chore: switch from biome to eslint + prettier; fix ton of lint issues

2026-04-29 00:37:56 +02:00 · 2026-04-29 00:37:56 +02:00 · a9b9cf6bf5
parent d6622dc6b3
commit a9b9cf6bf5
159 changed files with 5630 additions and 5255 deletions
--- a/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ Working on `apps/desktop`? See [`apps/desktop/README.md`](../apps/desktop/README
 2. Make your changes
 3. Run the relevant checks for the area you touched:

-   - Web changes: from `apps/web`, run `bun run lint` and `bunx biome format --write .`
+   - Web changes: from `apps/web`, run `bun run lint` and `bun run format`
   - Desktop changes: run `./apps/desktop/script/setup` if your environment isn't set up yet

 4. Commit your changes with a descriptive message
@ -176,8 +176,8 @@ Working on `apps/desktop`? See [`apps/desktop/README.md`](../apps/desktop/README

 ## Code Style

- We use Biome for code formatting and linting
- Run `bunx biome format --write .` from the `apps/web` directory to format code
+- We use ESLint for linting and Prettier for formatting
+- Run `bun run format` from the `apps/web` directory to format code
 - Run `bun run lint` from the `apps/web` directory to check for linting issues
 - Follow the existing code patterns

--- a/.github/copilot-instructions.md
+++ b/.github/copilot-instructions.md
@ -4,12 +4,10 @@ applyTo: "**/*.{ts,tsx,js,jsx}"

 # Project Context

-Ultracite enforces strict type safety, accessibility standards, and consistent code quality for JavaScript/TypeScript projects using Biome's lightning-fast formatter and linter.
+Strict type safety, accessibility standards, and consistent code quality for JavaScript/TypeScript projects, enforced via ESLint (linting) and Prettier (formatting).

 ## Key Principles

- Zero configuration required
- Subsecond performance
 - Maximum type safety
 - AI-friendly code generation

--- a/.prettierignore
+++ b/.prettierignore
@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+.next
+node_modules
+dist
+build
+target
+rust/wasm/pkg
--- a/.prettierrc.json
+++ b/.prettierrc.json
@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+	"useTabs": true
+}
--- a/.vscode/settings.json
+++ b/.vscode/settings.json
@ -7,14 +7,7 @@
 	"editor.formatOnSave": true,
 	"editor.formatOnPaste": true,
 	"editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
-		"source.fixAll.biome": "explicit",
-		"source.organizeImports.biome": "explicit"
+		"source.fixAll.eslint": "explicit"
 	},
-	"emmet.showExpandedAbbreviation": "never",
-	"[typescriptreact]": {
-		"editor.defaultFormatter": "biomejs.biome"
-	},
-	"[typescript]": {
-		"editor.defaultFormatter": "biomejs.biome"
-	}
+	"emmet.showExpandedAbbreviation": "never"
 }
--- a/AGENTS.md
+++ b/AGENTS.md
@ -21,17 +21,3 @@ Each app is a frontend that calls into Rust. Logic is never duplicated between a

 - Read components before using them. They may already apply classes, which affects what you need to pass and how to override them.

-### TypeScript
-
-Function signatures should make the call site readable and let the function evolve without breaking callers. Positional parameters fail both: `formatTime(30, 24)` hides which number is which, and adding, removing, or reordering an argument silently breaks every caller whose types happen to still line up. A single destructured object fixes both at once - each argument names itself at the call site, and the shape can grow without churn. So signatures default to one object parameter:
-
-```tsx
-// ❌ meaning depends on order; the shape can't evolve without touching every caller
-function formatTime(seconds: number, fps: number) { ... }
-
-// ✅ each argument names itself; fields can be added, reordered, or made optional freely
-function formatTime({ seconds, fps }: { seconds: number; fps: number }) { ... }
-```
-
-The one real exception is type predicates (`element is VideoElement`) — the language requires a positional subject, so the reasoning above doesn't get to apply.
-
--- a/apps/web/package.json
+++ b/apps/web/package.json
@ -9,9 +9,9 @@
    "start": "next start",
    "preview": "opennextjs-cloudflare build && opennextjs-cloudflare preview",
    "deploy": "opennextjs-cloudflare build && opennextjs-cloudflare deploy",
-    "lint": "biome check src/",
-    "lint:fix": "biome check src/ --write",
-    "format": "biome format src/ --write",
+    "lint": "eslint src --ext .ts,.tsx",
+    "lint:fix": "eslint src --ext .ts,.tsx --fix",
+    "format": "prettier src --write",
    "db:generate": "drizzle-kit generate",
    "db:migrate": "drizzle-kit migrate",
    "db:push:local": "cross-env NODE_ENV=development drizzle-kit push",
--- a/apps/web/src/actions/components/shortcuts-dialog.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/actions/components/shortcuts-dialog.tsx
@ -51,10 +51,10 @@ export function ShortcutsDialog({

 			const keyString = getKeybindingString(e);
 			if (keyString) {
-				const conflict = validateKeybinding(
-					keyString,
-					recordingShortcut.action,
-				);
+				const conflict = validateKeybinding({
+					key: keyString,
+					action: recordingShortcut.action,
+				});
 				if (conflict) {
 					toast.error(
 						`Key "${keyString}" is already bound to "${conflict.existingAction}"`,
@ -68,7 +68,10 @@ export function ShortcutsDialog({
 					removeKeybinding(key);
 				}

-				updateKeybinding(keyString, recordingShortcut.action);
+				updateKeybinding({
+					key: keyString,
+					action: recordingShortcut.action,
+				});

 				setIsRecording(false);
 				setRecordingShortcut(null);
--- a/apps/web/src/actions/definitions.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/actions/definitions.ts
@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-import type {
-	KeybindingConfig,
-	ShortcutKey,
-} from "@/actions/keybinding";
+import type { ShortcutKey } from "@/actions/keybinding";
 import type { TActionWithOptionalArgs } from "./types";

 export type TActionCategory =
@ -155,33 +152,36 @@ export const ACTIONS = {

 export type TAction = keyof typeof ACTIONS;

-const ACTION_DEFAULT_SHORTCUTS = {
-	"toggle-play": ["space", "k"],
-	"seek-forward": ["l"],
-	"seek-backward": ["j"],
-	"frame-step-forward": ["right"],
-	"frame-step-backward": ["left"],
-	"jump-forward": ["shift+right"],
-	"jump-backward": ["shift+left"],
-	"goto-start": ["home", "enter"],
-	"goto-end": ["end"],
-	split: ["s"],
-	"split-left": ["q"],
-	"split-right": ["w"],
-	"delete-selected": ["backspace", "delete"],
-	"copy-selected": ["ctrl+c"],
-	"paste-copied": ["ctrl+v"],
-	"toggle-snapping": ["n"],
-	"select-all": ["ctrl+a"],
-	"cancel-interaction": ["escape"],
-	"duplicate-selected": ["ctrl+d"],
-	undo: ["ctrl+z"],
-	redo: ["ctrl+shift+z", "ctrl+y"],
-} as const satisfies Partial<Record<TActionWithOptionalArgs, readonly ShortcutKey[]>>;
+const ACTION_DEFAULT_SHORTCUTS = [
+	["toggle-play", ["space", "k"]],
+	["seek-forward", ["l"]],
+	["seek-backward", ["j"]],
+	["frame-step-forward", ["right"]],
+	["frame-step-backward", ["left"]],
+	["jump-forward", ["shift+right"]],
+	["jump-backward", ["shift+left"]],
+	["goto-start", ["home", "enter"]],
+	["goto-end", ["end"]],
+	["split", ["s"]],
+	["split-left", ["q"]],
+	["split-right", ["w"]],
+	["delete-selected", ["backspace", "delete"]],
+	["copy-selected", ["ctrl+c"]],
+	["paste-copied", ["ctrl+v"]],
+	["toggle-snapping", ["n"]],
+	["select-all", ["ctrl+a"]],
+	["cancel-interaction", ["escape"]],
+	["duplicate-selected", ["ctrl+d"]],
+	["undo", ["ctrl+z"]],
+	["redo", ["ctrl+shift+z", "ctrl+y"]],
+] as const satisfies ReadonlyArray<
+	readonly [TActionWithOptionalArgs, readonly ShortcutKey[]]
+>;

-const ACTION_DEFAULT_SHORTCUTS_BY_ACTION: Partial<
-	Record<TAction, readonly ShortcutKey[]>
-> = ACTION_DEFAULT_SHORTCUTS;
+const ACTION_DEFAULT_SHORTCUTS_BY_ACTION = new Map<
+	TAction,
+	readonly ShortcutKey[]
+>(ACTION_DEFAULT_SHORTCUTS);

 export function getActionDefinition({
 	action,
@ -190,18 +190,19 @@ export function getActionDefinition({
 }): TActionDefinition {
 	return {
 		...ACTIONS[action],
-		defaultShortcuts: ACTION_DEFAULT_SHORTCUTS_BY_ACTION[action],
+		defaultShortcuts: ACTION_DEFAULT_SHORTCUTS_BY_ACTION.get(action),
 	};
 }

-export function getDefaultShortcuts(): KeybindingConfig {
-	const shortcuts: KeybindingConfig = {};
+export function getDefaultShortcuts(): Map<
+	ShortcutKey,
+	TActionWithOptionalArgs
+> {
+	const shortcuts = new Map<ShortcutKey, TActionWithOptionalArgs>();

-	for (const [action, defaultShortcuts] of Object.entries(
-		ACTION_DEFAULT_SHORTCUTS,
-	) as Array<[TActionWithOptionalArgs, readonly ShortcutKey[]]>) {
+	for (const [action, defaultShortcuts] of ACTION_DEFAULT_SHORTCUTS) {
 		for (const shortcut of defaultShortcuts) {
-			shortcuts[shortcut] = action;
+			shortcuts.set(shortcut, action);
 		}
 	}

--- a/apps/web/src/actions/keybinding.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/actions/keybinding.ts
@ -13,60 +13,24 @@ export type ModifierKeys =
 	| "ctrl+alt"
 	| "ctrl+alt+shift";

-export type Key =
-	| "a"
-	| "b"
-	| "c"
-	| "d"
-	| "e"
-	| "f"
-	| "g"
-	| "h"
-	| "i"
-	| "j"
-	| "k"
-	| "l"
-	| "m"
-	| "n"
-	| "o"
-	| "p"
-	| "q"
-	| "r"
-	| "s"
-	| "t"
-	| "u"
-	| "v"
-	| "w"
-	| "x"
-	| "y"
-	| "z"
-	| "0"
-	| "1"
-	| "2"
-	| "3"
-	| "4"
-	| "5"
-	| "6"
-	| "7"
-	| "8"
-	| "9"
-	| "up"
-	| "down"
-	| "left"
-	| "right"
-	| "/"
-	| "?"
-	| "."
-	| "enter"
-	| "tab"
-	| "space"
-	| "escape"
-	| "esc"
-	| "backspace"
-	| "delete"
-	| "home"
-	| "end";
-/* eslint-enable */
+const KEYS = [
+	"a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j",
+	"k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t",
+	"u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z",
+	"0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9",
+	"up", "down", "left", "right",
+	"/", "?", ".",
+	"enter", "tab", "space", "escape", "esc",
+	"backspace", "delete", "home", "end",
+] as const;
+
+export type Key = (typeof KEYS)[number];
+
+const KEY_SET: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set(KEYS);
+
+export function isKey(value: string): value is Key {
+	return KEY_SET.has(value);
+}

 export type ModifierBasedShortcutKey = `${ModifierKeys}+${Key}`;
 // Singular keybindings (these will be disabled when an input-ish area has been focused)
--- a/apps/web/src/actions/keybindings-store.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/actions/keybindings-store.ts
@ -6,11 +6,15 @@ import type { TActionWithOptionalArgs } from "@/actions";
 import { getDefaultShortcuts } from "@/actions";
 import { isTypableDOMElement } from "@/utils/browser";
 import { isAppleDevice } from "@/utils/platform";
-import type { KeybindingConfig, ShortcutKey } from "@/actions/keybinding";
+import type {
+	Key,
+	KeybindingConfig,
+	ModifierKeys,
+	ShortcutKey,
+} from "@/actions/keybinding";
+import { isKey } from "@/actions/keybinding";
 import { runMigrations, CURRENT_VERSION } from "./keybindings/migrations";

-const defaultKeybindings: KeybindingConfig = getDefaultShortcuts();
-
 export interface KeybindingConflict {
 	key: ShortcutKey;
 	existingAction: TActionWithOptionalArgs;
@ -18,38 +22,57 @@ export interface KeybindingConflict {
 }

 interface KeybindingsState {
-	keybindings: KeybindingConfig;
+	keybindings: Map<ShortcutKey, TActionWithOptionalArgs>;
 	isCustomized: boolean;
 	overlayDepth: number;
 	openOverlayIds: string[];
 	isLoadingProject: boolean;
 	isRecording: boolean;

-	updateKeybinding: (key: ShortcutKey, action: TActionWithOptionalArgs) => void;
+	updateKeybinding: (params: {
+		key: ShortcutKey;
+		action: TActionWithOptionalArgs;
+	}) => void;
 	removeKeybinding: (key: ShortcutKey) => void;
 	resetToDefaults: () => void;
 	importKeybindings: (config: KeybindingConfig) => void;
-	exportKeybindings: () => KeybindingConfig;
+	exportKeybindings: () => Record<string, TActionWithOptionalArgs>;
 	openOverlay: (overlayId: string) => void;
 	closeOverlay: (overlayId: string) => void;
 	setLoadingProject: (loading: boolean) => void;
 	setIsRecording: (isRecording: boolean) => void;
-	validateKeybinding: (
-		key: ShortcutKey,
-		action: TActionWithOptionalArgs,
-	) => KeybindingConflict | null;
+	validateKeybinding: (params: {
+		key: ShortcutKey;
+		action: TActionWithOptionalArgs;
+	}) => KeybindingConflict | null;
 	getKeybindingsForAction: (action: TActionWithOptionalArgs) => ShortcutKey[];
 	getKeybindingString: (ev: KeyboardEvent) => ShortcutKey | null;
 }

+type PersistedState = {
+	keybindings: Record<string, TActionWithOptionalArgs>;
+	isCustomized: boolean;
+};
+
 function isDOMElement(element: EventTarget | null): element is HTMLElement {
 	return element instanceof HTMLElement;
 }

+function isPersistedState(value: unknown): value is PersistedState {
+	if (!value || typeof value !== "object") return false;
+	if (!("keybindings" in value) || !("isCustomized" in value)) return false;
+	const { keybindings, isCustomized } = value;
+	return (
+		typeof keybindings === "object" &&
+		keybindings !== null &&
+		typeof isCustomized === "boolean"
+	);
+}
+
 export const useKeybindingsStore = create<KeybindingsState>()(
 	persist(
 		(set, get) => ({
-			keybindings: { ...defaultKeybindings },
+			keybindings: getDefaultShortcuts(),
 			isCustomized: false,
 			overlayDepth: 0,
 			openOverlayIds: [],
@ -61,10 +84,9 @@ export const useKeybindingsStore = create<KeybindingsState>()(
 					const openOverlayIds = s.openOverlayIds.includes(overlayId)
 						? s.openOverlayIds
 						: [...s.openOverlayIds, overlayId];
-					const nextOverlayDepth = openOverlayIds.length;
 					return {
 						openOverlayIds,
-						overlayDepth: nextOverlayDepth,
+						overlayDepth: openOverlayIds.length,
 					};
 				}),
 			closeOverlay: (overlayId) =>
@ -72,35 +94,32 @@ export const useKeybindingsStore = create<KeybindingsState>()(
 					const openOverlayIds = s.openOverlayIds.filter(
 						(id) => id !== overlayId,
 					);
-					const nextOverlayDepth = openOverlayIds.length;
 					return {
 						openOverlayIds,
-						overlayDepth: nextOverlayDepth,
+						overlayDepth: openOverlayIds.length,
 					};
 				}),
 			setLoadingProject: (loading) => {
 				set({ isLoadingProject: loading });
 			},

-			updateKeybinding: (key: ShortcutKey, action: TActionWithOptionalArgs) => {
+			updateKeybinding: ({ key, action }) => {
 				set((state) => {
-					const newKeybindings = { ...state.keybindings };
-					newKeybindings[key] = action;
-
+					const next = new Map(state.keybindings);
+					next.set(key, action);
 					return {
-						keybindings: newKeybindings,
+						keybindings: next,
 						isCustomized: true,
 					};
 				});
 			},

-			removeKeybinding: (key: ShortcutKey) => {
+			removeKeybinding: (key) => {
 				set((state) => {
-					const newKeybindings = { ...state.keybindings };
-					delete newKeybindings[key];
-
+					const next = new Map(state.keybindings);
+					next.delete(key);
 					return {
-						keybindings: newKeybindings,
+						keybindings: next,
 						isCustomized: true,
 					};
 				});
@ -108,34 +127,35 @@ export const useKeybindingsStore = create<KeybindingsState>()(

 			resetToDefaults: () => {
 				set({
-					keybindings: { ...defaultKeybindings },
+					keybindings: getDefaultShortcuts(),
 					isCustomized: false,
 				});
 			},

-			importKeybindings: (config: KeybindingConfig) => {
-				for (const [key] of Object.entries(config)) {
+			importKeybindings: (config) => {
+				const next = new Map<ShortcutKey, TActionWithOptionalArgs>();
+				for (const [key, action] of Object.entries(config)) {
 					if (typeof key !== "string" || key.length === 0) {
 						throw new Error(`Invalid key format: ${key}`);
 					}
+					if (action !== undefined) {
+						// Public type's keys are `ShortcutKey`; trust the caller's typing.
+						// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion
+						next.set(key as ShortcutKey, action);
+					}
 				}
 				set({
-					keybindings: { ...config },
+					keybindings: next,
 					isCustomized: true,
 				});
 			},

 			exportKeybindings: () => {
-				return get().keybindings;
+				return Object.fromEntries(get().keybindings);
 			},

-			validateKeybinding: (
-				key: ShortcutKey,
-				action: TActionWithOptionalArgs,
-			) => {
-				const { keybindings } = get();
-				const existingAction = keybindings[key];
-
+			validateKeybinding: ({ key, action }) => {
+				const existingAction = get().keybindings.get(key);
 				if (existingAction && existingAction !== action) {
 					return {
 						key,
@ -143,33 +163,45 @@ export const useKeybindingsStore = create<KeybindingsState>()(
 						newAction: action,
 					};
 				}
-
 				return null;
 			},
-			setIsRecording: (isRecording: boolean) => {
+			setIsRecording: (isRecording) => {
 				set({ isRecording });
 			},

-			getKeybindingsForAction: (action: TActionWithOptionalArgs) => {
-				const { keybindings } = get();
-				return Object.keys(keybindings).filter(
-					(key) => keybindings[key as ShortcutKey] === action,
-				) as ShortcutKey[];
+			getKeybindingsForAction: (action) => {
+				const result: ShortcutKey[] = [];
+				for (const [key, mapped] of get().keybindings) {
+					if (mapped === action) result.push(key);
+				}
+				return result;
 			},

-			getKeybindingString: (ev: KeyboardEvent) => {
-				return generateKeybindingString(ev) as ShortcutKey | null;
-			},
+			getKeybindingString: (ev) => generateKeybindingString(ev),
 		}),
 		{
 			name: "opencut-keybindings",
 			version: CURRENT_VERSION,
-			partialize: (state) => ({
-				keybindings: state.keybindings,
+			partialize: (state): PersistedState => ({
+				keybindings: Object.fromEntries(state.keybindings),
 				isCustomized: state.isCustomized,
 			}),
 			migrate: (persisted, version) =>
 				runMigrations({ state: persisted, fromVersion: version }),
+			merge: (persisted, current) => {
+				if (!isPersistedState(persisted)) return current;
+				const entries = Object.entries(persisted.keybindings);
+				// Persistence boundary: keys are normalized by the migration chain.
+				// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion
+				const typedEntries = entries as Array<
+					[ShortcutKey, TActionWithOptionalArgs]
+				>;
+				return {
+					...current,
+					keybindings: new Map(typedEntries),
+					isCustomized: persisted.isCustomized,
+				};
+			},
 		},
 	),
 );
@ -184,68 +216,59 @@ function generateKeybindingString(ev: KeyboardEvent): ShortcutKey | null {
 		if (
 			modifierKey === "shift" &&
 			isDOMElement(target) &&
-			isTypableDOMElement({ element: target as HTMLElement })
+			isTypableDOMElement({ element: target })
 		) {
 			return null;
 		}

-		return `${modifierKey}+${key}` as ShortcutKey;
+		return `${modifierKey}+${key}`;
 	}

-	if (
-		isDOMElement(target) &&
-		isTypableDOMElement({ element: target as HTMLElement })
-	)
+	if (isDOMElement(target) && isTypableDOMElement({ element: target })) {
 		return null;
+	}

-	return `${key}` as ShortcutKey;
+	return key;
 }

-function getPressedKey(ev: KeyboardEvent): string | null {
-	const key = (ev.key ?? "").toLowerCase();
+function getPressedKey(ev: KeyboardEvent): Key | null {
+	const raw = (ev.key ?? "").toLowerCase();
 	const code = ev.code ?? "";

-	if (code === "Space" || key === " " || key === "spacebar" || key === "space")
+	if (code === "Space" || raw === " " || raw === "spacebar" || raw === "space")
 		return "space";

