_string(response.headers['location'])
location = safe_url_string(response.headers['Location'])
if response.headers['Location'].startswith(b'//'):
request_scheme = urlparse(request.url).scheme
location = request_scheme + '://' + location.lstrip('/')
redirected_url = urljoin(request.url, location)

2
scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/retry.py
View File

@ -84,6 +84,6 @@ class RetryMiddleware(object):
return retryreq
else:
stats.inc_value('retry/max_reached')
logger.debug("Gave up retrying %(request)s (failed %(retries)d times): %(reason)s",
logger.error("Gave up retrying %(request)s (failed %(retries)d times): %(reason)s",
{'request': request, 'retries': retries, 'reason': reason},
extra={'spider': spider})

3
scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/robotstxt.py
View File

@ -5,15 +5,12 @@ enable this middleware and enable the ROBOTSTXT_OBEY setting.
"""
import logging
import sys
import re
from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred, maybeDeferred
from scrapy.exceptions import NotConfigured, IgnoreRequest
from scrapy.http import Request
from scrapy.utils.httpobj import urlparse_cached
from scrapy.utils.log import failure_to_exc_info
from scrapy.utils.python import to_native_str
from scrapy.utils.misc import load_object
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

4
scrapy/dupefilters.py
View File

@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
from __future__ import print_function
import os
import logging
from scrapy.utils.job import job_dir
from scrapy.utils.request import referer_str, request_fingerprint
class BaseDupeFilter(object):
@classmethod
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class RFPDupeFilter(BaseDupeFilter):
return True
self.fingerprints.add(fp)
if self.file:
self.file.write(fp + os.linesep)
self.file.write(fp + '\n')
def request_fingerprint(self, request):
return request_fingerprint(request)

13
scrapy/exceptions.py
View File

@ -7,10 +7,12 @@ new exceptions here without documenting them there.
# Internal
class NotConfigured(Exception):
"""Indicates a missing configuration situation"""
pass
class _InvalidOutput(TypeError):
"""
Indicates an invalid value has been returned by a middleware's processing method.
@ -18,15 +20,19 @@ class _InvalidOutput(TypeError):
"""
pass
# HTTP and crawling
class IgnoreRequest(Exception):
"""Indicates a decision was made not to process a request"""
class DontCloseSpider(Exception):
"""Request the spider not to be closed yet"""
pass
class CloseSpider(Exception):
"""Raise this from callbacks to request the spider to be closed"""
@ -34,30 +40,37 @@ class CloseSpider(Exception):
super(CloseSpider, self).__init__()
self.reason = reason
# Items
class DropItem(Exception):
"""Drop item from the item pipeline"""
pass
class NotSupported(Exception):
"""Indicates a feature or method is not supported"""
pass
# Commands
class UsageError(Exception):
"""To indicate a command-line usage error"""
def __init__(self, *a, **kw):
self.print_help = kw.pop('print_help', True)
super(UsageError, self).__init__(*a, **kw)
class ScrapyDeprecationWarning(Warning):
"""Warning category for deprecated features, since the default
DeprecationWarning is silenced on Python 2.7+
"""
pass
class ContractFail(AssertionError):
"""Error raised in case of a failing contract"""
pass

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