diff --git a/app/Models/User.php b/app/Models/User.php
index f59d74c9..0dfbd18c 100644
--- a/app/Models/User.php
+++ b/app/Models/User.php
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ use Illuminate\Foundation\Auth\User as Authenticatable;
 use Illuminate\Notifications\Notifiable;
 use Illuminate\Notifications\Notification;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
 use Laravel\Cashier\Billable;
 use Laravel\Fortify\TwoFactorAuthenticatable;
 use Laravel\Pennant\Concerns\HasFeatures;
@@ -216,7 +217,18 @@ class User extends Authenticatable implements HasLocalePreference, MustVerifyEma
             return null;
         }
 
-        return $this->email;
+        $email = trim((string) $this->email);
+
+        if ($email === '' || filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) === false) {
+            Log::warning('Skipping mail notification: invalid recipient email', [
+                'user_id' => $this->getKey(),
+                'notification' => $notification ? $notification::class : null,
+            ]);
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return $email;
     }
 
     public function sendEmailVerificationNotification(): void
diff --git a/app/Models/UserLead.php b/app/Models/UserLead.php
index 14ca7406..4ccfd9f5 100644
--- a/app/Models/UserLead.php
+++ b/app/Models/UserLead.php
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\HasMany;
 use Illuminate\Notifications\Notifiable;
+use Illuminate\Notifications\Notification;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
 use Illuminate\Support\Str;
 
 /**
@@ -124,6 +126,22 @@ class UserLead extends Model implements HasLocalePreference, MustVerifyEmail
         return $this->locale ?? 'en';
     }
 
+    public function routeNotificationForMail(?Notification $notification = null): ?string
+    {
+        $email = trim((string) $this->email);
+
+        if ($email === '' || filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) === false) {
+            Log::warning('Skipping mail notification: invalid recipient email', [
+                'user_lead_id' => $this->getKey(),
+                'notification' => $notification ? $notification::class : null,
+            ]);
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return $email;
+    }
+
     public function getEmailForVerification(): string
     {
         return $this->email;
diff --git a/tests/Feature/RouteNotificationForMailTest.php b/tests/Feature/RouteNotificationForMailTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b7dfa70d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Feature/RouteNotificationForMailTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<?php
+
+use App\Models\User;
+use App\Models\UserLead;
+use App\Notifications\VerifyEmailNotification;
+use App\Notifications\VerifyUserLeadEmailNotification;
+
+test('user returns email for mail routing when valid', function () {
+    $user = User::factory()->create(['email' => 'valid@example.com']);
+
+    expect($user->routeNotificationForMail(new VerifyEmailNotification))
+        ->toBe('valid@example.com');
+});
+
+test('user skips mail routing when email is malformed', function () {
+    $user = User::factory()->create();
+    $user->forceFill(['email' => 'not-an-email'])->saveQuietly();
+
+    expect($user->routeNotificationForMail(new VerifyEmailNotification))
+        ->toBeNull();
+});
+
+test('user skips mail routing when email has surrounding whitespace it cannot parse', function () {
+    $user = User::factory()->create();
+    $user->forceFill(['email' => ' '])->saveQuietly();
+
+    expect($user->routeNotificationForMail(new VerifyEmailNotification))
+        ->toBeNull();
+});
+
+test('user trims valid email before routing', function () {
+    $user = User::factory()->create();
+    $user->forceFill(['email' => "  spaced@example.com\n"])->saveQuietly();
+
+    expect($user->routeNotificationForMail(new VerifyEmailNotification))
+        ->toBe('spaced@example.com');
+});
+
+test('user lead returns email for mail routing when valid', function () {
+    $lead = UserLead::factory()->create(['email' => 'lead@example.com']);
+
+    expect($lead->routeNotificationForMail(new VerifyUserLeadEmailNotification('https://example.com')))
+        ->toBe('lead@example.com');
+});
+
+test('user lead skips mail routing when email is malformed', function () {
+    $lead = UserLead::factory()->create();
+    $lead->forceFill(['email' => 'broken@@example'])->saveQuietly();
+
+    expect($lead->routeNotificationForMail(new VerifyUserLeadEmailNotification('https://example.com')))
+        ->toBeNull();
+});