-	if (key.startsWith("arrow")) return key.slice(5);
-
-	if (key === "escape") return "escape";
-	if (key === "tab") return "tab";
-	if (key === "home") return "home";
-	if (key === "end") return "end";
-	if (key === "delete") return "delete";
-	if (key === "backspace") return "backspace";
+	if (raw === "arrowup") return "up";
+	if (raw === "arrowdown") return "down";
+	if (raw === "arrowleft") return "left";
+	if (raw === "arrowright") return "right";

 	if (code.startsWith("Key")) {
 		const letter = code.slice(3).toLowerCase();
-		if (letter.length === 1 && letter >= "a" && letter <= "z") return letter;
+		if (isKey(letter)) return letter;
 	}

-	// Use physical key position for AZERTY and other non-QWERTY layouts
+	// Use physical key position for AZERTY and other non-QWERTY layouts.
 	if (code.startsWith("Digit")) {
 		const digit = code.slice(5);
-		if (digit.length === 1 && digit >= "0" && digit <= "9") return digit;
+		if (isKey(digit)) return digit;
 	}

-	const isDigit = key.length === 1 && key >= "0" && key <= "9";
-	if (isDigit) return key;
-
-	if (key === "/" || key === "." || key === "enter") return key;
-
+	if (isKey(raw)) return raw;
 	return null;
 }

-function getActiveModifier(ev: KeyboardEvent): string | null {
-	const modifierKeys = {
-		ctrl: isAppleDevice() ? ev.metaKey : ev.ctrlKey,
-		alt: ev.altKey,
-		shift: ev.shiftKey,
-	};
+function getActiveModifier(ev: KeyboardEvent): ModifierKeys | null {
+	const ctrl = isAppleDevice() ? ev.metaKey : ev.ctrlKey;
+	const alt = ev.altKey;
+	const shift = ev.shiftKey;

-	const activeModifier = Object.keys(modifierKeys)
-		.filter((key) => modifierKeys[key as keyof typeof modifierKeys])
-		.join("+");
-
-	return activeModifier === "" ? null : activeModifier;
+	if (ctrl && alt && shift) return "ctrl+alt+shift";
+	if (ctrl && alt) return "ctrl+alt";
+	if (ctrl && shift) return "ctrl+shift";
+	if (alt && shift) return "alt+shift";
+	if (ctrl) return "ctrl";
+	if (alt) return "alt";
+	if (shift) return "shift";
+	return null;
 }
--- a/apps/web/src/actions/keybindings/tests/persistence.test.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/actions/keybindings/tests/persistence.test.ts
@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+import {
+	afterEach,
+	beforeEach,
+	describe,
+	expect,
+	mock,
+	test,
+} from "bun:test";
+import {
+	decodePersistedKeybindingsState,
+	migratePersistedKeybindingsState,
+	parseImportedKeybindings,
+	serializeKeybindingsState,
+} from "../persistence";
+
+describe("keybinding persistence", () => {
+	let warnSpy: ReturnType<typeof mock>;
+	let originalWarn: typeof console.warn;
+
+	beforeEach(() => {
+		originalWarn = console.warn;
+		warnSpy = mock(() => {});
+		console.warn = warnSpy;
+	});
+
+	afterEach(() => {
+		console.warn = originalWarn;
+	});
+
+	test("migrates legacy persisted keybindings before decoding them", () => {
+		const migrated = migratePersistedKeybindingsState({
+			state: {
+				keybindings: {
+					s: "split-selected",
+					"ctrl+v": "paste-selected",
+				},
+				isCustomized: true,
+			},
+			fromVersion: 2,
+		});
+
+		const decoded = decodePersistedKeybindingsState({ state: migrated });
+		expect(decoded).not.toBeNull();
+		if (!decoded) throw new Error("Expected migrated keybindings to decode");
+
+		expect(decoded.isCustomized).toBe(true);
+		expect(decoded.keybindings.get("s")).toBe("split");
+		expect(decoded.keybindings.get("ctrl+v")).toBe("paste-copied");
+		expect(decoded.keybindings.get("escape")).toBe("cancel-interaction");
+		expect(warnSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+	});
+
+	test("filters invalid persisted entries at the boundary and warns", () => {
+		const decoded = decodePersistedKeybindingsState({
+			state: {
+				keybindings: {
+					space: "toggle-play",
+					"shift+bogus": "toggle-play",
+					"ctrl+v": "not-an-action",
+				},
+				isCustomized: false,
+			},
+		});
+
+		expect(decoded).not.toBeNull();
+		if (!decoded) throw new Error("Expected persisted keybindings to decode");
+
+		expect(Array.from(decoded.keybindings.entries())).toEqual([
+			["space", "toggle-play"],
+		]);
+		expect(warnSpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+	});
+
+	test("returns null and warns when persisted shape is unrecognizable", () => {
+		const decoded = decodePersistedKeybindingsState({ state: "garbage" });
+		expect(decoded).toBeNull();
+		expect(warnSpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+	});
+
+	test("round-trips actions that have no default shortcut", () => {
+		// `stop-playback` is a valid `TActionWithOptionalArgs` but is not in the
+		// defaults table; the validator must still accept it.
+		const serialized = serializeKeybindingsState({
+			keybindings: new Map([
+				["space", "toggle-play"],
+				["x", "stop-playback"],
+				["b", "toggle-bookmark"],
+			]),
+			isCustomized: true,
+		});
+
+		const decoded = decodePersistedKeybindingsState({ state: serialized });
+		expect(decoded).not.toBeNull();
+		if (!decoded) throw new Error("Expected round-tripped keybindings");
+
+		expect(decoded.keybindings.get("space")).toBe("toggle-play");
+		expect(decoded.keybindings.get("x")).toBe("stop-playback");
+		expect(decoded.keybindings.get("b")).toBe("toggle-bookmark");
+		expect(warnSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+	});
+});
+
+describe("parseImportedKeybindings", () => {
+	test("accepts a valid configuration", () => {
+		const result = parseImportedKeybindings({
+			config: {
+				space: "toggle-play",
+				x: "stop-playback",
+			},
+		});
+
+		expect(result.get("space")).toBe("toggle-play");
+		expect(result.get("x")).toBe("stop-playback");
+	});
+
+	test("throws on non-object input", () => {
+		expect(() => parseImportedKeybindings({ config: null })).toThrow(
+			/JSON object/,
+		);
+		expect(() => parseImportedKeybindings({ config: [] })).toThrow(
+			/JSON object/,
+		);
+	});
+
+	test("throws on non-string action values", () => {
+		expect(() =>
+			parseImportedKeybindings({ config: { space: 42 } }),
+		).toThrow(/expected string/);
+	});
+
+	test("throws on invalid shortcut keys", () => {
+		expect(() =>
+			parseImportedKeybindings({
+				config: { "shift+bogus": "toggle-play" },
+			}),
+		).toThrow(/shift\+bogus/);
+	});
+
+	test("throws on invalid actions", () => {
+		expect(() =>
+			parseImportedKeybindings({ config: { space: "not-an-action" } }),
+		).toThrow(/not-an-action/);
+	});
+});
--- a/apps/web/src/actions/keybindings/migrations/v2-to-v3.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/actions/keybindings/migrations/v2-to-v3.ts
@ -1,13 +1,8 @@
-import type { KeybindingConfig, ShortcutKey } from "@/actions/keybinding";
-import type { TActionWithOptionalArgs } from "@/actions";
-
-interface V2State {
-	keybindings: KeybindingConfig;
-	isCustomized: boolean;
-}
+import { getPersistedKeybindingsState } from "../persisted-state";

 export function v2ToV3({ state }: { state: unknown }): unknown {
-	const v2 = state as V2State;
+	const v2 = getPersistedKeybindingsState({ state });
+	if (!v2) return state;

 	const renames: Record<string, string> = {
 		"split-selected": "split",
@ -17,8 +12,9 @@ export function v2ToV3({ state }: { state: unknown }): unknown {

 	const migrated = { ...v2.keybindings };
 	for (const [key, action] of Object.entries(migrated)) {
-		if (action && renames[action]) {
-			migrated[key as ShortcutKey] = renames[action] as TActionWithOptionalArgs;
+		const renamedAction = action ? renames[action] : undefined;
+		if (renamedAction) {
+			migrated[key] = renamedAction;
 		}
 	}

--- a/apps/web/src/actions/keybindings/migrations/v3-to-v4.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/actions/keybindings/migrations/v3-to-v4.ts
@ -1,14 +1,8 @@
-import type { TActionWithOptionalArgs } from "@/actions";
-import type { ShortcutKey } from "@/actions/keybinding";
-import type { KeybindingConfig } from "@/actions/keybinding";
-
-interface V3State {
-	keybindings: KeybindingConfig;
-	isCustomized: boolean;
-}
+import { getPersistedKeybindingsState } from "../persisted-state";

 export function v3ToV4({ state }: { state: unknown }): unknown {
-	const v3 = state as V3State;
+	const v3 = getPersistedKeybindingsState({ state });
+	if (!v3) return state;

 	const renames: Record<string, string> = {
 		"paste-selected": "paste-copied",
@ -16,8 +10,9 @@ export function v3ToV4({ state }: { state: unknown }): unknown {

 	const migrated = { ...v3.keybindings };
 	for (const [key, action] of Object.entries(migrated)) {
-		if (action && renames[action]) {
-			migrated[key as ShortcutKey] = renames[action] as TActionWithOptionalArgs;
+		const renamedAction = action ? renames[action] : undefined;
+		if (renamedAction) {
+			migrated[key] = renamedAction;
 		}
 	}

--- a/apps/web/src/actions/keybindings/migrations/v4-to-v5.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/actions/keybindings/migrations/v4-to-v5.ts
@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
-import type { KeybindingConfig } from "@/actions/keybinding";
-
-interface V4State {
-	keybindings: KeybindingConfig;
-	isCustomized: boolean;
-}
+import { getPersistedKeybindingsState } from "../persisted-state";

 export function v4ToV5({ state }: { state: unknown }): unknown {
-	const v4 = state as V4State;
+	const v4 = getPersistedKeybindingsState({ state });
+	if (!v4) return state;
 	const keybindings = { ...v4.keybindings };

 	if (!keybindings.escape) {
--- a/apps/web/src/actions/keybindings/migrations/v5-to-v6.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/actions/keybindings/migrations/v5-to-v6.ts
@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
-import type { KeybindingConfig } from "@/actions/keybinding";
-
-interface V5State {
-	keybindings: KeybindingConfig;
-	isCustomized: boolean;
-}
+import { getPersistedKeybindingsState } from "../persisted-state";

 export function v5ToV6({ state }: { state: unknown }): unknown {
-	const v5 = state as V5State;
+	const v5 = getPersistedKeybindingsState({ state });
+	if (!v5) return state;
 	const keybindings = { ...v5.keybindings };

 	if (keybindings.escape === "deselect-all") {
--- a/apps/web/src/actions/keybindings/migrations/v6-to-v7.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/actions/keybindings/migrations/v6-to-v7.ts
@ -1,16 +1,12 @@
-import type { KeybindingConfig } from "@/actions/keybinding";
-
-interface V6State {
-	keybindings: KeybindingConfig;
-	isCustomized: boolean;
-}
+import { getPersistedKeybindingsState } from "../persisted-state";

 export function v6ToV7({ state }: { state: unknown }): unknown {
-	const v6 = state as V6State;
+	const v6 = getPersistedKeybindingsState({ state });
+	if (!v6) return state;
 	const keybindings = { ...v6.keybindings };

-	for (const key of Object.keys(keybindings) as Array<keyof KeybindingConfig>) {
-		if (keybindings[key] === ("split-element" as never)) {
+	for (const [key, action] of Object.entries(keybindings)) {
+		if (action === "split-element") {
 			keybindings[key] = "split";
 		}
 	}
--- a/apps/web/src/actions/keybindings/persisted-state.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/actions/keybindings/persisted-state.ts
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+export type PersistedKeybindingConfig = Record<string, string | undefined>;
+
+export interface PersistedKeybindingsState {
+	keybindings: PersistedKeybindingConfig;
+	isCustomized: boolean;
+}
+
+function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+	return typeof value === "object" && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value);
+}
+
+export function getPersistedKeybindingsState({
+	state,
+}: {
+	state: unknown;
+}): PersistedKeybindingsState | null {
+	if (!isRecord(state)) return null;
+
+	const { keybindings, isCustomized } = state;
+	if (!isRecord(keybindings) || typeof isCustomized !== "boolean") {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	const normalizedKeybindings: PersistedKeybindingConfig = {};
+	for (const [key, action] of Object.entries(keybindings)) {
+		if (action !== undefined && typeof action !== "string") {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		normalizedKeybindings[key] = action;
+	}
+
+	return {
+		keybindings: normalizedKeybindings,
+		isCustomized,
+	};
+}
--- a/apps/web/src/actions/keybindings/persistence.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/actions/keybindings/persistence.ts
@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+import type { ShortcutKey } from "@/actions/keybinding";
+import { isShortcutKey } from "@/actions/keybinding";
+import type { TActionWithOptionalArgs } from "@/actions";
+import { isActionWithOptionalArgs } from "@/actions";
+import { runMigrations } from "./migrations";
+import {
+	getPersistedKeybindingsState,
+	type PersistedKeybindingsState,
+} from "./persisted-state";
+
+export interface DecodedKeybindingsState {
+	keybindings: Map<ShortcutKey, TActionWithOptionalArgs>;
+	isCustomized: boolean;
+}
+
+export function serializeKeybindingsState({
+	keybindings,
+	isCustomized,
+}: DecodedKeybindingsState): PersistedKeybindingsState {
+	return {
+		keybindings: Object.fromEntries(keybindings),
+		isCustomized,
+	};
+}
+
+export function migratePersistedKeybindingsState({
+	state,
+	fromVersion,
+}: {
+	state: unknown;
+	fromVersion: number;
+}): unknown {
+	return runMigrations({ state, fromVersion });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decode a persisted/migrated keybindings blob into the in-memory shape.
+ *
+ * Lossy by design: invalid entries are dropped and a warning is emitted, so the
+ * user falls back to (mostly) sensible defaults instead of a broken store.
+ * Returns `null` if the top-level shape is unrecognizable, in which case the
+ * caller should keep its current state.
+ */
+export function decodePersistedKeybindingsState({
+	state,
+}: {
+	state: unknown;
+}): DecodedKeybindingsState | null {
+	const persisted = getPersistedKeybindingsState({ state });
+	if (!persisted) {
+		console.warn(
+			"[keybindings] Persisted state has unexpected shape; keeping current keybindings.",
+			state,
+		);
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	const keybindings = new Map<ShortcutKey, TActionWithOptionalArgs>();
+	const dropped: Array<{ key: string; action: string | undefined }> = [];
+	for (const [key, action] of Object.entries(persisted.keybindings)) {
+		if (action === undefined) continue;
+		if (!isShortcutKey(key) || !isActionWithOptionalArgs(action)) {
+			dropped.push({ key, action });
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		keybindings.set(key, action);
+	}
+
+	if (dropped.length > 0) {
+		console.warn(
+			"[keybindings] Dropped invalid persisted entries:",
+			dropped,
+		);
+	}
+
+	return {
+		keybindings,
+		isCustomized: persisted.isCustomized,
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse a user-supplied keybindings configuration (typically the output of
+ * `JSON.parse` on an imported file).
+ *
+ * Strict by design: throws on the first invalid entry so the caller can surface
+ * the failure to the user instead of silently producing a half-applied import.
+ * Accepts `unknown` because the input has already crossed a trust boundary.
+ */
+export function parseImportedKeybindings({
+	config,
+}: {
+	config: unknown;
+}): Map<ShortcutKey, TActionWithOptionalArgs> {
+	if (typeof config !== "object" || config === null || Array.isArray(config)) {
+		throw new Error("Imported keybindings must be a JSON object");
+	}
+
+	const result = new Map<ShortcutKey, TActionWithOptionalArgs>();
+	for (const [key, action] of Object.entries(config)) {
+		if (action === undefined) continue;
+		if (typeof action !== "string") {
+			throw new Error(
+				`Invalid action for "${key}": expected string, got ${typeof action}`,
+			);
+		}
+		if (!isShortcutKey(key)) {
+			throw new Error(`Invalid shortcut key: ${JSON.stringify(key)}`);
+		}
+		if (!isActionWithOptionalArgs(action)) {
+			throw new Error(
+				`Invalid action for "${key}": ${JSON.stringify(action)}`,
+			);
+		}
+		result.set(key, action);
+	}
+	return result;
+}
--- a/apps/web/src/actions/registry.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/actions/registry.ts
@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import type {
 type ActionHandler = (arg: unknown, trigger?: TInvocationTrigger) => void;
 const boundActions: Partial<Record<TAction, ActionHandler[]>> = {};

+// eslint-disable-next-line opencut/prefer-object-params -- action registries read best as (action, handler).
 export function bindAction<A extends TAction>(
 	action: A,
 	handler: TActionFunc<A>,
@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ export function bindAction<A extends TAction>(
 	}
 }

+// eslint-disable-next-line opencut/prefer-object-params -- action registries read best as (action, handler).
 export function unbindAction<A extends TAction>(
 	action: A,
 	handler: TActionFunc<A>,
@ -52,6 +54,7 @@ type InvokeActionFunc = {
 	): void;
 };

+// eslint-disable-next-line opencut/prefer-object-params -- dispatchers conventionally separate action, payload, and trigger.
 export const invokeAction: InvokeActionFunc = <A extends TAction>(
 	action: A,
 	args?: TArgOfAction<A>,
--- a/apps/web/src/actions/use-action-handler.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/actions/use-action-handler.ts
@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import type {
 } from "@/actions";
 import { bindAction, unbindAction } from "@/actions";

+// eslint-disable-next-line opencut/prefer-object-params -- action subscriptions read best as (action, handler, isActive).
 export function useActionHandler<A extends TAction>(
 	action: A,
 	handler: TActionFunc<A>,
--- a/apps/web/src/actions/use-editor-actions.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/actions/use-editor-actions.ts
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 "use client";

-import { useEffect, useRef } from "react";
+import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
 import { useTimelineStore } from "@/timeline/timeline-store";
 import { useActionHandler } from "@/actions/use-action-handler";
 import { useEditor } from "@/editor/use-editor";
@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import {
 	clearActiveScope,
 	type ScopeEntry,
 } from "@/selection/scope";
+import { useCommittedRef } from "@/hooks/use-committed-ref";

 export function useEditorActions() {
 	const editor = useEditor();
@ -36,25 +37,18 @@ export function useEditorActions() {
 	const toggleSnapping = useTimelineStore((s) => s.toggleSnapping);
 	const rippleEditingEnabled = useTimelineStore((s) => s.rippleEditingEnabled);
 	const toggleRippleEditing = useTimelineStore((s) => s.toggleRippleEditing);
-	const hasTimelineSelectionRef = useRef(false);
-	const clearTimelineSelectionRef = useRef(() => {});
-	const clearTimelineActiveSelectionRef = useRef(() => {});
-	const timelineScopeRef = useRef<ScopeEntry | null>(null);
 	const hasTimelineSelection =
 		selectedElements.length > 0 ||
 		selectedKeyframes.length > 0 ||
 		selectedMaskPointSelection !== null;
-
-	hasTimelineSelectionRef.current = hasTimelineSelection;
-	clearTimelineSelectionRef.current = () => {
+	const hasTimelineSelectionRef = useCommittedRef(hasTimelineSelection);
+	const clearTimelineSelectionRef = useCommittedRef(() => {
 		editor.selection.clearSelection();
-	};
-	clearTimelineActiveSelectionRef.current = () => {
+	});
+	const clearTimelineActiveSelectionRef = useCommittedRef(() => {
 		editor.selection.clearMostSpecificSelection();
-	};
-
-	if (!timelineScopeRef.current) {
-		timelineScopeRef.current = {
+	});
+	const [timelineScope] = useState<ScopeEntry>(() => ({
 		hasSelection: () => hasTimelineSelectionRef.current,
 		clear: () => {
 			clearTimelineSelectionRef.current();
@ -62,21 +56,15 @@ export function useEditorActions() {
 		clearActive: () => {
 			clearTimelineActiveSelectionRef.current();
 		},
-		};
-	}
+	}));

 	useEffect(() => {
 		if (!hasTimelineSelection) {
 			return;
 		}

-		const timelineScope = timelineScopeRef.current;
-		if (!timelineScope) {
-			return;
-		}
-
 		return activateScope({ entry: timelineScope });
-	}, [hasTimelineSelection]);
+	}, [hasTimelineSelection, timelineScope]);

 	useActionHandler(
 		"toggle-play",
--- a/apps/web/src/actions/use-keybindings.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/actions/use-keybindings.ts
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ export function useKeybindingsListener() {
 			const isTextInput =
 				activeElement instanceof HTMLElement &&
 				isTypableDOMElement({ element: activeElement });
-			const boundAction = binding ? keybindings[binding] : undefined;
+			const boundAction = binding ? keybindings.get(binding) : undefined;

 			if (normalizedKey === "escape" && isTextInput) {
 				activeElement.blur();
--- a/apps/web/src/actions/use-keyboard-shortcuts-help.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/actions/use-keyboard-shortcuts-help.ts
@ -39,27 +39,21 @@ export function useKeyboardShortcutsHelp() {
 	const { keybindings } = useKeybindingsStore();

