diff --git a/app/Policies/AccountPolicy.php b/app/Policies/AccountPolicy.php
index 5c409f0d..46fad420 100644
--- a/app/Policies/AccountPolicy.php
+++ b/app/Policies/AccountPolicy.php
@@ -4,16 +4,11 @@ namespace App\Policies;
 
 use App\Models\Account;
 use App\Models\User;
+use App\Policies\Concerns\HandlesUserOwnership;
 
 class AccountPolicy
 {
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can view any models.
-     */
-    public function viewAny(User $user): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
+    use HandlesUserOwnership;
 
     /**
      * Determine whether the user can view the model.
@@ -22,44 +17,4 @@ class AccountPolicy
     {
         return $user->id === $account->user_id;
     }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can create models.
-     */
-    public function create(User $user): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can update the model.
-     */
-    public function update(User $user, Account $account): bool
-    {
-        return $user->id === $account->user_id;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can delete the model.
-     */
-    public function delete(User $user, Account $account): bool
-    {
-        return $user->id === $account->user_id;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can restore the model.
-     */
-    public function restore(User $user, Account $account): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can permanently delete the model.
-     */
-    public function forceDelete(User $user, Account $account): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
 }
diff --git a/app/Policies/AutomationRulePolicy.php b/app/Policies/AutomationRulePolicy.php
index 8b31a29a..320bb02d 100644
--- a/app/Policies/AutomationRulePolicy.php
+++ b/app/Policies/AutomationRulePolicy.php
@@ -2,64 +2,9 @@
 
 namespace App\Policies;
 
-use App\Models\AutomationRule;
-use App\Models\User;
+use App\Policies\Concerns\HandlesUserOwnership;
 
 class AutomationRulePolicy
 {
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can view any models.
-     */
-    public function viewAny(User $user): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can view the model.
-     */
-    public function view(User $user, AutomationRule $automationRule): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can create models.
-     */
-    public function create(User $user): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can update the model.
-     */
-    public function update(User $user, AutomationRule $automationRule): bool
-    {
-        return $user->id === $automationRule->user_id;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can delete the model.
-     */
-    public function delete(User $user, AutomationRule $automationRule): bool
-    {
-        return $user->id === $automationRule->user_id;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can restore the model.
-     */
-    public function restore(User $user, AutomationRule $automationRule): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can permanently delete the model.
-     */
-    public function forceDelete(User $user, AutomationRule $automationRule): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
+    use HandlesUserOwnership;
 }
diff --git a/app/Policies/CategoryPolicy.php b/app/Policies/CategoryPolicy.php
index 04769915..d3648cdc 100644
--- a/app/Policies/CategoryPolicy.php
+++ b/app/Policies/CategoryPolicy.php
@@ -2,64 +2,9 @@
 
 namespace App\Policies;
 
-use App\Models\Category;
-use App\Models\User;
+use App\Policies\Concerns\HandlesUserOwnership;
 
 class CategoryPolicy
 {
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can view any models.
-     */
-    public function viewAny(User $user): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can view the model.
-     */
-    public function view(User $user, Category $category): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can create models.
-     */
-    public function create(User $user): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can update the model.
-     */
-    public function update(User $user, Category $category): bool
-    {
-        return $user->id === $category->user_id;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can delete the model.
-     */
-    public function delete(User $user, Category $category): bool
-    {
-        return $user->id === $category->user_id;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can restore the model.
-     */
-    public function restore(User $user, Category $category): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can permanently delete the model.
-     */
-    public function forceDelete(User $user, Category $category): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
+    use HandlesUserOwnership;
 }
diff --git a/app/Policies/Concerns/HandlesUserOwnership.php b/app/Policies/Concerns/HandlesUserOwnership.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a4b2a8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Policies/Concerns/HandlesUserOwnership.php
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Policies\Concerns;
+
+use App\Models\User;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
+
+trait HandlesUserOwnership
+{
+    /**
+     * Determine whether the user can view any models.
+     */
+    public function viewAny(User $user): bool
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determine whether the user can view the model.
+     */
+    public function view(User $user, Model $model): bool
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determine whether the user can create models.
+     */
+    public function create(User $user): bool
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determine whether the user can update the model.
+     */
+    public function update(User $user, Model $model): bool
+    {
+        return $user->id === $model->getAttribute('user_id');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determine whether the user can delete the model.
+     */
+    public function delete(User $user, Model $model): bool
+    {
+        return $user->id === $model->getAttribute('user_id');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determine whether the user can restore the model.
+     */
+    public function restore(User $user, Model $model): bool
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determine whether the user can permanently delete the model.
+     */
+    public function forceDelete(User $user, Model $model): bool
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Policies/LabelPolicy.php b/app/Policies/LabelPolicy.php
index 98403610..e5b1bc45 100644
--- a/app/Policies/LabelPolicy.php
+++ b/app/Policies/LabelPolicy.php
@@ -2,64 +2,9 @@
 
 namespace App\Policies;
 
-use App\Models\Label;
-use App\Models\User;
+use App\Policies\Concerns\HandlesUserOwnership;
 
 class LabelPolicy
 {
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can view any models.
-     */
-    public function viewAny(User $user): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can view the model.
-     */
-    public function view(User $user, Label $label): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can create models.
-     */
-    public function create(User $user): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can update the model.
-     */
-    public function update(User $user, Label $label): bool
-    {
-        return $user->id === $label->user_id;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can delete the model.
-     */
-    public function delete(User $user, Label $label): bool
-    {
-        return $user->id === $label->user_id;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can restore the model.
-     */
-    public function restore(User $user, Label $label): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determine whether the user can permanently delete the model.
-     */
-    public function forceDelete(User $user, Label $label): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
+    use HandlesUserOwnership;
 }
diff --git a/app/Policies/TransactionPolicy.php b/app/Policies/TransactionPolicy.php
index d766b970..972a1bc8 100644
--- a/app/Policies/TransactionPolicy.php
+++ b/app/Policies/TransactionPolicy.php
@@ -2,43 +2,9 @@
 
 namespace App\Policies;
 
-use App\Models\Transaction;
-use App\Models\User;
+use App\Policies\Concerns\HandlesUserOwnership;
 
 class TransactionPolicy
 {
-    public function viewAny(User $user): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public function view(User $user, Transaction $transaction): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public function create(User $user): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public function update(User $user, Transaction $transaction): bool
-    {
-        return $user->id === $transaction->user_id;
-    }
-
-    public function delete(User $user, Transaction $transaction): bool
-    {
-        return $user->id === $transaction->user_id;
-    }
-
-    public function restore(User $user, Transaction $transaction): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public function forceDelete(User $user, Transaction $transaction): bool
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
+    use HandlesUserOwnership;
 }