diff --git a/scrapy/commands/runspider.py b/scrapy/commands/runspider.py
index c41135508..a8db1cd86 100644
--- a/scrapy/commands/runspider.py
+++ b/scrapy/commands/runspider.py
@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@ from os import PathLike
 from pathlib import Path
 from importlib import import_module
 from types import ModuleType
+from typing import Union
 
 from scrapy.utils.spider import iter_spider_classes
 from scrapy.exceptions import UsageError
 from scrapy.commands import BaseRunSpiderCommand
 
 
-def _import_file(filepath: str | PathLike[str]) -> ModuleType:
+def _import_file(filepath: Union[str, PathLike]) -> ModuleType:
     abspath = Path(filepath).resolve()
     dirname = str(abspath.parent)
     if abspath.suffix not in ('.py', '.pyw'):
diff --git a/scrapy/squeues.py b/scrapy/squeues.py
index 1f2dee55f..2fa84fc00 100644
--- a/scrapy/squeues.py
+++ b/scrapy/squeues.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import marshal
 import pickle
 from os import PathLike
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Union
 
 from queuelib import queue
 
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ def _with_mkdir(queue_class):
 
     class DirectoriesCreated(queue_class):
 
-        def __init__(self, path: str | PathLike[str], *args, **kwargs):
+        def __init__(self, path: Union[str, PathLike], *args, **kwargs):
             dirname = Path(path).parent
             if not dirname.exists():
                 dirname.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
diff --git a/scrapy/utils/conf.py b/scrapy/utils/conf.py
index e247f5999..0dfa714e8 100644
--- a/scrapy/utils/conf.py
+++ b/scrapy/utils/conf.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import warnings
 from configparser import ConfigParser
 from operator import itemgetter
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import List, Optional, Union
 
 from scrapy.exceptions import ScrapyDeprecationWarning, UsageError
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ def arglist_to_dict(arglist):
     return dict(x.split('=', 1) for x in arglist)
 
 
-def closest_scrapy_cfg(path: str | os.PathLike[str] = '.', prevpath: Optional[str | os.PathLike] = None) -> str:
+def closest_scrapy_cfg(path: Union[str, os.PathLike] = '.', prevpath: Optional[Union[str, os.PathLike]] = None) -> str:
     """Return the path to the closest scrapy.cfg file by traversing the current
     directory and its parents
     """
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ def get_config(use_closest=True):
     return cfg
 
 
-def get_sources(use_closest=True) -> list[str]:
+def get_sources(use_closest=True) -> List[str]:
     xdg_config_home = os.environ.get('XDG_CONFIG_HOME') or Path('~/.config').expanduser()
     sources = [
         '/etc/scrapy.cfg',
@@ -131,8 +131,8 @@ def feed_complete_default_values_from_settings(feed, settings):
     return out
 
 
-def feed_process_params_from_cli(settings, output: list[str], output_format=None,
-                                 overwrite_output: Optional[list[str]] = None):
+def feed_process_params_from_cli(settings, output: List[str], output_format=None,
+                                 overwrite_output: Optional[List[str]] = None):
     """
     Receives feed export params (from the 'crawl' or 'runspider' commands),
     checks for inconsistencies in their quantities and returns a dictionary
diff --git a/tests/test_commands.py b/tests/test_commands.py
index 39f718cce..71ae85094 100644
--- a/tests/test_commands.py
+++ b/tests/test_commands.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from shutil import rmtree, copytree
 from stat import S_IWRITE as ANYONE_WRITE_PERMISSION
 from tempfile import mkdtemp
 from threading import Timer
-from typing import Generator, Optional
+from typing import Dict, Generator, Optional, Union
 from unittest import skipIf
 
 from pytest import mark
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class ProjectTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
         return p, to_unicode(stdout), to_unicode(stderr)
 
-    def find_in_file(self, filename: str | os.PathLike[str], regex) -> Optional[re.Match]:
+    def find_in_file(self, filename: Union[str, os.PathLike], regex) -> Optional[re.Match]:
         """Find first pattern occurrence in file"""
         pattern = re.compile(regex)
         with Path(filename).open("r") as f:
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ class StartprojectTest(ProjectTest):
         assert Path(project_path, project_name, 'spiders', '__init__.py').exists()
 
 
-def get_permissions_dict(path: str | os.PathLike[str], renamings=None, ignore=None) -> dict[str, str]:
+def get_permissions_dict(path: Union[str, os.PathLike], renamings=None, ignore=None) -> Dict[str, str]:
 
     def get_permissions(path: Path) -> str:
         return oct(path.stat().st_mode)
diff --git a/tests/test_feedexport.py b/tests/test_feedexport.py
index 98905d2c0..97c3a74b3 100644
--- a/tests/test_feedexport.py
+++ b/tests/test_feedexport.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ from logging import getLogger
 from os import PathLike
 from pathlib import Path
 from string import ascii_letters, digits
+from typing import Union
 from unittest import mock
 from urllib.parse import urljoin, quote
 from urllib.request import pathname2url
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ def printf_escape(string):
     return string.replace('%', '%%')
 
 
-def build_url(path: str | PathLike[str]) -> str:
+def build_url(path: Union[str, PathLike]) -> str:
     path_str = str(path)
     if path_str[0] != '/':
         path_str = '/' + path_str