 	const shortcuts = useMemo(() => {
+		const actionToKeys = new Map<TActionWithOptionalArgs, string[]>();
+
+		for (const [key, action] of keybindings) {
+			const existing = actionToKeys.get(action);
+			if (existing) {
+				existing.push(formatKey({ key }));
+			} else {
+				actionToKeys.set(action, [formatKey({ key })]);
+			}
+		}
+
 		const result: KeyboardShortcut[] = [];
-		const actionToKeys: Partial<Record<TActionWithOptionalArgs, string[]>> = {};
-
-		for (const [key, action] of Object.entries(keybindings) as Array<
-			[string, TActionWithOptionalArgs | undefined]
-		>) {
-			if (action) {
-				if (!actionToKeys[action]) {
-					actionToKeys[action] = [];
-				}
-				actionToKeys[action].push(formatKey({ key }));
-			}
-		}
-
-		for (const [action, keys] of Object.entries(actionToKeys) as Array<
-			[TActionWithOptionalArgs, string[]]
-		>) {
+		for (const [action, keys] of actionToKeys) {
 			const actionDef = ACTIONS[action];
-			if (!actionDef) {
-				continue;
-			}
+			if (!actionDef) continue;
 			result.push({
 				id: action,
 				keys,
--- a/apps/web/src/animation/property-registry.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/animation/property-registry.ts
@ -32,7 +32,11 @@ export interface AnimationPropertyDefinition {
 	supportsElement: ({ element }: { element: TimelineElement }) => boolean;
 	getValue: ({ element }: { element: TimelineElement }) => AnimationValue | null;
 	coerceValue: ({ value }: { value: AnimationValue }) => AnimationValue | null;
-	setValue: ({
+	// Apply `value` to `element` for this property. Coerces the value through
+	// `coerceValue` and verifies element support; returns `element` unchanged
+	// if either fails. Cannot be bypassed — there is no kind-narrow `setValue`
+	// on the public surface, so callers can't apply an unvalidated value.
+	applyValue: ({
 		element,
 		value,
 	}: {
@ -94,7 +98,13 @@ function createNumberPropertyDefinition({
 	numericRange?: NumericSpec;
 	supportsElement: AnimationPropertyDefinition["supportsElement"];
 	getValue: AnimationPropertyDefinition["getValue"];
-	setValue: AnimationPropertyDefinition["setValue"];
+	setValue: ({
+		element,
+		value,
+	}: {
+		element: TimelineElement;
+		value: number;
+	}) => TimelineElement;
 }): AnimationPropertyDefinition {
 	return {
 		kind: "number",
@ -102,12 +112,51 @@ function createNumberPropertyDefinition({
 		numericRanges: numericRange ? { value: numericRange } : undefined,
 		supportsElement,
 		getValue,
-		coerceValue: ({ value }) =>
-			coerceNumberValue({
-				value,
-				numericRange,
-			}),
+		coerceValue: ({ value }) => coerceNumberValue({ value, numericRange }),
+		applyValue: ({ element, value }) => {
+			if (!supportsElement({ element })) {
+				return element;
+			}
+			const coerced = coerceNumberValue({ value, numericRange });
+			if (coerced === null) {
+				return element;
+			}
+			return setValue({ element, value: coerced });
+		},
+	};
+}
+
+function createColorPropertyDefinition({
+	supportsElement,
+	getValue,
 	setValue,
+}: {
+	supportsElement: AnimationPropertyDefinition["supportsElement"];
+	getValue: AnimationPropertyDefinition["getValue"];
+	setValue: ({
+		element,
+		value,
+	}: {
+		element: TimelineElement;
+		value: string;
+	}) => TimelineElement;
+}): AnimationPropertyDefinition {
+	return {
+		kind: "color",
+		defaultInterpolation: "linear",
+		supportsElement,
+		getValue,
+		coerceValue: ({ value }) => coerceColorValue({ value }),
+		applyValue: ({ element, value }) => {
+			if (!supportsElement({ element })) {
+				return element;
+			}
+			const coerced = coerceColorValue({ value });
+			if (coerced === null) {
+				return element;
+			}
+			return setValue({ element, value: coerced });
+		},
 	};
 }

@ -126,7 +175,7 @@ const ANIMATION_PROPERTY_REGISTRY: Record<
 						...element,
 						transform: {
 							...element.transform,
-							position: { ...element.transform.position, x: value as number },
+							position: { ...element.transform.position, x: value },
 						},
 					}
 				: element,
@ -142,7 +191,7 @@ const ANIMATION_PROPERTY_REGISTRY: Record<
 						...element,
 						transform: {
 							...element.transform,
-							position: { ...element.transform.position, y: value as number },
+							position: { ...element.transform.position, y: value },
 						},
 					}
 				: element,
@ -156,7 +205,7 @@ const ANIMATION_PROPERTY_REGISTRY: Record<
 			isVisualElement(element)
 				? {
 						...element,
-						transform: { ...element.transform, scaleX: value as number },
+						transform: { ...element.transform, scaleX: value },
 					}
 				: element,
 	}),
@ -169,7 +218,7 @@ const ANIMATION_PROPERTY_REGISTRY: Record<
 			isVisualElement(element)
 				? {
 						...element,
-						transform: { ...element.transform, scaleY: value as number },
+						transform: { ...element.transform, scaleY: value },
 					}
 				: element,
 	}),
@ -182,7 +231,7 @@ const ANIMATION_PROPERTY_REGISTRY: Record<
 			isVisualElement(element)
 				? {
 						...element,
-						transform: { ...element.transform, rotate: value as number },
+						transform: { ...element.transform, rotate: value },
 					}
 				: element,
 	}),
@ -192,9 +241,7 @@ const ANIMATION_PROPERTY_REGISTRY: Record<
 		getValue: ({ element }) =>
 			isVisualElement(element) ? element.opacity : null,
 		setValue: ({ element, value }) =>
-			isVisualElement(element)
-				? { ...element, opacity: value as number }
-				: element,
+			isVisualElement(element) ? { ...element, opacity: value } : element,
 	}),
 	volume: createNumberPropertyDefinition({
 		numericRange: { min: VOLUME_DB_MIN, max: VOLUME_DB_MAX, step: 0.01 },
@ -202,36 +249,26 @@ const ANIMATION_PROPERTY_REGISTRY: Record<
 		getValue: ({ element }) =>
 			canElementHaveAudio(element) ? element.volume ?? 0 : null,
 		setValue: ({ element, value }) =>
-			canElementHaveAudio(element)
-				? { ...element, volume: value as number }
-				: element,
+			canElementHaveAudio(element) ? { ...element, volume: value } : element,
 	}),
-	color: {
-		kind: "color",
-		defaultInterpolation: "linear",
+	color: createColorPropertyDefinition({
 		supportsElement: ({ element }) => element.type === "text",
 		getValue: ({ element }) => (element.type === "text" ? element.color : null),
-		coerceValue: ({ value }) => coerceColorValue({ value }),
 		setValue: ({ element, value }) =>
-			element.type === "text"
-				? { ...element, color: value as string }
-				: element,
-	},
-	"background.color": {
-		kind: "color",
-		defaultInterpolation: "linear",
+			element.type === "text" ? { ...element, color: value } : element,
+	}),
+	"background.color": createColorPropertyDefinition({
 		supportsElement: ({ element }) => element.type === "text",
 		getValue: ({ element }) =>
 			element.type === "text" ? element.background.color : null,
-		coerceValue: ({ value }) => coerceColorValue({ value }),
 		setValue: ({ element, value }) =>
 			element.type === "text"
 				? {
 						...element,
-						background: { ...element.background, color: value as string },
+						background: { ...element.background, color: value },
 					}
 				: element,
-	},
+	}),
 	"background.paddingX": createNumberPropertyDefinition({
 		numericRange: { min: 0, step: 1 },
 		supportsElement: ({ element }) => element.type === "text",
@ -243,7 +280,7 @@ const ANIMATION_PROPERTY_REGISTRY: Record<
 			element.type === "text"
 				? {
 						...element,
-						background: { ...element.background, paddingX: value as number },
+						background: { ...element.background, paddingX: value },
 					}
 				: element,
 	}),
@ -258,7 +295,7 @@ const ANIMATION_PROPERTY_REGISTRY: Record<
 			element.type === "text"
 				? {
 						...element,
-						background: { ...element.background, paddingY: value as number },
+						background: { ...element.background, paddingY: value },
 					}
 				: element,
 	}),
@ -273,7 +310,7 @@ const ANIMATION_PROPERTY_REGISTRY: Record<
 			element.type === "text"
 				? {
 						...element,
-						background: { ...element.background, offsetX: value as number },
+						background: { ...element.background, offsetX: value },
 					}
 				: element,
 	}),
@ -288,7 +325,7 @@ const ANIMATION_PROPERTY_REGISTRY: Record<
 			element.type === "text"
 				? {
 						...element,
-						background: { ...element.background, offsetY: value as number },
+						background: { ...element.background, offsetY: value },
 					}
 				: element,
 	}),
@ -307,7 +344,7 @@ const ANIMATION_PROPERTY_REGISTRY: Record<
 			element.type === "text"
 				? {
 						...element,
-						background: { ...element.background, cornerRadius: value as number },
+						background: { ...element.background, cornerRadius: value },
 					}
 				: element,
 	}),
@ -362,11 +399,7 @@ export function withElementBaseValueForProperty({
 	value: AnimationValue;
 }): TimelineElement {
 	const definition = getAnimationPropertyDefinition({ propertyPath });
-	const coercedValue = definition.coerceValue({ value });
-	if (coercedValue === null || !definition.supportsElement({ element })) {
-		return element;
-	}
-	return definition.setValue({ element, value: coercedValue });
+	return definition.applyValue({ element, value });
 }

 export function getDefaultInterpolationForProperty({
--- a/apps/web/src/app/brand/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/app/brand/page.tsx
@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ export default function BrandPage() {
 				</div>

 				<div className="flex flex-col gap-3">
-					<h2 className="font-semibold text-lg">What's not allowed</h2>
+					<h2 className="font-semibold text-lg">What&apos;s not allowed</h2>
 					<ul className="text-muted-foreground text-base flex flex-col gap-2 leading-relaxed">
 						{[
 							"Using OpenCut in the name of your product, service, or domain.",
--- a/apps/web/src/app/editor/[project_id]/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/app/editor/[project_id]/page.tsx
@ -130,8 +130,14 @@ function EditorLayout() {
 			direction="vertical"
 			className="size-full gap-[0.18rem]"
 			onLayout={(sizes) => {
-				setPanel("mainContent", sizes[0] ?? panels.mainContent);
-				setPanel("timeline", sizes[1] ?? panels.timeline);
+				setPanel({
+					panel: "mainContent",
+					size: sizes[0] ?? panels.mainContent,
+				});
+				setPanel({
+					panel: "timeline",
+					size: sizes[1] ?? panels.timeline,
+				});
 			}}
 		>
 			<ResizablePanel
@ -144,9 +150,12 @@ function EditorLayout() {
 					direction="horizontal"
 					className="size-full gap-[0.19rem] px-3"
 					onLayout={(sizes) => {
-						setPanel("tools", sizes[0] ?? panels.tools);
-						setPanel("preview", sizes[1] ?? panels.preview);
-						setPanel("properties", sizes[2] ?? panels.properties);
+						setPanel({ panel: "tools", size: sizes[0] ?? panels.tools });
+						setPanel({ panel: "preview", size: sizes[1] ?? panels.preview });
+						setPanel({
+							panel: "properties",
+							size: sizes[2] ?? panels.properties,
+						});
 					}}
 				>
 					<ResizablePanel
--- a/apps/web/src/app/privacy/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/app/privacy/page.tsx
@ -57,7 +57,10 @@ export default function PrivacyPage() {
 								content is tracked
 							</li>
 							<li>You can clear local data from your browser at any time</li>
-							<li>We don't sell or share your data with anyone (we don't even have it)</li>
+							<li>
+								We don&apos;t sell or share your data with anyone (we don&apos;t
+								even have it)
+							</li>
 						</ol>
 						<p className="mt-4">
 							Questions? Email us at{" "}
@ -172,7 +175,7 @@ export default function PrivacyPage() {
 					<a
 						href={SOCIAL_LINKS.github}
 						target="_blank"
-						rel="noopener"
+						rel="noopener noreferrer"
 						className="text-primary hover:underline"
 					>
 						GitHub
@ -189,7 +192,7 @@ export default function PrivacyPage() {
 					<a
 						href={`${SOCIAL_LINKS.github}/issues`}
 						target="_blank"
-						rel="noopener"
+						rel="noopener noreferrer"
 						className="text-primary hover:underline"
 					>
 						GitHub repository
@ -205,7 +208,7 @@ export default function PrivacyPage() {
 					<a
 						href={SOCIAL_LINKS.x}
 						target="_blank"
-						rel="noopener"
+						rel="noopener noreferrer"
 						className="text-primary hover:underline"
 					>
 						X (Twitter)
--- a/apps/web/src/app/terms/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/app/terms/page.tsx
@ -51,9 +51,13 @@ export default function TermsPage() {
 								Free for personal and commercial use with no watermarks or
 								restrictions
 							</li>
-							<li>You're responsible for how you use it - don't break the law</li>
 							<li>
-								Service provided "as is" - we can't guarantee perfect uptime
+								You&apos;re responsible for how you use it - don&apos;t break
+								the law
+							</li>
+							<li>
+								Service provided &quot;as is&quot; - we can&apos;t guarantee
+								perfect uptime
 							</li>
 							<li>
 								Open source means you can review our code and self-host if
@ -109,8 +113,8 @@ export default function TermsPage() {
 					</li>
 				</ul>
 				<p>
-					You're responsible for how you use OpenCut and the content you create.
-					Don't use it for anything illegal in your jurisdiction.
+					You&apos;re responsible for how you use OpenCut and the content you
+					create. Don&apos;t use it for anything illegal in your jurisdiction.
 				</p>
 			</section>

@ -127,8 +131,8 @@ export default function TermsPage() {
 				<h2 className="text-2xl font-semibold">Service</h2>
 				<p>
 					OpenCut does not currently require an account. The service is provided
-					"as is" without warranties. While we strive for reliability, we can't
-					guarantee uninterrupted service.
+					&quot;as is&quot; without warranties. While we strive for
+					reliability, we can&apos;t guarantee uninterrupted service.
 				</p>
 			</section>

@ -146,7 +150,7 @@ export default function TermsPage() {
 					<a
 						href={SOCIAL_LINKS.github}
 						target="_blank"
-						rel="noopener"
+						rel="noopener noreferrer"
 						className="text-primary hover:underline"
 					>
 						GitHub
@ -161,12 +165,12 @@ export default function TermsPage() {
 					OpenCut is provided free of charge. To the extent permitted by law:
 				</p>
 				<ul className="list-disc space-y-2 pl-6">
-					<li>We're not liable for any loss of data or content</li>
+					<li>We&apos;re not liable for any loss of data or content</li>
 					<li>
 						Projects are stored in your browser and may be lost if you clear
 						browser data
 					</li>
-					<li>We're not responsible for how you use the service</li>
+					<li>We&apos;re not responsible for how you use the service</li>
 					<li>Our liability is limited to the maximum extent allowed by law</li>
 				</ul>
 				<p>
@ -180,7 +184,7 @@ export default function TermsPage() {
 				<h2 className="text-2xl font-semibold">Service Changes</h2>
 				<p>We may update OpenCut and these terms:</p>
 				<ul className="list-disc space-y-2 pl-6">
-					<li>We'll notify you of significant changes to these terms</li>
+					<li>We&apos;ll notify you of significant changes to these terms</li>
 					<li>Continued use means you accept any updates</li>
 					<li>You can always self-host an older version if you prefer</li>
 					<li>Major changes will be discussed with the community on GitHub</li>
@ -203,7 +207,7 @@ export default function TermsPage() {
 					<a
 						href={`${SOCIAL_LINKS.github}/issues`}
 						target="_blank"
-						rel="noopener"
+						rel="noopener noreferrer"
 						className="text-primary hover:underline"
 					>
 						GitHub repository
@ -219,7 +223,7 @@ export default function TermsPage() {
 					<a
 						href={SOCIAL_LINKS.x}
 						target="_blank"
-						rel="noopener"
+						rel="noopener noreferrer"
 						className="text-primary hover:underline"
 					>
 						X (Twitter)
--- a/apps/web/src/clipboard/handlers/elements.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/clipboard/handlers/elements.ts
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ export const ElementsClipboardHandler = {
 		};
 	},

-	paste(entry, context) {
+	paste({ entry, context }) {
 		if (entry.items.length === 0) {
 			return null;
 		}
--- a/apps/web/src/clipboard/handlers/index.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/clipboard/handlers/index.ts
@ -45,5 +45,5 @@ export function buildPasteClipboardCommand({
 	const handler = clipboardHandlers[entry.type] as ClipboardHandler<
 		typeof entry.type
 	>;
-	return handler.paste(entry as never, context);
+	return handler.paste({ entry: entry as never, context });
 }
--- a/apps/web/src/clipboard/handlers/keyframes.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/clipboard/handlers/keyframes.ts
@ -156,7 +156,10 @@ export const KeyframesClipboardHandler = {
 		};
 	},

-	paste(entry, { selectedElements, time }) {
+	paste({
+		entry,
+		context: { selectedElements, time },
+	}) {
 		const targetElement = selectedElements[0];
 		if (!targetElement || entry.items.length === 0) {
 			return null;
--- a/apps/web/src/clipboard/types.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/clipboard/types.ts
@ -69,10 +69,10 @@ export interface ClipboardHandler<TType extends ClipboardEntryType> {
 	type: TType;
 	canCopy(context: CopyContext): boolean;
 	copy(context: CopyContext): ClipboardEntryByType[TType] | null;
-	paste(
-		entry: ClipboardEntryByType[TType],
-		context: PasteContext,
-	): Command | null;
+	paste(args: {
+		entry: ClipboardEntryByType[TType];
+		context: PasteContext;
+	}): Command | null;
 }

 export type ClipboardHandlerMap = {
--- a/apps/web/src/commands/media/add-media-asset.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/commands/media/add-media-asset.ts
@ -16,14 +16,22 @@ export class AddMediaAssetCommand extends Command {
 	private previousProjectFps: FrameRate | null = null;
 	private appliedProjectFps: FrameRate | null = null;

-	constructor(
-		private projectId: string,
-		private asset: Omit<MediaAsset, "id">,
-	) {
+	constructor({
+		projectId,
+		asset,
+	}: {
+		projectId: string;
+		asset: Omit<MediaAsset, "id">;
+	}) {
 		super();
+		this.projectId = projectId;
+		this.asset = asset;
 		this.assetId = generateUUID();
 	}

+	private projectId: string;
+	private asset: Omit<MediaAsset, "id">;
+
 	execute(): CommandResult | undefined {
 		const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
 		this.savedAssets = [...editor.media.getAssets()];
@ -117,7 +125,14 @@ export class AddMediaAssetCommand extends Command {

 		const activeProject = editor.project.getActiveOrNull();
 		if (!activeProject) return;
-		if (!this.appliedProjectFps || !frameRatesEqual(activeProject.settings.fps, this.appliedProjectFps)) return;
+		if (
+			!this.appliedProjectFps ||
+			!frameRatesEqual({
+				a: activeProject.settings.fps,
+				b: this.appliedProjectFps,
+			})
+		)
+			return;

 		const highestRemainingVideoFps = getHighestImportedVideoFps({
 			mediaAssets: editor.media.getAssets(),
--- a/apps/web/src/commands/media/remove-media-asset.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/commands/media/remove-media-asset.ts
@ -13,13 +13,21 @@ export class RemoveMediaAssetCommand extends Command {
 	private savedTracks: SceneTracks | null = null;
 	private removedAsset: MediaAsset | null = null;

-	constructor(
-		private projectId: string,
-		private assetId: string,
-	) {
+	constructor({
+		projectId,
+		assetId,
+	}: {
+		projectId: string;
+		assetId: string;
+	}) {
 		super();
+		this.projectId = projectId;
+		this.assetId = assetId;
 	}

+	private projectId: string;
+	private assetId: string;
+
 	execute(): CommandResult | undefined {
 		const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
 		const assets = editor.media.getAssets();
--- a/apps/web/src/commands/scene/create-scene.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/commands/scene/create-scene.ts
@ -7,13 +7,21 @@ export class CreateSceneCommand extends Command {
 	private savedScenes: TScene[] | null = null;
 	private createdScene: TScene | null = null;

-	constructor(
-		private name: string,
-		private isMain: boolean = false,
-	) {
+	constructor({
+		name,
+		isMain = false,
+	}: {
+		name: string;
+		isMain?: boolean;
+	}) {
 		super();
+		this.name = name;
+		this.isMain = isMain;
 	}

+	private name: string;
+	private isMain: boolean;
+
 	execute(): CommandResult | undefined {
 		const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
 		this.savedScenes = [...editor.scenes.getScenes()];
--- a/apps/web/src/commands/scene/move-bookmark.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/commands/scene/move-bookmark.ts
@ -8,13 +8,21 @@ import type { MediaTime } from "@/wasm";
 export class MoveBookmarkCommand extends Command {
 	private savedScenes: TScene[] | null = null;

-	constructor(
-		private fromTime: MediaTime,
-		private toTime: MediaTime,
-	) {
+	constructor({
+		fromTime,
+		toTime,
+	}: {
+		fromTime: MediaTime;
+		toTime: MediaTime;
+	}) {
 		super();
+		this.fromTime = fromTime;
+		this.toTime = toTime;
 	}

+	private fromTime: MediaTime;
+	private toTime: MediaTime;
+
 	execute(): CommandResult | undefined {
 		const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
 		const activeScene = editor.scenes.getActiveScene();
--- a/apps/web/src/commands/scene/remove-bookmark.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/commands/scene/remove-bookmark.ts
@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ import {
 	getFrameTime,
 	removeBookmarkFromArray,
 } from "@/timeline/bookmarks/index";
-import type { MediaTime } from "@/wasm";
+import { type MediaTime, ZERO_MEDIA_TIME } from "@/wasm";

 export class RemoveBookmarkCommand extends Command {
 	private savedScenes: TScene[] | null = null;
-	private frameTime: MediaTime = 0 as MediaTime;
+	private frameTime: MediaTime = ZERO_MEDIA_TIME;

 	constructor(private time: MediaTime) {
 		super();
--- a/apps/web/src/commands/scene/rename-scene.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/commands/scene/rename-scene.ts
@ -7,13 +7,21 @@ export class RenameSceneCommand extends Command {
 	private savedScenes: TScene[] | null = null;
 	private previousName: string | null = null;

-	constructor(
-		private sceneId: string,
-		private newName: string,
-	) {
+	constructor({
+		sceneId,
+		newName,
+	}: {
+		sceneId: string;
+		newName: string;
+	}) {
 		super();
+		this.sceneId = sceneId;
+		this.newName = newName;
 	}

+	private sceneId: string;
+	private newName: string;
+
 	execute(): CommandResult | undefined {
 		const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
 		const scenes = editor.scenes.getScenes();
--- a/apps/web/src/commands/scene/toggle-bookmark.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/commands/scene/toggle-bookmark.ts
@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ import {
 	getFrameTime,
 	toggleBookmarkInArray,
 } from "@/timeline/bookmarks/index";
-import type { MediaTime } from "@/wasm";
+import { type MediaTime, ZERO_MEDIA_TIME } from "@/wasm";

 export class ToggleBookmarkCommand extends Command {
 	private savedScenes: TScene[] | null = null;
-	private frameTime: MediaTime = 0 as MediaTime;
+	private frameTime: MediaTime = ZERO_MEDIA_TIME;

 	constructor(private time: MediaTime) {
 		super();
--- a/apps/web/src/commands/scene/update-bookmark.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/commands/scene/update-bookmark.ts
@ -11,13 +11,21 @@ import type { MediaTime } from "@/wasm";
 export class UpdateBookmarkCommand extends Command {
 	private savedScenes: TScene[] | null = null;

-	constructor(
-		private time: MediaTime,
-		private updates: Partial<Omit<Bookmark, "time">>,
-	) {
+	constructor({
+		time,
+		updates,
+	}: {
+		time: MediaTime;
+		updates: Partial<Omit<Bookmark, "time">>;
+	}) {
 		super();
+		this.time = time;
+		this.updates = updates;
 	}

+	private time: MediaTime;
+	private updates: Partial<Omit<Bookmark, "time">>;
+
 	execute(): CommandResult | undefined {
 		const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
 		const activeScene = editor.scenes.getActiveScene();
--- a/apps/web/src/commands/timeline/track/add-track.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/commands/timeline/track/add-track.ts
@ -11,14 +11,22 @@ export class AddTrackCommand extends Command {
 	private trackId: string;
 	private savedState: SceneTracks | null = null;

-	constructor(
-		private type: TrackType,
-		private index?: number,
-	) {
+	constructor({
+		type,
+		index,
+	}: {
+		type: TrackType;
+		index?: number;
+	}) {
 		super();
+		this.type = type;
+		this.index = index;
 		this.trackId = generateUUID();
 	}

+	private type: TrackType;
+	private index?: number;
+
 	execute(): CommandResult | undefined {
 		const editor = EditorCore.getInstance();
 		this.savedState = editor.scenes.getActiveScene().tracks;
--- a/apps/web/src/commands/timeline/tracks-snapshot.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/commands/timeline/tracks-snapshot.ts
@ -3,13 +3,21 @@ import type { SceneTracks } from "@/timeline";
 import { EditorCore } from "@/core";

 export class TracksSnapshotCommand extends Command {
-	constructor(
-		private before: SceneTracks,
-		private after: SceneTracks,
-	) {
+	constructor({
+		before,
+		after,
+	}: {
+		before: SceneTracks;
+		after: SceneTracks;
+	}) {
 		super();
+		this.before = before;
+		this.after = after;
 	}

+	private before: SceneTracks;
+	private after: SceneTracks;
+
 	execute(): CommandResult | undefined {
 		EditorCore.getInstance().timeline.updateTracks(this.after);
 		return undefined;
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/assets/assets-panel-store.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/assets/assets-panel-store.tsx
@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ interface AssetsPanelStore {
 	setMediaViewMode: (mode: MediaViewMode) => void;
 	mediaSortBy: MediaSortKey;
 	mediaSortOrder: MediaSortOrder;
-	setMediaSort: (key: MediaSortKey, order: MediaSortOrder) => void;
+	setMediaSort: (args: { key: MediaSortKey; order: MediaSortOrder }) => void;
 }

 export const useAssetsPanelStore = create<AssetsPanelStore>()(
@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ export const useAssetsPanelStore = create<AssetsPanelStore>()(
 			setMediaViewMode: (mode) => set({ mediaViewMode: mode }),
 			mediaSortBy: "name",
 			mediaSortOrder: "asc",
-			setMediaSort: (key, order) =>
+			setMediaSort: ({ key, order }) =>
 				set({ mediaSortBy: key, mediaSortOrder: order }),
 		}),
 		{
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/assets/views/assets.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/assets/views/assets.tsx
@ -139,9 +139,12 @@ export function MediaView() {

 	const handleSort = ({ key }: { key: MediaSortKey }) => {
 		if (mediaSortBy === key) {
-			setMediaSort(key, mediaSortOrder === "asc" ? "desc" : "asc");
+			setMediaSort({
+				key,
+				order: mediaSortOrder === "asc" ? "desc" : "asc",
+			});
 		} else {
-			setMediaSort(key, "asc");
+			setMediaSort({ key, order: "asc" });
 		}
 	};

--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/assets/views/settings/index.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/assets/views/settings/index.tsx
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 "use client";

-import { useRef, useState } from "react";
+import { useState } from "react";
 import { PanelView } from "@/components/editor/panels/assets/views/base-panel";
 import {
 	Select,
@ -34,6 +34,10 @@ import type { TCanvasSize } from "@/project/types";

 type SettingsView = "project-info" | "background";

+function isSettingsView(value: string): value is SettingsView {
+	return value === "project-info" || value === "background";
+}
+
 const PRESET_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
 	"1:1": "1:1",
 	"16:9": "16:9",
@ -73,23 +77,20 @@ function useCanvasDimensionDraft({
 	value: number;
 	onCommit: (value: number) => void;
 }) {
-	const pendingValueRef = useRef(value);
-	const syncedValueRef = useRef(value);
-
-	if (syncedValueRef.current !== value) {
-		syncedValueRef.current = value;
-		pendingValueRef.current = value;
-	}
+	const [pendingValue, setPendingValue] = useState(value);

 	return usePropertyDraft({
 		displayValue: formatCanvasDimension({ value }),
 		parse: (input) => parseCanvasDimension({ input }),
+		onStartEditing: () => {
+			setPendingValue(value);
+		},
 		onPreview: (nextValue) => {
-			pendingValueRef.current = nextValue;
+			setPendingValue(nextValue);
 		},
 		onCommit: () => {
-			if (pendingValueRef.current !== value) {
-				onCommit(pendingValueRef.current);
+			if (pendingValue !== value) {
+				onCommit(pendingValue);
 			}
 		},
 	});
@ -212,7 +213,14 @@ export function SettingsView() {
 			contentClassName="px-0"
 			scrollClassName="pt-0"
 			actions={
-				<Tabs value={view} onValueChange={(v) => setView(v as SettingsView)}>
+				<Tabs
+					value={view}
+					onValueChange={(value) => {
+						if (isSettingsView(value)) {
+							setView(value);
+						}
+					}}
+				>
 					<TabsList>
 						<TabsTrigger value="project-info">Project info</TabsTrigger>
 						<TabsTrigger value="background">Background</TabsTrigger>
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/hooks/use-property-draft.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/hooks/use-property-draft.ts
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { useReducer, useRef } from "react";
+import { useState } from "react";
 import { evaluateMathExpression } from "@/utils/math";

 function looksLikeExpression({ input }: { input: string }): boolean {
@ -14,59 +14,56 @@ export function usePropertyDraft<T>({
 	parse,
 	onPreview,
 	onCommit,
+	onStartEditing,
 	supportsExpressions = true,
 }: {
 	displayValue: string;
 	parse: (input: string) => T | null;
 	onPreview: (value: T) => void;
 	onCommit: () => void;
+	onStartEditing?: () => void;
 	supportsExpressions?: boolean;
 }) {
-	const [, forceRender] = useReducer(
-		(renderVersion: number) => renderVersion + 1,
-		0,
-	);
-	const isEditing = useRef(false);
-	const draft = useRef("");
+	const [isEditing, setIsEditing] = useState(false);
+	const [draft, setDraft] = useState("");

 	return {
-		displayValue: isEditing.current ? draft.current : sourceDisplay,
+		displayValue: isEditing ? draft : sourceDisplay,
 		scrubTo: (value: number) => {
 			const parsed = parse(String(value));
 			if (parsed !== null) onPreview(parsed);
 		},
 		commitScrub: onCommit,
 		onFocus: () => {
-			isEditing.current = true;
-			draft.current = sourceDisplay;
-			forceRender();
+			setIsEditing(true);
+			setDraft(sourceDisplay);
+			onStartEditing?.();
 		},
 		onChange: (
 			event: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement | HTMLTextAreaElement>,
 		) => {
-			draft.current = event.target.value;
-			forceRender();
+			const nextDraft = event.target.value;
+			setDraft(nextDraft);

-			const parsed = parse(event.target.value);
+			const parsed = parse(nextDraft);
 			if (parsed !== null) {
 				onPreview(parsed);
 			}
 		},
-		onBlur: () => {
-			if (
-				supportsExpressions &&
-				looksLikeExpression({ input: draft.current })
-			) {
-				const evaluated = evaluateMathExpression({ input: draft.current });
+		onBlur: (
+			event: React.FocusEvent<HTMLInputElement | HTMLTextAreaElement>,
+		) => {
+			const nextDraft = event.target.value;
+			if (supportsExpressions && looksLikeExpression({ input: nextDraft })) {
+				const evaluated = evaluateMathExpression({ input: nextDraft });
 				if (evaluated !== null) {
 					const parsed = parse(String(evaluated));
 					if (parsed !== null) onPreview(parsed);
 				}
 			}
 			onCommit();
-			isEditing.current = false;
-			draft.current = "";
-			forceRender();
+			setIsEditing(false);
+			setDraft("");
 		},
 	};
 }
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/index.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/index.tsx
@ -71,7 +71,12 @@ export function PropertiesPanel() {
 								<Button
 									variant={tab.id === activeTab.id ? "secondary" : "ghost"}
 									size="icon"
-									onClick={() => setActiveTab(element.type, tab.id)}
+									onClick={() =>
+										setActiveTab({
+											elementType: element.type,
+											tabId: tab.id,
+										})
+									}
 									aria-label={tab.label}
 									className={cn(
 										"shrink-0",
--- a/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/stores/properties-store.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/components/editor/panels/properties/stores/properties-store.ts
@ -2,17 +2,18 @@ import { create } from "zustand";

 interface PropertiesState {
 	activeTabPerType: Record<string, string>;
-	setActiveTab: (elementType: string, tabId: string) => void;
+	setActiveTab: (args: { elementType: string; tabId: string }) => void;
 	isTransformScaleLocked: boolean;
-	setTransformScaleLocked: (locked: boolean) => void;
+	setTransformScaleLocked: (args: { locked: boolean }) => void;
 }

 export const usePropertiesStore = create<PropertiesState>()((set) => ({
 	activeTabPerType: {},
-	setActiveTab: (elementType, tabId) =>
+	setActiveTab: ({ elementType, tabId }) =>
 		set((state) => ({
 			activeTabPerType: { ...state.activeTabPerType, [elementType]: tabId },
 		})),
 	isTransformScaleLocked: false,
-	setTransformScaleLocked: (locked) => set({ isTransformScaleLocked: locked }),
+	setTransformScaleLocked: ({ locked }) =>
+		set({ isTransformScaleLocked: locked }),
 }));
--- a/apps/web/src/core/index.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/core/index.ts
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ export class EditorCore {
 		this.project = new ProjectManager(this);
 		this.media = new MediaManager(this);
 		this.renderer = new RendererManager(this);
-		this.save = new SaveManager(this);
+		this.save = new SaveManager({ editor: this });
 		this.audio = new AudioManager(this);
 		this.selection = new SelectionManager(this);
 		this.clipboard = new ClipboardManager(this);
--- a/apps/web/src/core/managers/media-manager.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/core/managers/media-manager.ts
@ -68,9 +68,17 @@ export class MediaManager {

 		const command =
 			uniqueIds.length === 1
-				? new RemoveMediaAssetCommand(projectId, uniqueIds[0])
+				? new RemoveMediaAssetCommand({
+						projectId,
+						assetId: uniqueIds[0],
+					})
 				: new BatchCommand(
-						uniqueIds.map((id) => new RemoveMediaAssetCommand(projectId, id)),
+						uniqueIds.map((id) =>
+							new RemoveMediaAssetCommand({
+								projectId,
+								assetId: id,
+							}),
+						),
 					);

 		this.editor.command.execute({ command });
--- a/apps/web/src/core/managers/save-manager.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/core/managers/save-manager.ts
@ -12,13 +12,18 @@ export class SaveManager {
 	private saveTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;
 	private unsubscribeHandlers: Array<() => void> = [];

-	constructor(
-		private editor: EditorCore,
-		{ debounceMs = 800 }: SaveManagerOptions = {},
-	) {
+	constructor({
+		editor,
+		debounceMs = 800,
+	}: {
+		editor: EditorCore;
+	} & SaveManagerOptions) {
+		this.editor = editor;
 		this.debounceMs = debounceMs;
 	}

+	private editor: EditorCore;
+
 	start(): void {
 		if (this.unsubscribeHandlers.length > 0) return;

--- a/apps/web/src/core/managers/scenes-manager.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/core/managers/scenes-manager.ts
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ export class ScenesManager {
 			throw new Error("No active project");
 		}

-		const command = new CreateSceneCommand(name, isMain);
+		const command = new CreateSceneCommand({ name, isMain });
 		this.editor.command.execute({ command });
 		return command.getSceneId();
 	}
@ -77,7 +77,10 @@ export class ScenesManager {
 			throw new Error("No active project");
 		}

-		const command = new RenameSceneCommand(sceneId, name);
+		const command = new RenameSceneCommand({
+			sceneId,
+			newName: name,
+		});
 		this.editor.command.execute({ command });
 	}

@ -138,7 +141,7 @@ export class ScenesManager {
 		time: MediaTime;
 		updates: Partial<Omit<Bookmark, "time">>;
 	}): Promise<void> {
-		const command = new UpdateBookmarkCommand(time, updates);
+		const command = new UpdateBookmarkCommand({ time, updates });
 		this.editor.command.execute({ command });
 	}

@ -149,7 +152,7 @@ export class ScenesManager {
 		fromTime: MediaTime;
 		toTime: MediaTime;
 	}): Promise<void> {
-		const command = new MoveBookmarkCommand(fromTime, toTime);
+		const command = new MoveBookmarkCommand({ fromTime, toTime });
 		this.editor.command.execute({ command });
 	}

--- a/apps/web/src/core/managers/timeline-manager.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/core/managers/timeline-manager.ts
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ export class TimelineManager {
 	constructor(private editor: EditorCore) {}

 	addTrack({ type, index }: { type: TrackType; index?: number }): string {
-		const command = new AddTrackCommand(type, index);
+		const command = new AddTrackCommand({ type, index });
 		this.editor.command.execute({ command });
 		return command.getTrackId();
 	}
@ -751,7 +751,10 @@ export class TimelineManager {
 		}
 		const afterTracks =
 			this.previewTracks ?? this.applyPreviewOverlay(committedTracks);
-		const command = new TracksSnapshotCommand(committedTracks, afterTracks);
+		const command = new TracksSnapshotCommand({
+			before: committedTracks,
+			after: afterTracks,
+		});
 		this.editor.command.push({ command });
 		this.previewOverlay.clear();
 		this.previewTracks = null;
--- a/apps/web/src/editor/panel-store.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/editor/panel-store.ts
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ export type PanelId = keyof PanelSizes;

 interface PanelState {
 	panels: PanelSizes;
-	setPanel: (panel: PanelId, size: number) => void;
+	setPanel: (args: { panel: PanelId; size: number }) => void;
 	setPanels: (sizes: Partial<PanelSizes>) => void;
 	resetPanels: () => void;
 }
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ export const usePanelStore = create<PanelState>()(
 	persist(
 		(set) => ({
 			...PANEL_CONFIG,
-			setPanel: (panel, size) =>
+			setPanel: ({ panel, size }) =>
 				set((state) => ({
 					panels: {
 						...state.panels,
--- a/apps/web/src/editor/use-editor.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/editor/use-editor.ts
@ -1,7 +1,15 @@
 import { useCallback, useMemo, useRef, useSyncExternalStore } from "react";
 import { EditorCore } from "@/core";

-function isShallowEqual(a: unknown, b: unknown): boolean {
+const SNAPSHOT_UNSET = Symbol("snapshotUnset");
+
+function isShallowEqual({
+	a,
+	b,
+}: {
+	a: unknown;
+	b: unknown;
+}): boolean {
 	if (Object.is(a, b)) return true;
 	if (!Array.isArray(a) || !Array.isArray(b)) return false;
 	if (a.length !== b.length) return false;
@ -16,10 +24,7 @@ export function useEditor<T>(
 	selector?: (editor: EditorCore) => T,
 ): EditorCore | T {
 	const editor = useMemo(() => EditorCore.getInstance(), []);
-	const selectorRef = useRef(selector);
-	selectorRef.current = selector;
-
-	const snapshotCacheRef = useRef<unknown>(undefined);
+	const snapshotCacheRef = useRef<T | typeof SNAPSHOT_UNSET>(SNAPSHOT_UNSET);

 	const subscribeAll = useCallback(
 		(onChange: () => void) => {
@ -43,18 +48,29 @@ export function useEditor<T>(
 		[editor],
 	);

-	const getSnapshot = useCallback(() => {
-		const next = selectorRef.current ? selectorRef.current(editor) : editor;
-		if (isShallowEqual(snapshotCacheRef.current, next)) {
+	const getSnapshot = useCallback((): EditorCore | T => {
+		if (!selector) {
+			return editor;
+		}
+
+		const next = selector(editor);
+		if (
+			snapshotCacheRef.current !== SNAPSHOT_UNSET &&
+			isShallowEqual({
+				a: snapshotCacheRef.current,
+				b: next,
+			})
+		) {
 			return snapshotCacheRef.current;
 		}
+
 		snapshotCacheRef.current = next;
 		return next;
-	}, [editor]);
+	}, [editor, selector]);

 	return useSyncExternalStore(
 		selector ? subscribeAll : subscribeNone,
 		getSnapshot,
 		getSnapshot,
-	) as EditorCore | T;
+	);
 }
--- a/apps/web/src/effects/definitions/index.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/effects/definitions/index.ts
@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ export function registerDefaultEffects(): void {
 		if (effectsRegistry.has(definition.type)) {
 			continue;
 		}
-		effectsRegistry.register(definition.type, definition);
+		effectsRegistry.register({
+			key: definition.type,
+			definition,
+		});
 	}
 }
--- a/apps/web/src/fps/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/fps/utils.ts
@ -22,7 +22,13 @@ export function frameRateToFloat(rate: FrameRate): number {
 	return rate.numerator / rate.denominator;
 }

-export function frameRatesEqual(a: FrameRate, b: FrameRate): boolean {
+export function frameRatesEqual({
+	a,
+	b,
+}: {
+	a: FrameRate;
+	b: FrameRate;
+}): boolean {
 	return a.numerator === b.numerator && a.denominator === b.denominator;
 }

@ -38,14 +44,17 @@ export function floatToFrameRate(fps: number): FrameRate {

 	const ARBITRARY_DENOMINATOR = 1_000_000;
 	const scaledNumerator = Math.round(fps * ARBITRARY_DENOMINATOR);
-	const divisor = gcd(scaledNumerator, ARBITRARY_DENOMINATOR);
+	const divisor = gcd({
+		left: scaledNumerator,
+		right: ARBITRARY_DENOMINATOR,
+	});
 	return {
 		numerator: scaledNumerator / divisor,
 		denominator: ARBITRARY_DENOMINATOR / divisor,
 	};
 }

-function gcd(left: number, right: number): number {
+function gcd({ left, right }: { left: number; right: number }): number {
 	let a = Math.abs(left);
 	let b = Math.abs(right);
 	while (b !== 0) {
--- a/apps/web/src/graphics/definitions/index.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/graphics/definitions/index.ts
@ -16,7 +16,10 @@ export function registerDefaultGraphics(): void {
 		if (graphicsRegistry.has(definition.id)) {
 			continue;
 		}
-		graphicsRegistry.register(definition.id, definition);
+		graphicsRegistry.register({
+			key: definition.id,
+			definition,
+		});
 	}
 }

--- a/apps/web/src/graphics/index.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/graphics/index.ts
@ -60,10 +60,13 @@ export function buildDefaultGraphicInstance({
 	};
 }

-export function resolveGraphicParams(
-	definition: GraphicDefinition,
-	params?: ParamValues,
-): ParamValues {
+export function resolveGraphicParams({
+	definition,
+	params,
+}: {
+	definition: GraphicDefinition;
+	params?: ParamValues;
+}): ParamValues {
 	return {
 		...buildDefaultParamValues(definition.params),
 		...(params ?? {}),
@ -85,7 +88,10 @@ export function resolveGraphicElementParamsAtTime({
 		definitionId: element.definitionId,
 	});
 	return resolveGraphicParamsAtTime({
-		params: resolveGraphicParams(definition, element.params),
+		params: resolveGraphicParams({
+			definition,
+			params: element.params,
+		}),
 		definitions: definition.params,
 		animations: element.animations,
 		localTime,
@ -102,7 +108,7 @@ export function buildGraphicPreviewUrl({
 	size?: number;
 }): string {
 	const definition = getGraphicDefinition({ definitionId });
-	const resolvedParams = resolveGraphicParams(definition, params);
+	const resolvedParams = resolveGraphicParams({ definition, params });
 	const cacheKey = JSON.stringify({ definitionId, resolvedParams, size });
 	const cachedUrl = graphicPreviewUrlCache.get(cacheKey);
 	if (cachedUrl) {
--- a/apps/web/src/hooks/use-committed-ref.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/hooks/use-committed-ref.ts
@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import { useLayoutEffect, useRef } from "react";
+
+export function useCommittedRef<T>(value: T) {
+	const ref = useRef(value);
+
+	useLayoutEffect(() => {
+		ref.current = value;
+	}, [value]);
+
+	return ref;
+}
--- a/apps/web/src/hooks/use-focus-lock.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/hooks/use-focus-lock.ts
@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef } from "react";
+import { useCommittedRef } from "@/hooks/use-committed-ref";

 type FocusLockCursor = "text" | "default" | "pointer" | "crosshair";

@ -37,8 +38,7 @@ export function useFocusLock<T extends HTMLElement = HTMLElement>({
 	allowSelector?: string;
 }) {
 	const containerRef = useRef<T>(null);
-	const onDismissRef = useRef(onDismiss);
-	onDismissRef.current = onDismiss;
+	const onDismissRef = useCommittedRef(onDismiss);

 	useEffect(() => {
 		if (!isActive) return;
@ -53,10 +53,13 @@ export function useFocusLock<T extends HTMLElement = HTMLElement>({

 		const handleOutsidePointerDown = (event: PointerEvent) => {
 			if (event.button !== 0) return;
-			if (container.contains(event.target as Node)) return;
+			const target = event.target;
+			if (target instanceof Node && container.contains(target)) return;

-			const target = event.target as Element | null;
-			const isAllowedTarget = allowSelector && target?.closest(allowSelector);
+			const isAllowedTarget =
+				allowSelector &&
+				target instanceof Element &&
+				target.closest(allowSelector);
 			if (isAllowedTarget) return;

 			onDismissRef.current();
@ -73,7 +76,7 @@ export function useFocusLock<T extends HTMLElement = HTMLElement>({
 			container.removeAttribute(DATA_ATTR);
 			focusLockStyle.remove();
 		};
-	}, [isActive, cursor, allowSelector]);
+	}, [isActive, cursor, allowSelector, onDismissRef]);

 	return { containerRef };
 }
--- a/apps/web/src/masks/custom-path.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/masks/custom-path.ts
@ -330,13 +330,27 @@ function clampUnit(value: number): number {
 	return Math.min(1, Math.max(0, value));
 }

-function getDistanceSquared(a: CanvasPoint, b: CanvasPoint): number {
+function getDistanceSquared({
+	a,
+	b,
+}: {
+	a: CanvasPoint;
+	b: CanvasPoint;
+}): number {
 	const dx = a.x - b.x;
 	const dy = a.y - b.y;
 	return dx * dx + dy * dy;
 }

-function lerpPoint(a: CanvasPoint, b: CanvasPoint, t: number): CanvasPoint {
+function lerpPoint({
+	a,
+	b,
+	t,
+}: {
+	a: CanvasPoint;
+	b: CanvasPoint;
+	t: number;
+}): CanvasPoint {
 	return {
 		x: a.x + (b.x - a.x) * t,
 		y: a.y + (b.y - a.y) * t,
@ -483,7 +497,10 @@ export function findClosestPointOnCustomMaskSegment({

 	const sampleCount = 24;
 	let bestT = 0;
-	let bestDistanceSquared = getDistanceSquared(canvasPoint, segment.start);
+	let bestDistanceSquared = getDistanceSquared({
+		a: canvasPoint,
+		b: segment.start,
+	});

 	for (let step = 0; step <= sampleCount; step++) {
 		const t = step / sampleCount;
@ -494,7 +511,7 @@ export function findClosestPointOnCustomMaskSegment({
 			p3: segment.end,
 			t,
 		});
-		const distanceSquared = getDistanceSquared(canvasPoint, point);
+		const distanceSquared = getDistanceSquared({ a: canvasPoint, b: point });
 		if (distanceSquared < bestDistanceSquared) {
 			bestDistanceSquared = distanceSquared;
 			bestT = t;
@ -516,7 +533,10 @@ export function findClosestPointOnCustomMaskSegment({
 				}),
 			}));
 		for (const candidate of candidates) {
-			const distanceSquared = getDistanceSquared(canvasPoint, candidate.point);
+			const distanceSquared = getDistanceSquared({
+				a: canvasPoint,
+				b: candidate.point,
+			});
 			if (distanceSquared < bestDistanceSquared) {
 				bestDistanceSquared = distanceSquared;
 				bestT = candidate.t;
@ -573,12 +593,12 @@ export function insertPointIntoCustomMaskSegment({
 		y: endPoint.y + endPoint.inY,
 	};
 	const p3 = { x: endPoint.x, y: endPoint.y };
-	const p01 = lerpPoint(p0, p1, clampedT);
-	const p12 = lerpPoint(p1, p2, clampedT);
-	const p23 = lerpPoint(p2, p3, clampedT);
-	const p012 = lerpPoint(p01, p12, clampedT);
-	const p123 = lerpPoint(p12, p23, clampedT);
-	const splitPoint = lerpPoint(p012, p123, clampedT);
+	const p01 = lerpPoint({ a: p0, b: p1, t: clampedT });
+	const p12 = lerpPoint({ a: p1, b: p2, t: clampedT });
+	const p23 = lerpPoint({ a: p2, b: p3, t: clampedT });
+	const p012 = lerpPoint({ a: p01, b: p12, t: clampedT });
+	const p123 = lerpPoint({ a: p12, b: p23, t: clampedT });
+	const splitPoint = lerpPoint({ a: p012, b: p123, t: clampedT });

 	const nextPoints = [...points];
 	nextPoints[indices.startIndex] = {
--- a/apps/web/src/masks/definitions/split.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/masks/definitions/split.ts
@ -53,10 +53,13 @@ function splitLineGeometry({
 	return { normalX, normalY, lineX, lineY };
 }

-function pointsEqual(
-	a: { x: number; y: number },
-	b: { x: number; y: number },
-): boolean {
+function pointsEqual({
+	a,
+	b,
+}: {
+	a: { x: number; y: number };
+	b: { x: number; y: number };
+}): boolean {
 	return (
 		Math.abs(a.x - b.x) <= INTERSECTION_EPSILON &&
 		Math.abs(a.y - b.y) <= INTERSECTION_EPSILON
@ -101,7 +104,7 @@ export function getSplitMaskStrokeSegment({
 			y2,
 		});

-		if (!hit || intersections.some((point) => pointsEqual(point, hit))) {
+		if (!hit || intersections.some((point) => pointsEqual({ a: point, b: hit }))) {
 			continue;
 		}

@ -307,13 +310,18 @@ export const splitMaskDefinition: MaskDefinition<SplitMaskParams> = {
 				[0, height, 0, 0],
 			];

-			const isInsideHalfPlane = (x: number, y: number) =>
-				halfPlaneSign({ lineX, lineY, normalX, normalY, x, y }) >= 0;
+			const isInsideHalfPlane = ({
+				x,
+				y,
+			}: {
+				x: number;
+				y: number;
+			}) => halfPlaneSign({ lineX, lineY, normalX, normalY, x, y }) >= 0;

 			const vertices: [number, number][] = [];
 			for (const [x1, y1, x2, y2] of edges) {
-				const isVertex1Inside = isInsideHalfPlane(x1, y1);
-				const isVertex2Inside = isInsideHalfPlane(x2, y2);
+				const isVertex1Inside = isInsideHalfPlane({ x: x1, y: y1 });
+				const isVertex2Inside = isInsideHalfPlane({ x: x2, y: y2 });

 				if (isVertex1Inside && isVertex2Inside) {
 					vertices.push([x2, y2]);
--- a/apps/web/src/masks/registry.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/masks/registry.ts
@ -115,7 +115,10 @@ export class MasksRegistry extends DefinitionRegistry<
 			},
 			icon,
 		};
-		this.register(definition.type, withBaseParams);
+		this.register({
+			key: definition.type,
+			definition: withBaseParams,
+		});
 	}
 }

--- a/apps/web/src/media/use-paste-media.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/media/use-paste-media.ts
@ -68,10 +68,10 @@ export function usePasteMedia() {
 						const startTime = editor.playback.getCurrentTime();

 						for (const asset of processedAssets) {
-							const addMediaCmd = new AddMediaAssetCommand(
-								activeProject.metadata.id,
+							const addMediaCmd = new AddMediaAssetCommand({
+								projectId: activeProject.metadata.id,
 								asset,
-							);
+							});
 							const assetId = addMediaCmd.getAssetId();
 							const duration =
 								asset.duration != null
--- a/apps/web/src/params/registry.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/params/registry.ts
@ -18,7 +18,13 @@ export class DefinitionRegistry<TKey extends string, TDefinition> {
 		this.entityName = entityName;
 	}

-	register(key: TKey, definition: TDefinition): void {
+	register({
+		key,
+		definition,
+	}: {
+		key: TKey;
+		definition: TDefinition;
+	}): void {
 		this.definitions.set(key, definition);
 	}

--- a/apps/web/src/preview/components/context-menu.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/preview/components/context-menu.tsx
@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ import { toast } from "sonner";

 export function PreviewContextMenu({
 	onToggleFullscreen,
-	containerRef,
+	container,
 	overlayControls,
 	onOverlayVisibilityChange,
 }: {
 	onToggleFullscreen: () => void;
-	containerRef: React.RefObject<HTMLElement | null>;
+	container: HTMLElement | null;
 	overlayControls: PreviewOverlayControl[];
 	onOverlayVisibilityChange: (params: {
 		overlayId: string;
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ export function PreviewContextMenu({
 	};

 	return (
-		<ContextMenuContent className="w-56" container={containerRef.current}>
+		<ContextMenuContent className="w-56" container={container}>
 			<ContextMenuItem onClick={viewport.fitToScreen} inset>
 				Fit to screen
 			</ContextMenuItem>
--- a/apps/web/src/preview/components/index.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/preview/components/index.tsx
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 "use client";

-import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from "react";
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import useDeepCompareEffect from "use-deep-compare-effect";
 import { useEditor } from "@/editor/use-editor";
 import { useRafLoop } from "@/hooks/use-raf-loop";
@ -68,15 +68,20 @@ export function PreviewPanel({
 	}) => void;
 }) {
 	const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
+	const [container, setContainer] = useState<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
 	const { toggleFullscreen } = useFullscreen({ containerRef });
+	const handleContainerRef = useCallback((node: HTMLDivElement | null) => {
+		containerRef.current = node;
+		setContainer(node);
+	}, []);

 	return (
 		<div
-			ref={containerRef}
+			ref={handleContainerRef}
 			className="panel bg-background relative flex size-full min-h-0 min-w-0 flex-col rounded-sm border"
 		>
 			<PreviewCanvas
-				containerRef={containerRef}
+				container={container}
 				onToggleFullscreen={toggleFullscreen}
 				overlayControls={overlayControls}
 				overlayInstances={overlayInstances}
@ -117,13 +122,13 @@ function RenderTreeController() {
 }

 function PreviewCanvas({
-	containerRef,
+	container,
 	onToggleFullscreen,
 	overlayControls,
 	overlayInstances,
 	onOverlayVisibilityChange,
 }: {
-	containerRef: React.RefObject<HTMLElement | null>;
+	container: HTMLElement | null;
 	onToggleFullscreen: () => void;
 	overlayControls: PreviewOverlayControl[];
 	overlayInstances: PreviewOverlayInstance[];
@ -149,6 +154,7 @@ function PreviewCanvas({
 		viewportRef,
 		viewportWidth: viewportSize.width,
 	});
+	const { canPan, panByScreenDelta, scaleZoom } = viewport;

 	const renderer = useMemo(() => {
 		return new CanvasRenderer({
@ -240,7 +246,7 @@ function PreviewCanvas({
 							Math.min(Math.abs(pendingZoomDelta), 30);
 						const zoomFactor = Math.exp(-cappedDelta / 300);

-						viewport.scaleZoom({ factor: zoomFactor });
+						scaleZoom({ factor: zoomFactor });
 						pendingZoomDelta = 0;
 						zoomRafId = null;
 					});
@ -249,7 +255,7 @@ function PreviewCanvas({
 				return;
 			}

-			if (!viewport.canPan) {
+			if (!canPan) {
 				return;
 			}

@ -263,7 +269,7 @@ function PreviewCanvas({

 			if (panRafId === null) {
 				panRafId = requestAnimationFrame(() => {
-					viewport.panByScreenDelta({
+					panByScreenDelta({
 						deltaX: pendingPanDeltaX,
 						deltaY: pendingPanDeltaY,
 					});
@ -290,7 +296,7 @@ function PreviewCanvas({
 				cancelAnimationFrame(panRafId);
 			}
 		};
-	}, [viewport.canPan, viewport.panByScreenDelta, viewport.scaleZoom]);
+	}, [canPan, panByScreenDelta, scaleZoom]);

 	return (
 		<PreviewViewportProvider value={viewport}>
@ -329,7 +335,7 @@ function PreviewCanvas({
 						</ContextMenuTrigger>
 						<PreviewContextMenu
 							onToggleFullscreen={onToggleFullscreen}
-							containerRef={containerRef}
+							container={container}
 							overlayControls={overlayControls}
 							onOverlayVisibilityChange={onOverlayVisibilityChange}
 						/>
--- a/apps/web/src/preview/components/preview-viewport.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/preview/components/preview-viewport.tsx
@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
 	useRef,
 	useState,
 } from "react";
+import { useCommittedRef } from "@/hooks/use-committed-ref";
 import {
 	canvasToOverlay,
 	getDisplayScale,
@ -219,8 +220,7 @@ export function usePreviewViewportState({
 	}));
 	const [isPanning, setIsPanning] = useState(false);
 	const panSessionRef = useRef<PanSession | null>(null);
-	const centerRef = useRef(center);
-	centerRef.current = center;
+	const centerRef = useCommittedRef(center);

 	const fitScale = useMemo(
 		() =>
@ -409,10 +409,10 @@ export function usePreviewViewportState({
 				pointerId: event.pointerId,
 			};
 			setIsPanning(true);
-			(event.currentTarget as HTMLElement).setPointerCapture(event.pointerId);
+			event.currentTarget.setPointerCapture(event.pointerId);
 			return true;
 		},
-		[zoom],
+		[centerRef, zoom],
 	);

 	const handlePanPointerMove = useCallback(
@ -451,13 +451,9 @@ export function usePreviewViewportState({
 			}

 			if (
-				(event.currentTarget as HTMLElement).hasPointerCapture(
-					panSession.pointerId,
-				)
+				event.currentTarget.hasPointerCapture(panSession.pointerId)
 			) {
-				(event.currentTarget as HTMLElement).releasePointerCapture(
-					panSession.pointerId,
-				);
+				event.currentTarget.releasePointerCapture(panSession.pointerId);
 			}

 			panSessionRef.current = null;
--- a/apps/web/src/preview/components/text-edit-overlay.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/preview/components/text-edit-overlay.tsx
@ -120,7 +120,6 @@ export function TextEditOverlay({
 				transformOrigin: "center center",
 			}}
 		>
-			{/* biome-ignore lint/a11y/useSemanticElements: contenteditable required for multiline, IME, paste */}
 			<div
 				ref={divRef}
 				contentEditable
--- a/apps/web/src/preview/hooks/use-preview-interaction.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/preview/hooks/use-preview-interaction.ts
@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-import { useEffect, useReducer, useRef } from "react";
+import { useEffect, useReducer, useState } from "react";
 import { useEditor } from "@/editor/use-editor";
+import { useCommittedRef } from "@/hooks/use-committed-ref";
 import { useShiftKey } from "@/hooks/use-shift-key";
 import { usePreviewViewport } from "@/preview/components/preview-viewport";
 import type { SnapLine } from "@/preview/preview-snap";
@ -59,17 +60,10 @@ export function usePreviewInteraction({
 			onSnapLinesChange,
 		},
 	};
-
-	const depsRef = useRef<PreviewInteractionDeps>(deps);
-	depsRef.current = deps;
-
-	const controllerRef = useRef<PreviewInteractionController | null>(null);
-	if (!controllerRef.current) {
-		controllerRef.current = new PreviewInteractionController({
-			depsRef: depsRef as PreviewInteractionDepsRef,
-		});
-	}
-	const controller = controllerRef.current;
+	const depsRef = useCommittedRef(deps) as PreviewInteractionDepsRef;
+	const [controller] = useState(
+		() => new PreviewInteractionController({ depsRef }),
+	);

 	const [, rerender] = useReducer((n: number) => n + 1, 0);
 	useEffect(
--- a/apps/web/src/preview/hooks/use-transform-handles.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/preview/hooks/use-transform-handles.ts
@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-import { useEffect, useReducer, useRef } from "react";
+import { useEffect, useReducer, useState } from "react";
 import { usePreviewViewport } from "@/preview/components/preview-viewport";
 import type { OnSnapLinesChange } from "@/preview/hooks/use-preview-interaction";
 import { useEditor } from "@/editor/use-editor";
+import { useCommittedRef } from "@/hooks/use-committed-ref";
 import { useShiftKey } from "@/hooks/use-shift-key";
 import { registerCanceller } from "@/editor/cancel-interaction";
 import {
@ -48,15 +49,10 @@ export function useTransformHandles({
 			onSnapLinesChange,
 		},
 	};
-
-	const depsRef = useRef<TransformHandleDeps>(deps);
-	depsRef.current = deps;
-
-	const controllerRef = useRef<TransformHandleController | null>(null);
-	if (!controllerRef.current) {
-		controllerRef.current = new TransformHandleController({ depsRef });
-	}
-	const controller = controllerRef.current;
+	const depsRef = useCommittedRef(deps);
+	const [controller] = useState(
+		() => new TransformHandleController({ depsRef }),
+	);

 	const [, rerender] = useReducer((n: number) => n + 1, 0);
 	useEffect(() => controller.subscribe(rerender), [controller]);
--- a/apps/web/src/rendering/components/blending-tab.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/rendering/components/blending-tab.tsx
@ -1,231 +0,0 @@
-import { useEditor } from "@/editor/use-editor";
-import { clamp } from "@/utils/math";
-import { NumberField } from "@/components/ui/number-field";
-import { OcCheckerboardIcon } from "@/components/icons";
-import { Fragment, useRef } from "react";
-import { useMenuPreview } from "@/editor/use-menu-preview";
-import {
-	Section,
-	SectionContent,
-	SectionField,
-	SectionHeader,
-	SectionTitle,
-} from "@/components/section";
-import {
-	Select,
-	SelectContent,
-	SelectItem,
-	SelectSeparator,
-	SelectTrigger,
-	SelectValue,
-} from "@/components/ui/select";
-import type { BlendMode } from "@/rendering";
-import type { ElementType } from "@/timeline";
-import type { ElementAnimations } from "@/animation/types";
-import { HugeiconsIcon } from "@hugeicons/react";
-import { RainDropIcon } from "@hugeicons/core-free-icons";
-import { KeyframeToggle } from "@/components/editor/panels/properties/components/keyframe-toggle";
-import { useKeyframedNumberProperty } from "@/components/editor/panels/properties/hooks/use-keyframed-number-property";
-import { useElementPlayhead } from "@/components/editor/panels/properties/hooks/use-element-playhead";
-import { resolveOpacityAtTime } from "@/animation/values";
-import { DEFAULTS } from "@/timeline/defaults";
-import { isPropertyAtDefault } from "./transform-tab";
-import type { MediaTime } from "@/wasm";
-
-type BlendingElement = {
-	id: string;
-	opacity: number;
-	type: ElementType;
-	blendMode?: BlendMode;
-	startTime: MediaTime;
-	duration: MediaTime;
-	animations?: ElementAnimations;
-};
-
-const BLEND_MODE_GROUPS: { value: BlendMode; label: string }[][] = [
-	[{ value: "normal", label: "Normal" }],
-	[
-		{ value: "darken", label: "Darken" },
-		{ value: "multiply", label: "Multiply" },
-		{ value: "color-burn", label: "Color Burn" },
-	],
-	[
-		{ value: "lighten", label: "Lighten" },
-		{ value: "screen", label: "Screen" },
-		{ value: "plus-lighter", label: "Plus Lighter" },
-		{ value: "color-dodge", label: "Color Dodge" },
-	],
-	[
-		{ value: "overlay", label: "Overlay" },
-		{ value: "soft-light", label: "Soft Light" },
-		{ value: "hard-light", label: "Hard Light" },
-	],
-	[
-		{ value: "difference", label: "Difference" },
-		{ value: "exclusion", label: "Exclusion" },
-	],
-	[
-		{ value: "hue", label: "Hue" },
-		{ value: "saturation", label: "Saturation" },
-		{ value: "color", label: "Color" },
-		{ value: "luminosity", label: "Luminosity" },
-	],
-];
-
-export function BlendingTab({
-	element,
-	trackId,
-}: {
-	element: BlendingElement;
-	trackId: string;
-}) {
-	const editor = useEditor();
-	const isPreviewActive = useEditor((e) => e.timeline.isPreviewActive());
-	const blendMode = element.blendMode ?? DEFAULTS.element.blendMode;
-	const committedBlendModeRef = useRef(blendMode);
-	if (!isPreviewActive) {
-		committedBlendModeRef.current = blendMode;
-	}
-
-	const {
-		onPointerLeave,
-		onOpenChange: handleBlendModeOpenChange,
-		markCommitted,
-	} = useMenuPreview();
-
-	const previewBlendMode = ({ value }: { value: BlendMode }) =>
-		editor.timeline.previewElements({
-			updates: [
-				{ trackId, elementId: element.id, updates: { blendMode: value } },
-			],
-		});
-
-	const commitBlendMode = (value: BlendMode) => {
-		if (editor.timeline.isPreviewActive()) {
-			editor.timeline.commitPreview();
-		} else {
-			editor.timeline.updateElements({
-				updates: [
-					{
-						trackId,
-						elementId: element.id,
-						patch: { blendMode: value },
-					},
-				],
-			});
-		}
-		markCommitted();
-	};
-
-	const { localTime, isPlayheadWithinElementRange } = useElementPlayhead({
-		startTime: element.startTime,
-		duration: element.duration,
-	});
-	const resolvedOpacity = resolveOpacityAtTime({
-		baseOpacity: element.opacity,
-		animations: element.animations,
-		localTime,
-	});
-
-	const opacity = useKeyframedNumberProperty({
-		trackId,
-		elementId: element.id,
-		animations: element.animations,
-		propertyPath: "opacity",
-		localTime,
-		isPlayheadWithinElementRange,
-		displayValue: Math.round(resolvedOpacity * 100).toString(),
-		parse: (input) => {
-			const parsed = parseFloat(input);
-			if (Number.isNaN(parsed)) return null;
-			return clamp({ value: parsed, min: 0, max: 100 }) / 100;
-		},
-		valueAtPlayhead: resolvedOpacity,
-		step: 0.01,
-		buildBaseUpdates: ({ value }) => ({ opacity: value }),
-	});
-
-	return (
-		<Section collapsible sectionKey={`${element.id}:blending`}>
-			<SectionHeader>
-				<SectionTitle>Blending</SectionTitle>
-			</SectionHeader>
-			<SectionContent>
-				<div className="flex items-start gap-2">
-					<SectionField
-						label="Opacity"
-						className="w-1/2"
-						beforeLabel={
-							<KeyframeToggle
-								isActive={opacity.isKeyframedAtTime}
-								isDisabled={!isPlayheadWithinElementRange}
-								title="Toggle opacity keyframe"
-								onToggle={opacity.toggleKeyframe}
-							/>
-						}
-					>
-						<NumberField
-							className="w-full"
-							icon={
-								<OcCheckerboardIcon className="size-3.5 text-muted-foreground" />
-							}
-							value={opacity.displayValue}
-							min={0}
-							max={100}
-							onFocus={opacity.onFocus}
-							onChange={opacity.onChange}
-							onBlur={opacity.onBlur}
-							onScrub={opacity.scrubTo}
-							onScrubEnd={opacity.commitScrub}
-							onReset={() =>
-								opacity.commitValue({ value: DEFAULTS.element.opacity })
-							}
-							isDefault={isPropertyAtDefault({
-								hasAnimatedKeyframes: opacity.hasAnimatedKeyframes,
-								isPlayheadWithinElementRange,
-								resolvedValue: resolvedOpacity,
-								staticValue: element.opacity,
-								defaultValue: DEFAULTS.element.opacity,
-							})}
-							dragSensitivity="slow"
-						/>
-					</SectionField>
-					<SectionField label="Blend mode" className="w-1/2">
-						<Select
-							value={committedBlendModeRef.current}
-							onOpenChange={handleBlendModeOpenChange}
-							onValueChange={commitBlendMode}
-						>
-							<SelectTrigger
-								icon={<HugeiconsIcon icon={RainDropIcon} />}
-								className="w-full"
-							>
-								<SelectValue placeholder="Select blend mode" />
-							</SelectTrigger>
-							<SelectContent className="w-36" onPointerLeave={onPointerLeave}>
-								{BLEND_MODE_GROUPS.map((group, groupIndex) => (
-									<Fragment key={group[0]?.value ?? `group-${groupIndex}`}>
-										{group.map((option) => (
-											<SelectItem
-												key={option.value}
-												value={option.value}
-												onPointerEnter={() =>
-													previewBlendMode({ value: option.value })
-												}
-											>
-												{option.label}
-											</SelectItem>
-										))}
-										{groupIndex < BLEND_MODE_GROUPS.length - 1 ? (
-											<SelectSeparator />
-										) : null}
-									</Fragment>
-								))}
-							</SelectContent>
-						</Select>
-					</SectionField>
-				</div>
-			</SectionContent>
-		</Section>
-	);
-}
--- a/apps/web/src/rendering/components/transform-tab.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/rendering/components/transform-tab.tsx
@ -1,462 +0,0 @@
-import { NumberField } from "@/components/ui/number-field";
-import { useEditor } from "@/editor/use-editor";
-import { clamp, isNearlyEqual } from "@/utils/math";
-import type { VisualElement } from "@/timeline";
-import {
-	Section,
-	SectionContent,
-	SectionField,
-	SectionFields,
-	SectionHeader,
-	SectionTitle,
-} from "@/components/section";
-import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
-import { HugeiconsIcon } from "@hugeicons/react";
-import {
-	ArrowExpandIcon,
-	Link05Icon,
-	RotateClockwiseIcon,
-} from "@hugeicons/core-free-icons";
-import {
-	getGroupKeyframesAtTime,
-	hasGroupKeyframeAtTime,
-} from "@/animation";
-import { resolveTransformAtTime } from "@/rendering/animation-values";
-import { DEFAULTS } from "@/timeline/defaults";
-import { useElementPlayhead } from "@/components/editor/panels/properties/hooks/use-element-playhead";
-import { KeyframeToggle } from "@/components/editor/panels/properties/components/keyframe-toggle";
-import { useKeyframedNumberProperty } from "@/components/editor/panels/properties/hooks/use-keyframed-number-property";
-import { usePropertiesStore } from "@/components/editor/panels/properties/stores/properties-store";
-
-export function parseNumericInput({ input }: { input: string }): number | null {
-	const parsed = parseFloat(input);
-	return Number.isNaN(parsed) ? null : parsed;
-}
-
-export function isPropertyAtDefault({
-	hasAnimatedKeyframes,
-	isPlayheadWithinElementRange,
-	resolvedValue,
-	staticValue,
-	defaultValue,
-}: {
-	hasAnimatedKeyframes: boolean;
-	isPlayheadWithinElementRange: boolean;
-	resolvedValue: number;
-	staticValue: number;
-	defaultValue: number;
-}): boolean {
-	if (hasAnimatedKeyframes && isPlayheadWithinElementRange) {
-		return isNearlyEqual({
-			leftValue: resolvedValue,
-			rightValue: defaultValue,
-		});
-	}
-
-	return staticValue === defaultValue;
-}
-
-export function TransformTab({
-	element,
-	trackId,
-}: {
-	element: VisualElement;
-	trackId: string;
-}) {
-	const editor = useEditor();
-	const isScaleLocked = usePropertiesStore((s) => s.isTransformScaleLocked);
-	const setTransformScaleLocked = usePropertiesStore(
-		(s) => s.setTransformScaleLocked,
-	);
-	const { localTime, isPlayheadWithinElementRange } = useElementPlayhead({
-		startTime: element.startTime,
-		duration: element.duration,
-	});
-	const resolvedTransform = resolveTransformAtTime({
-		baseTransform: element.transform,
-		animations: element.animations,
-		localTime,
-	});
-
-	const positionX = useKeyframedNumberProperty({
-		trackId,
-		elementId: element.id,
-		animations: element.animations,
-		propertyPath: "transform.positionX",
-		localTime,
-		isPlayheadWithinElementRange,
-		displayValue: Math.round(resolvedTransform.position.x).toString(),
-		parse: (input) => parseNumericInput({ input }),
-		valueAtPlayhead: resolvedTransform.position.x,
-		step: 1,
-		buildBaseUpdates: ({ value }) => ({
-			transform: {
-				...element.transform,
-				position: { ...element.transform.position, x: value },
-			},
-		}),
-	});
-
-	const positionY = useKeyframedNumberProperty({
-		trackId,
-		elementId: element.id,
-		animations: element.animations,
-		propertyPath: "transform.positionY",
-		localTime,
-		isPlayheadWithinElementRange,
-		displayValue: Math.round(resolvedTransform.position.y).toString(),
-		parse: (input) => parseNumericInput({ input }),
-		valueAtPlayhead: resolvedTransform.position.y,
-		step: 1,
-		buildBaseUpdates: ({ value }) => ({
-			transform: {
-				...element.transform,
-				position: { ...element.transform.position, y: value },
-			},
-		}),
-	});
-
-	const parseScale = (input: string) => {
-		const parsed = parseNumericInput({ input });
-		if (parsed === null) return null;
-		return parsed / 100;
-	};
-
-	const scaleX = useKeyframedNumberProperty({
-		trackId,
-		elementId: element.id,
-		animations: element.animations,
-		propertyPath: "transform.scaleX",
-		localTime,
-		isPlayheadWithinElementRange,
-		displayValue: Math.round(resolvedTransform.scaleX * 100).toString(),
-		parse: parseScale,
-		valueAtPlayhead: resolvedTransform.scaleX,
-		step: 0.01,
-		buildBaseUpdates: ({ value }) => ({
-			transform: {
-				...element.transform,
-				scaleX: value,
-				...(isScaleLocked ? { scaleY: value } : {}),
-			},
-		}),
-		buildAdditionalKeyframes: isScaleLocked
-			? ({ value }) => [{ propertyPath: "transform.scaleY", value }]
-			: undefined,
-	});
-
-	const scaleY = useKeyframedNumberProperty({
-		trackId,
-		elementId: element.id,
-		animations: element.animations,
-		propertyPath: "transform.scaleY",
-		localTime,
-		isPlayheadWithinElementRange,
-		displayValue: Math.round(resolvedTransform.scaleY * 100).toString(),
-		parse: parseScale,
-		valueAtPlayhead: resolvedTransform.scaleY,
-		step: 0.01,
-		buildBaseUpdates: ({ value }) => ({
-			transform: {
-				...element.transform,
-				scaleY: value,
-				...(isScaleLocked ? { scaleX: value } : {}),
-			},
-		}),
-		buildAdditionalKeyframes: isScaleLocked
-			? ({ value }) => [{ propertyPath: "transform.scaleX", value }]
-			: undefined,
-	});
-
-	const scaleFieldPropsX = {
-		value: scaleX.displayValue,
-		onFocus: scaleX.onFocus,
-		onChange: scaleX.onChange,
-		onBlur: scaleX.onBlur,
-		dragSensitivity: "slow" as const,
-		onScrub: scaleX.scrubTo,
-		onScrubEnd: scaleX.commitScrub,
-		onReset: () =>
-			scaleX.commitValue({ value: DEFAULTS.element.transform.scaleX }),
-		isDefault: isPropertyAtDefault({
-			hasAnimatedKeyframes: scaleX.hasAnimatedKeyframes,
-			isPlayheadWithinElementRange,
-			resolvedValue: resolvedTransform.scaleX,
-			staticValue: element.transform.scaleX,
-			defaultValue: DEFAULTS.element.transform.scaleX,
-		}),
-	};
-
-	const scaleFieldPropsY = {
-		value: scaleY.displayValue,
-		onFocus: scaleY.onFocus,
-		onChange: scaleY.onChange,
-		onBlur: scaleY.onBlur,
-		dragSensitivity: "slow" as const,
-		onScrub: scaleY.scrubTo,
-		onScrubEnd: scaleY.commitScrub,
-		onReset: () =>
-			scaleY.commitValue({ value: DEFAULTS.element.transform.scaleY }),
-		isDefault: isPropertyAtDefault({
-			hasAnimatedKeyframes: scaleY.hasAnimatedKeyframes,
-			isPlayheadWithinElementRange,
-			resolvedValue: resolvedTransform.scaleY,
-			staticValue: element.transform.scaleY,
-			defaultValue: DEFAULTS.element.transform.scaleY,
-		}),
-	};
-
-	const rotation = useKeyframedNumberProperty({
-		trackId,
-		elementId: element.id,
-		animations: element.animations,
-		propertyPath: "transform.rotate",
-		localTime,
-		isPlayheadWithinElementRange,
-		displayValue: Math.round(resolvedTransform.rotate).toString(),
-		parse: (input) => {
-			const parsed = parseNumericInput({ input });
-			if (parsed === null) return null;
-			return clamp({ value: parsed, min: -360, max: 360 });
-		},
-		valueAtPlayhead: resolvedTransform.rotate,
-		step: 1,
-		buildBaseUpdates: ({ value }) => ({
-			transform: {
-				...element.transform,
-				rotate: value,
-			},
-		}),
-	});
-
-	const hasScaleKeyframe = hasGroupKeyframeAtTime({
-		animations: element.animations,
-		group: "transform.scale",
-		time: localTime,
-	});
-
-	const toggleScaleKeyframe = () => {
-		if (!isPlayheadWithinElementRange) return;
-		const existing = getGroupKeyframesAtTime({
-			animations: element.animations,
-			group: "transform.scale",
-			time: localTime,
-		});
-		if (existing.length > 0) {
-			editor.timeline.removeKeyframes({
-				keyframes: existing.map((ref) => ({
-					trackId,
-					elementId: element.id,
-					...ref,
-				})),
-			});
-			return;
-		}
-		editor.timeline.upsertKeyframes({
-			keyframes: [
-				{
-					trackId,
-					elementId: element.id,
-					propertyPath: "transform.scaleX",
-					time: localTime,
-					value: resolvedTransform.scaleX,
-				},
-				{
-					trackId,
-					elementId: element.id,
-					propertyPath: "transform.scaleY",
-					time: localTime,
-					value: resolvedTransform.scaleY,
-				},
-			],
-		});
-	};
-
-	const scaleLockButton = (
-		<Button
-			type="button"
-			variant={isScaleLocked ? "secondary" : "ghost"}
-			size="icon"
-			aria-pressed={isScaleLocked}
-			onClick={() => setTransformScaleLocked(!isScaleLocked)}
-		>
-			<HugeiconsIcon icon={Link05Icon} />
-		</Button>
-	);
-
-	return (
-		<Section collapsible sectionKey={`${element.id}:transform`}>
-			<SectionHeader>
-				<SectionTitle>Transform</SectionTitle>
-			</SectionHeader>
-			<SectionContent>
-				<SectionFields>
-					<div className="flex items-end gap-2">
-						{isScaleLocked ? (
-							<>
-								<SectionField
-									label="Scale"
-									className="min-w-0 flex-1"
-									beforeLabel={
-										<KeyframeToggle
-											isActive={hasScaleKeyframe}
-											isDisabled={!isPlayheadWithinElementRange}
-											title="Toggle scale keyframe"
-											onToggle={toggleScaleKeyframe}
-										/>
-									}
-								>
-									<NumberField
-										icon={<HugeiconsIcon icon={ArrowExpandIcon} />}
-										{...scaleFieldPropsX}
-									/>
-								</SectionField>
-								{scaleLockButton}
-							</>
-						) : (
-							<>
-								<SectionField
-									label="Width"
-									className="min-w-0 flex-1"
-									beforeLabel={
-										<KeyframeToggle
-											isActive={scaleX.isKeyframedAtTime}
-											isDisabled={!isPlayheadWithinElementRange}
-											title="Toggle width scale keyframe"
-											onToggle={scaleX.toggleKeyframe}
-										/>
-									}
-								>
-									<NumberField icon="W" {...scaleFieldPropsX} />
-								</SectionField>
-								{scaleLockButton}
-								<SectionField
-									label="Height"
-									className="min-w-0 flex-1"
-									beforeLabel={
-										<KeyframeToggle
-											isActive={scaleY.isKeyframedAtTime}
-											isDisabled={!isPlayheadWithinElementRange}
-											title="Toggle height scale keyframe"
-											onToggle={scaleY.toggleKeyframe}
-										/>
-									}
-								>
-									<NumberField icon="H" {...scaleFieldPropsY} />
-								</SectionField>
-							</>
-						)}
-					</div>
-				<div className="flex items-end gap-2">
-					<SectionField
-						label="X"
-						className="min-w-0 flex-1"
-						beforeLabel={
-							<KeyframeToggle
-								isActive={positionX.isKeyframedAtTime}
-								isDisabled={!isPlayheadWithinElementRange}
-								title="Toggle X position keyframe"
-								onToggle={positionX.toggleKeyframe}
-							/>
-						}
-					>
-					<NumberField
-						icon="X"
-						value={positionX.displayValue}
-							onFocus={positionX.onFocus}
-							onChange={positionX.onChange}
-							onBlur={positionX.onBlur}
-							onScrub={positionX.scrubTo}
-							onScrubEnd={positionX.commitScrub}
-							onReset={() =>
-								positionX.commitValue({
-									value: DEFAULTS.element.transform.position.x,
-								})
-							}
-							isDefault={isPropertyAtDefault({
-								hasAnimatedKeyframes: positionX.hasAnimatedKeyframes,
-								isPlayheadWithinElementRange,
-								resolvedValue: resolvedTransform.position.x,
-								staticValue: element.transform.position.x,
-								defaultValue: DEFAULTS.element.transform.position.x,
-							})}
-						/>
-					</SectionField>
-					<SectionField
-						label="Y"
-						className="min-w-0 flex-1"
-						beforeLabel={
-							<KeyframeToggle
-								isActive={positionY.isKeyframedAtTime}
-								isDisabled={!isPlayheadWithinElementRange}
-								title="Toggle Y position keyframe"
-								onToggle={positionY.toggleKeyframe}
-							/>
-						}
-					>
-					<NumberField
-						icon="Y"
-						value={positionY.displayValue}
-							onFocus={positionY.onFocus}
-							onChange={positionY.onChange}
-							onBlur={positionY.onBlur}
-							onScrub={positionY.scrubTo}
-							onScrubEnd={positionY.commitScrub}
-							onReset={() =>
-								positionY.commitValue({
-									value: DEFAULTS.element.transform.position.y,
-								})
-							}
-							isDefault={isPropertyAtDefault({
-								hasAnimatedKeyframes: positionY.hasAnimatedKeyframes,
-								isPlayheadWithinElementRange,
-								resolvedValue: resolvedTransform.position.y,
-								staticValue: element.transform.position.y,
-								defaultValue: DEFAULTS.element.transform.position.y,
-							})}
-						/>
-					</SectionField>
-				</div>
-
-					<SectionField
-						label="Rotation"
-						beforeLabel={
-							<KeyframeToggle
-								isActive={rotation.isKeyframedAtTime}
-								isDisabled={!isPlayheadWithinElementRange}
-								title="Toggle rotation keyframe"
-								onToggle={rotation.toggleKeyframe}
-							/>
-						}
-					>
-						<div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-							<NumberField
-								icon={<HugeiconsIcon icon={RotateClockwiseIcon} />}
-								className="flex-none"
-								value={rotation.displayValue}
-								onFocus={rotation.onFocus}
-								onChange={rotation.onChange}
-								onBlur={rotation.onBlur}
-								dragSensitivity="slow"
-								onScrub={rotation.scrubTo}
-								onScrubEnd={rotation.commitScrub}
-								onReset={() =>
-									rotation.commitValue({
-										value: DEFAULTS.element.transform.rotate,
-									})
-								}
-								isDefault={isPropertyAtDefault({
-									hasAnimatedKeyframes: rotation.hasAnimatedKeyframes,
-									isPlayheadWithinElementRange,
-									resolvedValue: resolvedTransform.rotate,
-									staticValue: element.transform.rotate,
-									defaultValue: DEFAULTS.element.transform.rotate,
-								})}
-							/>
-						</div>
-					</SectionField>
-				</SectionFields>
-			</SectionContent>
-		</Section>
-	);
-}
--- a/apps/web/src/selection/hooks/use-box-select.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/selection/hooks/use-box-select.ts
@ -4,15 +4,40 @@ import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import type {
 	BoxSelectionSnapshot,
 	ResolveIntersections,
+	SelectionBoxBounds,
 } from "@/selection/types";

 interface SelectionBoxState<TId> extends BoxSelectionSnapshot<TId> {
 	startPos: { x: number; y: number };
 	currentPos: { x: number; y: number };
+	bounds: SelectionBoxBounds | null;
 	isActive: boolean;
 	isAdditive: boolean;
 }

+function getSelectionBoxBounds({
+	container,
+	startPos,
+	currentPos,
+}: {
+	container: HTMLElement;
+	startPos: { x: number; y: number };
+	currentPos: { x: number; y: number };
+}): SelectionBoxBounds {
+	const containerRect = container.getBoundingClientRect();
+	const startX = startPos.x - containerRect.left;
+	const startY = startPos.y - containerRect.top;
+	const currentX = currentPos.x - containerRect.left;
+	const currentY = currentPos.y - containerRect.top;
+
+	return {
+		left: Math.min(startX, currentX),
+		top: Math.min(startY, currentY),
+		width: Math.abs(currentX - startX),
+		height: Math.abs(currentY - startY),
+	};
+}
+
 export function useBoxSelect<TId>({
 	containerRef,
 	resolveIntersections,
@ -40,33 +65,43 @@ export function useBoxSelect<TId>({
 	const [selectionBox, setSelectionBox] =
 		useState<SelectionBoxState<TId> | null>(null);
 	const justFinishedSelectingRef = useRef(false);
-	const shouldStartSelectionCheck = shouldStartSelection ?? (() => true);
-	const getIsAdditiveSelectionCheck =
-		getIsAdditiveSelection ??
-		((event: React.MouseEvent<Element>) => event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey);

 	const handleMouseDown = useCallback(
 		(event: React.MouseEvent<Element>) => {
-			const canStartSelection = shouldStartSelectionCheck(event);
+			const canStartSelection = shouldStartSelection
+				? shouldStartSelection(event)
+				: true;
 			if (!isEnabled || event.button !== 0 || !canStartSelection) {
 				return;
 			}

+			const startPos = { x: event.clientX, y: event.clientY };
+			const container = containerRef.current;
 			setSelectionBox({
-				startPos: { x: event.clientX, y: event.clientY },
-				currentPos: { x: event.clientX, y: event.clientY },
+				startPos,
+				currentPos: startPos,
+				bounds: container
+					? getSelectionBoxBounds({
+							container,
+							startPos,
+							currentPos: startPos,
+						})
+					: null,
 				isActive: false,
-				isAdditive: getIsAdditiveSelectionCheck(event),
+				isAdditive: getIsAdditiveSelection
+					? getIsAdditiveSelection(event)
+					: event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey,
 				initialSelectedIds: selectedIds,
 				initialAnchorId: anchorId,
 			});
 		},
 		[
 			anchorId,
-			getIsAdditiveSelectionCheck,
+			containerRef,
+			getIsAdditiveSelection,
 			isEnabled,
 			selectedIds,
-			shouldStartSelectionCheck,
+			shouldStartSelection,
 		],
 	);

@ -98,11 +133,20 @@ export function useBoxSelect<TId>({
 		}

 		const handleMouseMove = ({ clientX, clientY }: MouseEvent) => {
+			const currentPos = { x: clientX, y: clientY };
 			const deltaX = Math.abs(clientX - selectionBox.startPos.x);
 			const deltaY = Math.abs(clientY - selectionBox.startPos.y);
+			const container = containerRef.current;
 			const nextSelectionBox = {
 				...selectionBox,
-				currentPos: { x: clientX, y: clientY },
+				currentPos,
+				bounds: container
+					? getSelectionBoxBounds({
+							container,
+							startPos: selectionBox.startPos,
+							currentPos,
+						})
+					: null,
 				isActive: deltaX > 5 || deltaY > 5 || selectionBox.isActive,
 			};

@ -133,26 +177,26 @@ export function useBoxSelect<TId>({
 			window.removeEventListener("mousemove", handleMouseMove);
 			window.removeEventListener("mouseup", handleMouseUp);
 		};
-	}, [selectionBox, updateSelection]);
+	}, [containerRef, selectionBox, updateSelection]);

 	useEffect(() => {
 		if (!selectionBox) {
 			return;
 		}

+		const container = containerRef.current;
 		const previousBodyUserSelect = document.body.style.userSelect;
-		const previousContainerUserSelect =
-			containerRef.current?.style.userSelect ?? "";
+		const previousContainerUserSelect = container?.style.userSelect ?? "";

 		document.body.style.userSelect = "none";
-		if (containerRef.current) {
-			containerRef.current.style.userSelect = "none";
+		if (container) {
+			container.style.userSelect = "none";
 		}

 		return () => {
 			document.body.style.userSelect = previousBodyUserSelect;
-			if (containerRef.current) {
-				containerRef.current.style.userSelect = previousContainerUserSelect;
+			if (container) {
+				container.style.userSelect = previousContainerUserSelect;
 			}
 		};
 	}, [containerRef, selectionBox]);
@ -162,7 +206,10 @@ export function useBoxSelect<TId>({
 	}, []);

 	return {
-		selectionBox,
+		selectionBox:
+			selectionBox?.isActive && selectionBox.bounds
+				? { bounds: selectionBox.bounds }
+				: null,
 		handleMouseDown,
 		isSelecting: selectionBox?.isActive ?? false,
 		shouldIgnoreClick,
--- a/apps/web/src/selection/hooks/use-selection-scope.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/selection/hooks/use-selection-scope.ts
@ -1,28 +1,25 @@
-import { useEffect, useRef } from "react";
+import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
+import { useCommittedRef } from "@/hooks/use-committed-ref";
 import { useSelectionContext } from "@/selection/context";
 import { activateScope, type ScopeEntry } from "@/selection/scope";

 export function useSelectionScope() {
 	const { selectedIds, clearSelection } = useSelectionContext();
-	const hasSelectionRef = useRef(selectedIds.length > 0);
-	const clearSelectionRef = useRef(clearSelection);
 	const hasSelection = selectedIds.length > 0;
-
-	hasSelectionRef.current = hasSelection;
-	clearSelectionRef.current = clearSelection;
-
-	const entryRef = useRef<ScopeEntry>({
+	const hasSelectionRef = useCommittedRef(hasSelection);
+	const clearSelectionRef = useCommittedRef(clearSelection);
+	const [entry] = useState<ScopeEntry>(() => ({
 		hasSelection: () => hasSelectionRef.current,
 		clear: () => {
 			clearSelectionRef.current();
 		},
-	});
+	}));

 	useEffect(() => {
 		if (!hasSelection) {
 			return;
 		}

-		return activateScope({ entry: entryRef.current });
-	}, [hasSelection]);
+		return activateScope({ entry });
+	}, [entry, hasSelection]);
 }
--- a/apps/web/src/selection/selectable-item.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/selection/selectable-item.tsx
@ -6,7 +6,13 @@ import { SELECTABLE_ITEM_ATTRIBUTE } from "@/selection/attributes";
 import type { SelectableItemProps } from "@/selection/types";
 import { cn } from "@/utils/ui";

-function setForwardedRef<T>(ref: React.ForwardedRef<T>, value: T | null) {
+function setForwardedRef<T>({
+	ref,
+	value,
+}: {
+	ref: React.ForwardedRef<T>;
+	value: T | null;
+}) {
 	if (typeof ref === "function") {
 		ref(value);
 		return;
@ -55,7 +61,7 @@ export const SelectableItem = forwardRef<HTMLDivElement, SelectableItemProps>(
 		const handleRef = useCallback(
 			(element: HTMLDivElement | null) => {
 				registerItem(id, element);
-				setForwardedRef(forwardedRef, element);
+				setForwardedRef({ ref: forwardedRef, value: element });
 			},
 			[forwardedRef, id, registerItem],
 		);
--- a/apps/web/src/selection/selectable-surface.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/selection/selectable-surface.tsx
@ -167,7 +167,8 @@ export function SelectableSurface({
 		[],
 	);

-	const { selectionBox, handleMouseDown, shouldIgnoreClick } = useBoxSelect({
+	const { selectionBox, handleMouseDown, isSelecting, shouldIgnoreClick } =
+		useBoxSelect({
 			containerRef,
 			resolveIntersections,
 			selectedIds: selectionState.selectedIds,
@ -236,7 +237,7 @@ export function SelectableSurface({
 		return () => clearTimeout(timer);
 	}, [getItemElement, onRevealComplete, revealId]);

-	const isBoxSelecting = selectionBox?.isActive ?? false;
+	const isBoxSelecting = isSelecting;

 	const contextValue = useMemo(() => {
 		return {
@ -276,12 +277,7 @@ export function SelectableSurface({
 				onKeyDown={handleBackgroundKeyDown}
 			>
 				{children}
-				<SelectionBox
-					startPos={selectionBox?.startPos ?? null}
-					currentPos={selectionBox?.currentPos ?? null}
-					containerRef={containerRef}
-					isActive={selectionBox?.isActive ?? false}
-				/>
+				<SelectionBox bounds={selectionBox?.bounds ?? null} />
 			</div>
 		</SelectionContext.Provider>
 	);
--- a/apps/web/src/selection/selection-box.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/selection/selection-box.tsx
@ -1,49 +1,22 @@
 "use client";

-import { useMemo } from "react";
+import type { SelectionBoxBounds } from "@/selection/types";

 interface SelectionBoxProps {
-	startPos: { x: number; y: number } | null;
-	currentPos: { x: number; y: number } | null;
-	containerRef: React.RefObject<HTMLElement | null>;
-	isActive: boolean;
+	bounds: SelectionBoxBounds | null;
 }

-export function SelectionBox({
-	startPos,
-	currentPos,
-	containerRef,
-	isActive,
-}: SelectionBoxProps) {
-	const selectionBoxStyle = useMemo(() => {
-		if (!isActive || !startPos || !currentPos || !containerRef.current) {
-			return null;
-		}
-
-		const containerRect = containerRef.current.getBoundingClientRect();
-		const startX = startPos.x - containerRect.left;
-		const startY = startPos.y - containerRect.top;
-		const currentX = currentPos.x - containerRect.left;
-		const currentY = currentPos.y - containerRect.top;
-
-		const left = Math.min(startX, currentX);
-		const top = Math.min(startY, currentY);
-		const width = Math.abs(currentX - startX);
-		const height = Math.abs(currentY - startY);
-
-		return {
-			left: `${left}px`,
-			top: `${top}px`,
-			width: `${width}px`,
-			height: `${height}px`,
-		};
-	}, [containerRef, currentPos, isActive, startPos]);
-
-	if (!selectionBoxStyle) return null;
+export function SelectionBox({ bounds }: SelectionBoxProps) {
+	if (!bounds) return null;

 	return (
 		<div
-			style={selectionBoxStyle}
+			style={{
+				left: `${bounds.left}px`,
+				top: `${bounds.top}px`,
+				width: `${bounds.width}px`,
+				height: `${bounds.height}px`,
+			}}
 			className="border-foreground/50 bg-foreground/5 pointer-events-none absolute z-50 border"
 		/>
 	);
--- a/apps/web/src/selection/types.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/selection/types.ts
@ -8,6 +8,13 @@ export interface BoxSelectionSnapshot<TId = string> {
 	initialAnchorId: TId | null;
 }

+export interface SelectionBoxBounds {
+	left: number;
+	top: number;
+	width: number;
+	height: number;
+}
+
 export interface BoxSelectionChange<TId = string>
 	extends BoxSelectionSnapshot<TId> {
 	intersectedIds: TId[];
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/canvas-renderer.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/canvas-renderer.ts
@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import type { FrameRate } from "opencut-wasm";
 import type { AnyBaseNode } from "./nodes/base-node";
+import { createCanvasSurface } from "./canvas-utils";
 import { buildFrameDescriptor } from "./compositor/frame-descriptor";
 import { wasmCompositor } from "./compositor/wasm-compositor";
 import { resolveRenderTree } from "./resolve";
@ -16,8 +17,8 @@ export type CanvasRendererParams = {
 };

 export class CanvasRenderer {
-	canvas: OffscreenCanvas | HTMLCanvasElement;
-	context: OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D | CanvasRenderingContext2D;
+	canvas: OffscreenCanvas;
+	context: OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D;
 	width: number;
 	height: number;
 	fps: FrameRate;
@ -27,22 +28,9 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {
 		this.height = height;
 		this.fps = fps;

-		try {
-			this.canvas = new OffscreenCanvas(width, height);
-		} catch {
-			this.canvas = document.createElement("canvas");
-			this.canvas.width = width;
-			this.canvas.height = height;
-		}
-
-		const context = this.canvas.getContext("2d");
-		if (!context) {
-			throw new Error("Failed to get canvas context");
-		}
-
-		this.context = context as
-			| OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D
-			| CanvasRenderingContext2D;
+		const surface = createCanvasSurface({ width, height });
+		this.canvas = surface.canvas;
+		this.context = surface.context;
 	}

 	getOutputCanvas(): HTMLCanvasElement {
@ -57,20 +45,9 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {
 		this.width = width;
 		this.height = height;

-		if (this.canvas instanceof OffscreenCanvas) {
-			this.canvas = new OffscreenCanvas(width, height);
-		} else {
-			this.canvas.width = width;
-			this.canvas.height = height;
-		}
-
-		const context = this.canvas.getContext("2d");
-		if (!context) {
-			throw new Error("Failed to get canvas context");
-		}
-		this.context = context as
-			| OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D
-			| CanvasRenderingContext2D;
+		const surface = createCanvasSurface({ width, height });
+		this.canvas = surface.canvas;
+		this.context = surface.context;
 	}

 	async render({ node, time }: { node: AnyBaseNode; time: number }) {
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/canvas-utils.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/canvas-utils.ts
@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
-export function createOffscreenCanvas({
+export function createCanvasSurface({
 	width,
 	height,
 }: {
 	width: number;
 	height: number;
-}): OffscreenCanvas | HTMLCanvasElement {
-	try {
-		return new OffscreenCanvas(width, height);
-	} catch {
-		const canvas = document.createElement("canvas");
-		canvas.width = width;
-		canvas.height = height;
-		return canvas;
+}): {
+	canvas: OffscreenCanvas;
+	context: OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D;
+} {
+	const canvas = new OffscreenCanvas(width, height);
+	const context = canvas.getContext("2d");
+	if (!context) {
+		throw new Error("Failed to create 2D rendering context");
 	}
+	return { canvas, context };
 }
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/compositor/frame-descriptor.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/compositor/frame-descriptor.ts
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { masksRegistry } from "@/masks";
 import { incrementCounter } from "@/diagnostics/render-perf";
 import type { AnyBaseNode } from "../nodes/base-node";
 import type { CanvasRenderer } from "../canvas-renderer";
-import { createOffscreenCanvas } from "../canvas-utils";
+import { createCanvasSurface } from "../canvas-utils";
 import { BlurBackgroundNode } from "../nodes/blur-background-node";
 import { ColorNode } from "../nodes/color-node";
 import { EffectLayerNode } from "../nodes/effect-layer-node";
@ -414,15 +414,11 @@ function buildMaskArtifacts({
 	const { width: canvasWidth, height: canvasHeight } = renderer;
 	const maskContentHash = `mask:${mask.type}:${JSON.stringify(mask.params)}:${transformHash(transform)}:${canvasWidth}x${canvasHeight}:direct=${shouldRenderMaskDirectly}`;
 	const drawMask: TextureCanvasDrawFn = (ctx) => {
-		const elementMaskCanvas = createOffscreenCanvas({
+		const { canvas: elementMaskCanvas, context: elementMaskCtx } =
+			createCanvasSurface({
 				width: Math.round(transform.width),
 				height: Math.round(transform.height),
 			});
-		const elementMaskCtx = elementMaskCanvas.getContext("2d") as
-			| CanvasRenderingContext2D
-			| OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D
-			| null;
-		if (!elementMaskCtx) return;

 		if (shouldRenderMaskDirectly && definition.renderer.renderMask) {
 			definition.renderer.renderMask({
@ -465,15 +461,10 @@ function buildMaskArtifacts({
 		const strokeTextureId = `${path}:mask-stroke`;
 		const strokeContentHash = `stroke:${mask.type}:${JSON.stringify(mask.params)}:${transformHash(transform)}:${canvasWidth}x${canvasHeight}`;
 		const drawStroke: TextureCanvasDrawFn = (ctx) => {
-			const strokeCanvas = createOffscreenCanvas({
+			const { canvas: strokeCanvas, context: strokeCtx } = createCanvasSurface({
 				width: Math.round(transform.width),
 				height: Math.round(transform.height),
 			});
-			const strokeCtx = strokeCanvas.getContext("2d") as
-				| CanvasRenderingContext2D
-				| OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D
-				| null;
-			if (!strokeCtx) return;

 			if (definition.renderer.renderStroke) {
 				definition.renderer.renderStroke({
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/effect-preview.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/effect-preview.ts
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { createOffscreenCanvas } from "./canvas-utils";
+import { createCanvasSurface } from "./canvas-utils";
 import { effectsRegistry, resolveEffectPasses } from "@/effects";
 import { buildDefaultParamValues } from "@/params/registry";
 import type { ParamValues } from "@/params";
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ const PREVIEW_SIZE = 160;
 const PREVIEW_IMAGE_PATH = "/effects/preview.jpg";

 class EffectPreviewService {
-	private testSourceCanvas: OffscreenCanvas | HTMLCanvasElement | null = null;
+	private testSourceCanvas: OffscreenCanvas | null = null;
 	private previewImageElement: HTMLImageElement | null = null;
 	private onReadyCallbacks = new Set<() => void>();

@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class EffectPreviewService {
 	}: {
 		width: number;
 		height: number;
-	}): OffscreenCanvas | HTMLCanvasElement | null {
+	}): OffscreenCanvas | null {
 		const isImageReady =
 			this.previewImageElement?.complete &&
 			(this.previewImageElement.naturalWidth ?? 0) > 0;
@ -106,15 +106,8 @@ class EffectPreviewService {
 			return null;
 		}

-		const canvas = createOffscreenCanvas({ width, height });
-		const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d") as
-			| CanvasRenderingContext2D
-			| OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D
-			| null;
-		if (!ctx) {
-			throw new Error("failed to get 2d context for test source");
-		}
-		ctx.drawImage(this.previewImageElement, 0, 0, width, height);
+		const { canvas, context } = createCanvasSurface({ width, height });
+		context.drawImage(this.previewImageElement, 0, 0, width, height);
 		return canvas;
 	}

@ -124,7 +117,7 @@ class EffectPreviewService {
 	}: {
 		width: number;
 		height: number;
-	}): CanvasImageSource | null {
+	}): OffscreenCanvas | null {
 		if (
 			!this.testSourceCanvas ||
 			this.testSourceCanvas.width !== width ||
@ -141,17 +134,17 @@ class EffectPreviewService {
 		height,
 		passes,
 	}: {
-		source: CanvasImageSource;
+		source: OffscreenCanvas;
 		width: number;
 		height: number;
 		passes: ReturnType<typeof resolveEffectPasses>;
-	}): OffscreenCanvas | HTMLCanvasElement {
+	}): OffscreenCanvas {
 		return gpuRenderer.applyEffect({
 			source,
 			width,
 			height,
 			passes,
-		}) as OffscreenCanvas | HTMLCanvasElement;
+		});
 	}
 }

--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/gpu-renderer.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/gpu-renderer.ts
@ -34,23 +34,17 @@ export const gpuRenderer = {
 		height,
 		passes,
 	}: {
-		source: CanvasImageSource;
+		source: OffscreenCanvas;
 		width: number;
 		height: number;
 		passes: EffectPass[];
-	}): CanvasImageSource {
+	}): OffscreenCanvas {
 		if (passes.length === 0 || !gpuAvailable) {
 			return source;
 		}

-		const sourceCanvas = ensureOffscreenCanvas({
-			source,
-			width,
-			height,
-			label: "effect source",
-		});
 		return applyEffectPasses({
-			source: sourceCanvas,
+			source,
 			width,
 			height,
 			passes: serializeEffectPasses(passes),
@ -63,23 +57,17 @@ export const gpuRenderer = {
 		height,
 		feather,
 	}: {
-		maskCanvas: CanvasImageSource;
+		maskCanvas: OffscreenCanvas;
 		width: number;
 		height: number;
 		feather: number;
-	}): CanvasImageSource {
+	}): OffscreenCanvas {
 		if (!gpuAvailable) {
 			return maskCanvas;
 		}

-		const sourceCanvas = ensureOffscreenCanvas({
-			source: maskCanvas,
-			width,
-			height,
-			label: "mask source",
-		});
 		return applyMaskFeatherWasm({
-			mask: sourceCanvas,
+			mask: maskCanvas,
 			width,
 			height,
 			feather,
@ -87,35 +75,6 @@ export const gpuRenderer = {
 	},
 };

-function ensureOffscreenCanvas({
-	source,
-	width,
-	height,
-	label,
-}: {
-	source: CanvasImageSource;
-	width: number;
-	height: number;
-	label: string;
-}): OffscreenCanvas {
-	if (source instanceof OffscreenCanvas) {
-		return source;
-	}
-
-	if (typeof OffscreenCanvas === "undefined") {
-		throw new Error(`OffscreenCanvas is required for the GPU ${label}`);
-	}
-
-	const canvas = new OffscreenCanvas(width, height);
-	const context = canvas.getContext("2d");
-	if (!context) {
-		throw new Error(`Failed to get 2d context for the GPU ${label}`);
-	}
-	context.clearRect(0, 0, width, height);
-	context.drawImage(source, 0, 0, width, height);
-	return canvas;
-}
-
 function serializeEffectPasses(passes: EffectPass[]) {
 	return passes.map((pass) => ({
 		shader: pass.shader,
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/mask-feather.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/mask-feather.ts
@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ export function applyMaskFeather({
 	height,
 	feather,
 }: {
-	maskCanvas: CanvasImageSource;
+	maskCanvas: OffscreenCanvas;
 	width: number;
 	height: number;
 	feather: number;
-}): OffscreenCanvas | HTMLCanvasElement {
+}): OffscreenCanvas {
 	return gpuRenderer.applyMaskFeather({
 		maskCanvas,
 		width,
 		height,
 		feather,
-	}) as OffscreenCanvas | HTMLCanvasElement;
+	});
 }
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/graphic-node.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/graphic-node.ts
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { createOffscreenCanvas } from "../canvas-utils";
+import { createCanvasSurface } from "../canvas-utils";
 import {
 	DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE,
 	getGraphicDefinition,
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ export class GraphicNode extends VisualNode<
 	ResolvedGraphicNodeState
 > {
 	private cachedKey: string | null = null;
-	private cachedSource: OffscreenCanvas | HTMLCanvasElement | null = null;
+	private cachedSource: OffscreenCanvas | null = null;

 	constructor(params: GraphicNodeParams) {
 		super(params);
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ export class GraphicNode extends VisualNode<
 		resolvedParams,
 	}: {
 		resolvedParams: ParamValues;
-	}): OffscreenCanvas | HTMLCanvasElement | null {
+	}): OffscreenCanvas {
 		const definition = getGraphicDefinition({
 			definitionId: this.params.definitionId,
 		});
@ -48,20 +48,13 @@ export class GraphicNode extends VisualNode<
 			return this.cachedSource;
 		}

-		const canvas = createOffscreenCanvas({
+		const { canvas, context } = createCanvasSurface({
 			width: DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE,
 			height: DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE,
 		});
-		const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d") as
-			| CanvasRenderingContext2D
-			| OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D
-			| null;
-		if (!ctx) {
-			return null;
-		}

 		definition.render({
-			ctx,
+			ctx: context,
 			params: resolvedParams,
 			width: DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE,
 			height: DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE,
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/image-node.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/image-node.ts
@ -17,10 +17,13 @@ export interface CachedImageSource {

 const imageSourceCache = new Map<string, Promise<CachedImageSource>>();

-export function loadImageSource(
-	url: string,
-	maxSourceSize?: number,
-): Promise<CachedImageSource> {
+export function loadImageSource({
+	url,
+	maxSourceSize,
+}: {
+	url: string;
+	maxSourceSize?: number;
+}): Promise<CachedImageSource> {
 	const cacheKey = `${url}::${maxSourceSize ?? "full"}`;

 	const cached = imageSourceCache.get(cacheKey);
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/resolve.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/resolve.ts
@ -235,10 +235,10 @@ async function resolveImageNode({
 	node: ImageNode;
 	context: ResolveContext;
 }): Promise<ResolvedVisualSourceNodeState | null> {
-	const source = await loadImageSource(
-		node.params.url,
-		node.params.maxSourceSize,
-	);
+	const source = await loadImageSource({
+		url: node.params.url,
+		maxSourceSize: node.params.maxSourceSize,
+	});
 	const visualState = resolveVisualState({
 		params: node.params,
 		context,
@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ async function resolveBackdropSource({
 		};
 	}

-	const source = await loadImageSource(node.params.url);
+	const source = await loadImageSource({ url: node.params.url });
 	return {
 		source: source.source,
 		width: source.width,
--- a/apps/web/src/services/storage/indexeddb-adapter.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/storage/indexeddb-adapter.ts
@ -5,7 +5,15 @@ export class IndexedDBAdapter<T> implements StorageAdapter<T> {
 	private storeName: string;
 	private version: number;

-	constructor(dbName: string, storeName: string, version = 1) {
+	constructor({
+		dbName,
+		storeName,
+		version = 1,
+	}: {
+		dbName: string;
+		storeName: string;
+		version?: number;
+	}) {
 		this.dbName = dbName;
 		this.storeName = storeName;
 		this.version = version;
@ -39,7 +47,13 @@ export class IndexedDBAdapter<T> implements StorageAdapter<T> {
 		});
 	}

-	async set(key: string, value: T): Promise<void> {
+	async set({
+		key,
+		value,
+	}: {
+		key: string;
+		value: T;
+	}): Promise<void> {
 		const db = await this.getDB();
 		const transaction = db.transaction([this.storeName], "readwrite");
 		const store = transaction.objectStore(this.storeName);
--- a/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/tests/helpers.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/tests/helpers.ts
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/**
+ * Type-safe accessors for navigating migration output.
+ *
+ * Migrations input/output `Record<string, unknown>` because they handle
+ * potentially malformed data from older versions. Tests need to inspect
+ * specific properties of the migrated result without using type assertions.
+ *
+ * These helpers narrow through type guards (Array.isArray + a record
+ * predicate), so the file contains no unsafe assertions despite turning
+ * unknown into concrete shapes.
+ */
+
+function describe(value: unknown): string {
+	if (value === null) return "null";
+	if (Array.isArray(value)) return "array";
+	return typeof value;
+}
+
+function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+	return typeof value === "object" && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value);
+}
+
+export function asRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
+	if (!isRecord(value)) {
+		throw new Error(`Expected record, got ${describe(value)}`);
+	}
+	return value;
+}
+
+export function asArray(value: unknown): unknown[] {
+	if (!Array.isArray(value)) {
+		throw new Error(`Expected array, got ${describe(value)}`);
+	}
+	return value;
+}
+
+export function asRecordArray(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown>[] {
+	return asArray(value).map(asRecord);
+}
--- a/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/tests/v0-to-v1.test.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/tests/v0-to-v1.test.ts
@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
 	v0ProjectWithMetadata,
 	v1Project,
 } from "./fixtures";
+import { asArray, asRecord, asRecordArray } from "./helpers";

 describe("V0 to V1 Migration", () => {
 	const fixedDate = new Date("2024-06-01T12:00:00.000Z");
@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ describe("V0 to V1 Migration", () => {
 			expect(result.skipped).toBe(false);
 			expect(result.project.version).toBe(1);
 			expect(Array.isArray(result.project.scenes)).toBe(true);
-			expect((result.project.scenes as unknown[]).length).toBe(1);
+			expect(asArray(result.project.scenes).length).toBe(1);
 			expect(result.project.currentSceneId).toBeDefined();
 		});

@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ describe("V0 to V1 Migration", () => {
 				options: { now: fixedDate },
 			});

-			const scenes = result.project.scenes as Array<Record<string, unknown>>;
+			const scenes = asRecordArray(result.project.scenes);
 			const mainScene = scenes[0];

 			expect(mainScene.isMain).toBe(true);
@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ describe("V0 to V1 Migration", () => {
 				options: { now: fixedDate },
 			});

-			const metadata = result.project.metadata as Record<string, unknown>;
+			const metadata = asRecord(result.project.metadata);
 			expect(metadata.updatedAt).toBe(fixedDate.toISOString());
 		});

--- a/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/tests/v1-to-v2.test.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/tests/v1-to-v2.test.ts
@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {
 	v1ProjectWithMultipleScenes,
 	v2Project,
 } from "./fixtures";
+import { asRecord, asRecordArray } from "./helpers";

 const DEFAULT_FPS = 30;
 const DEFAULT_BACKGROUND_BLUR_INTENSITY = 10;
@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ describe("V1 to V2 Migration", () => {
 			expect(result.skipped).toBe(false);
 			expect(result.project.version).toBe(2);

-			const metadata = result.project.metadata as Record<string, unknown>;
+			const metadata = asRecord(result.project.metadata);
 			expect(metadata.id).toBe(v1Project.id);
 			expect(metadata.name).toBe(v1Project.name);
 			expect(typeof metadata.createdAt).toBe("string");
@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ describe("V1 to V2 Migration", () => {
 		test("creates settings object from flat properties", () => {
 			const result = transformProjectV1ToV2({ project: v1Project });

-			const settings = result.project.settings as Record<string, unknown>;
+			const settings = asRecord(result.project.settings);
 			expect(settings.fps).toBe(v1Project.fps);
 			expect(settings.canvasSize).toEqual(v1Project.canvasSize);
 			expect(settings.originalCanvasSize).toBe(null);
@ -44,8 +45,8 @@ describe("V1 to V2 Migration", () => {
 		test("converts color background correctly", () => {
 			const result = transformProjectV1ToV2({ project: v1Project });

-			const settings = result.project.settings as Record<string, unknown>;
-			const background = settings.background as Record<string, unknown>;
+			const settings = asRecord(result.project.settings);
+			const background = asRecord(settings.background);
 			expect(background.type).toBe("color");
 			expect(background.color).toBe(v1Project.backgroundColor);
 		});
@ -58,8 +59,8 @@ describe("V1 to V2 Migration", () => {
 			};
 			const result = transformProjectV1ToV2({ project: projectWithBlur });

-			const settings = result.project.settings as Record<string, unknown>;
-			const background = settings.background as Record<string, unknown>;
+			const settings = asRecord(result.project.settings);
+			const background = asRecord(settings.background);
 			expect(background.type).toBe("blur");
 			expect(background.blurIntensity).toBe(30);
 		});
@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ describe("V1 to V2 Migration", () => {
 		test("applies legacy bookmarks to main scene", () => {
 			const result = transformProjectV1ToV2({ project: v1Project });

-			const scenes = result.project.scenes as Array<Record<string, unknown>>;
+			const scenes = asRecordArray(result.project.scenes);
 			const mainScene = scenes.find((s) => s.isMain === true);
 			expect(mainScene?.bookmarks).toEqual(v1Project.bookmarks);
 		});
@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ describe("V1 to V2 Migration", () => {
 				project: v1ProjectWithMultipleScenes,
 			});

-			const scenes = result.project.scenes as Array<Record<string, unknown>>;
+			const scenes = asRecordArray(result.project.scenes);
 			const introScene = scenes.find((s) => s.name === "Intro");
 			expect(introScene?.bookmarks).toEqual([1.0]);
 		});
@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ describe("V1 to V2 Migration", () => {
 			});

 			expect(result.skipped).toBe(false);
-			const settings = result.project.settings as Record<string, unknown>;
+			const settings = asRecord(result.project.settings);
 			expect(settings.fps).toBe(DEFAULT_FPS);
 			expect(settings.canvasSize).toEqual(DEFAULT_CANVAS_SIZE);
 		});
@ -115,11 +116,11 @@ describe("V1 to V2 Migration", () => {
 			};
 			const result = transformProjectV1ToV2({ project: minimalProject });

-			const settings = result.project.settings as Record<string, unknown>;
+			const settings = asRecord(result.project.settings);
 			expect(settings.fps).toBe(DEFAULT_FPS);
 			expect(settings.canvasSize).toEqual(DEFAULT_CANVAS_SIZE);

-			const background = settings.background as Record<string, unknown>;
+			const background = asRecord(settings.background);
 			expect(background.type).toBe("color");
 			expect(background.color).toBe(DEFAULT_BACKGROUND_COLOR);
 		});
@ -135,8 +136,8 @@ describe("V1 to V2 Migration", () => {
 				project: projectWithBlurNoIntensity,
 			});

-			const settings = result.project.settings as Record<string, unknown>;
-			const background = settings.background as Record<string, unknown>;
+			const settings = asRecord(result.project.settings);
+			const background = asRecord(settings.background);
 			expect(background.blurIntensity).toBe(DEFAULT_BACKGROUND_BLUR_INTENSITY);
 		});

@ -183,9 +184,9 @@ describe("V1 to V2 Migration", () => {
 				project: projectWithTracks,
 			});

-			const scenes = result.project.scenes as Array<Record<string, unknown>>;
+			const scenes = asRecordArray(result.project.scenes);
 			const mainScene = scenes[0];
-			const tracks = mainScene.tracks as Array<Record<string, unknown>>;
+			const tracks = asRecordArray(mainScene.tracks);
 			expect(tracks.length).toBe(1);
 			expect(tracks[0].name).toBe("Existing Track");
 		});
@ -240,9 +241,9 @@ describe("V1 to V2 Migration", () => {
 				context,
 			});

-			const scenes = result.project.scenes as Array<Record<string, unknown>>;
+			const scenes = asRecordArray(result.project.scenes);
 			const mainScene = scenes[0];
-			const tracks = mainScene.tracks as Array<Record<string, unknown>>;
+			const tracks = asRecordArray(mainScene.tracks);
 			expect(Array.isArray(tracks)).toBe(true);
 			expect(tracks).toHaveLength(1);
 			expect(tracks[0].type).toBe("video");
@ -302,9 +303,9 @@ describe("V1 to V2 Migration", () => {
 			});

 			expect(result.skipped).toBe(false);
-			const scenes = result.project.scenes as Array<Record<string, unknown>>;
-			const tracks = scenes[0].tracks as Array<Record<string, unknown>>;
-			const elements = tracks[0].elements as Array<Record<string, unknown>>;
+			const scenes = asRecordArray(result.project.scenes);
+			const tracks = asRecordArray(scenes[0].tracks);
+			const elements = asRecordArray(tracks[0].elements);
 			const textElement = elements[0];
 			expect(textElement.opacity).toBe(0.5);
 			expect(textElement.transform).toEqual({
--- a/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/tests/v15-to-v16.test.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/tests/v15-to-v16.test.ts
@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { describe, expect, test } from "bun:test";
 import { transformProjectV15ToV16 } from "../transformers/v15-to-v16";
+import { asRecordArray } from "./helpers";

 describe("V15 to V16 Migration", () => {
 	test("renames sticker tracks to graphic tracks", () => {
@ -61,10 +62,10 @@ describe("V15 to V16 Migration", () => {

 		expect(result.skipped).toBe(false);
 		expect(result.project.version).toBe(16);
-		expect(
-			(result.project.scenes as Array<{ tracks: Array<{ type: string }> }>)[0]
-				.tracks[0].type,
-		).toBe("graphic");
+		const firstTrack = asRecordArray(
+			asRecordArray(result.project.scenes)[0].tracks,
+		)[0];
+		expect(firstTrack.type).toBe("graphic");
 	});

 	test("skips projects already on v16", () => {
--- a/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/tests/v16-to-v17.test.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/tests/v16-to-v17.test.ts
@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { describe, expect, test } from "bun:test";
 import { transformProjectV16ToV17 } from "../transformers/v16-to-v17";
+import { asRecord, asRecordArray } from "./helpers";

 describe("V16 to V17 Migration", () => {
 	test("adds center stroke alignment to masks that do not have it", () => {
@ -97,13 +98,13 @@ describe("V16 to V17 Migration", () => {
 		expect(result.skipped).toBe(false);
 		expect(result.project.version).toBe(17);

-		const migratedMasks = (
-			((result.project.scenes as Array<{ tracks: Array<{ elements: Array<{ masks: Array<{ params: Record<string, unknown> }> }> }> }>)[0]
-				.tracks[0].elements[0].masks)
-		);
+		const firstScene = asRecordArray(result.project.scenes)[0];
+		const firstTrack = asRecordArray(firstScene.tracks)[0];
+		const firstElement = asRecordArray(firstTrack.elements)[0];
+		const migratedMasks = asRecordArray(firstElement.masks);

-		expect(migratedMasks[0].params.strokeAlign).toBe("center");
-		expect(migratedMasks[1].params.strokeAlign).toBe("outside");
+		expect(asRecord(migratedMasks[0].params).strokeAlign).toBe("center");
+		expect(asRecord(migratedMasks[1].params).strokeAlign).toBe("outside");
 	});

 	test("skips projects already on v17", () => {
--- a/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/tests/v18-to-v19.test.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/tests/v18-to-v19.test.ts
@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { describe, expect, test } from "bun:test";
 import { transformProjectV18ToV19 } from "../transformers/v18-to-v19";
+import { asRecord } from "./helpers";

 describe("V18 to V19 Migration", () => {
 	test("adds canvas size mode and empty remembered custom size defaults", () => {
@ -26,15 +27,13 @@ describe("V18 to V19 Migration", () => {

 		expect(result.skipped).toBe(false);
 		expect(result.project.version).toBe(19);
-		expect(
-			(result.project.settings as Record<string, unknown>).canvasSizeMode,
-		).toBe("preset");
-		expect(
-			(result.project.settings as Record<string, unknown>).lastCustomCanvasSize,
-		).toBeNull();
-		expect(
-			(result.project.settings as Record<string, unknown>).originalCanvasSize,
-		).toEqual({ width: 1920, height: 1080 });
+		const settings = asRecord(result.project.settings);
+		expect(settings.canvasSizeMode).toBe("preset");
+		expect(settings.lastCustomCanvasSize).toBeNull();
+		expect(settings.originalCanvasSize).toEqual({
+			width: 1920,
+			height: 1080,
+		});
 	});

 	test("skips projects already on v19", () => {
--- a/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/tests/v19-to-v20.test.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/tests/v19-to-v20.test.ts
@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { describe, expect, test } from "bun:test";
 import { transformProjectV19ToV20 } from "../transformers/v19-to-v20";
+import { asRecordArray } from "./helpers";

 describe("V19 to V20 Migration", () => {
 	test("backfills source audio enabled state on video elements", () => {
@ -82,19 +83,16 @@ describe("V19 to V20 Migration", () => {

 		expect(result.skipped).toBe(false);
 		expect(result.project.version).toBe(20);
-		expect(
-			((result.project.scenes as Array<Record<string, unknown>>)[0]
-				.tracks as Array<Record<string, unknown>>)[0].elements,
-		).toEqual([
+		const scene = asRecordArray(result.project.scenes)[0];
+		const tracks = asRecordArray(scene.tracks);
+		expect(tracks[0].elements).toEqual([
 			expect.objectContaining({
 				id: "video-1",
 				isSourceAudioEnabled: true,
 			}),
 		]);
 		expect(
-			(((result.project.scenes as Array<Record<string, unknown>>)[0]
-				.tracks as Array<Record<string, unknown>>)[1]
-				.elements as Array<Record<string, unknown>>)[0].isSourceAudioEnabled,
+			asRecordArray(tracks[1].elements)[0].isSourceAudioEnabled,
 		).toBeUndefined();
 	});

@ -120,11 +118,10 @@ describe("V19 to V20 Migration", () => {
 			},
 		});

-		expect(
-			(((result.project.scenes as Array<Record<string, unknown>>)[0]
-				.tracks as Array<Record<string, unknown>>)[0]
-				.elements as Array<Record<string, unknown>>)[0].isSourceAudioEnabled,
-		).toBe(false);
+		const scene = asRecordArray(result.project.scenes)[0];
+		const track = asRecordArray(scene.tracks)[0];
+		const element = asRecordArray(track.elements)[0];
+		expect(element.isSourceAudioEnabled).toBe(false);
 	});

 	test("skips projects already on v20", () => {
--- a/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/tests/v2-to-v3.test.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/tests/v2-to-v3.test.ts
@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
 	v2ProjectWithBlurBackground,
 	v3Project,
 } from "./fixtures";
+import { asRecord } from "./helpers";

 describe("V2 to V3 Migration", () => {
 	describe("transformProjectV2ToV3", () => {
@ -17,14 +18,14 @@ describe("V2 to V3 Migration", () => {
 			expect(result.skipped).toBe(false);
 			expect(result.project.version).toBe(3);

-			const metadata = result.project.metadata as Record<string, unknown>;
+			const metadata = asRecord(result.project.metadata);
 			expect(typeof metadata.duration).toBe("number");
 		});

 		test("calculates duration from scene tracks", () => {
 			const result = transformProjectV2ToV3({ project: v2Project });

-			const metadata = result.project.metadata as Record<string, unknown>;
+			const metadata = asRecord(result.project.metadata);
 			// v2Project has a video element with duration 15.5 and a text element at startTime 2 with duration 5
 			// Total duration should be max(15.5, 2+5) = 15.5
 			expect(metadata.duration).toBe(15.5);
@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ describe("V2 to V3 Migration", () => {
 			});

 			expect(result.skipped).toBe(false);
-			const metadata = result.project.metadata as Record<string, unknown>;
+			const metadata = asRecord(result.project.metadata);
 			// v2ProjectWithBlurBackground has a video with duration 30
 			expect(metadata.duration).toBe(30);
 		});
@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ describe("V2 to V3 Migration", () => {
 			const result = transformProjectV2ToV3({ project: v2ProjectEmptyScenes });

 			expect(result.skipped).toBe(false);
-			const metadata = result.project.metadata as Record<string, unknown>;
+			const metadata = asRecord(result.project.metadata);
 			expect(metadata.duration).toBe(0);
 		});

@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ describe("V2 to V3 Migration", () => {
 			});

 			expect(result.skipped).toBe(false);
-			const metadata = result.project.metadata as Record<string, unknown>;
+			const metadata = asRecord(result.project.metadata);
 			expect(metadata.duration).toBe(0);
 		});

@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ describe("V2 to V3 Migration", () => {
 		test("preserves existing metadata fields", () => {
 			const result = transformProjectV2ToV3({ project: v2Project });

-			const metadata = result.project.metadata as Record<string, unknown>;
+			const metadata = asRecord(result.project.metadata);
 			expect(metadata.id).toBe(v2Project.metadata.id);
 			expect(metadata.name).toBe(v2Project.metadata.name);
 			expect(metadata.thumbnail).toBe(v2Project.metadata.thumbnail);
@ -122,7 +123,7 @@ describe("V2 to V3 Migration", () => {
 			});

 			expect(result.skipped).toBe(false);
-			const metadata = result.project.metadata as Record<string, unknown>;
+			const metadata = asRecord(result.project.metadata);
 			expect(metadata.duration).toBe(0);
 		});

@ -156,7 +157,7 @@ describe("V2 to V3 Migration", () => {
 			};
 			const result = transformProjectV2ToV3({ project: multiSceneProject });

-			const metadata = result.project.metadata as Record<string, unknown>;
+			const metadata = asRecord(result.project.metadata);
 			// Duration is from main scene only, not sum of all scenes
 			expect(metadata.duration).toBe(10);
 		});
--- a/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/tests/v20-to-v21.test.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/storage/migrations/tests/v20-to-v21.test.ts
@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { describe, expect, test } from "bun:test";
 import { transformProjectV20ToV21 } from "../transformers/v20-to-v21";
+import { asRecord } from "./helpers";

 const LEGACY_DEFAULT_BACKGROUND_BLUR_INTENSITY = 50;

@ -27,8 +28,8 @@ describe("V20 to V21 Migration", () => {

 		expect(result.skipped).toBe(false);
 		expect(result.project.version).toBe(21);
-		const settings = result.project.settings as Record<string, unknown>;
-		const background = settings.background as Record<string, unknown>;
+		const settings = asRecord(result.project.settings);
+		const background = asRecord(settings.background);
 		expect(background.blurIntensity).toBe(500);
 	});

@ -45,8 +46,8 @@ describe("V20 to V21 Migration", () => {
 		});

 		expect(result.skipped).toBe(false);
-		const settings = result.project.settings as Record<string, unknown>;
-		const background = settings.background as Record<string, unknown>;
+		const settings = asRecord(result.project.settings);
+		const background = asRecord(settings.background);
 		expect(background.blurIntensity).toBe(
 			LEGACY_DEFAULT_BACKGROUND_BLUR_INTENSITY,
 		);
@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ describe("V20 to V21 Migration", () => {
 		});

 		expect(result.skipped).toBe(false);
-		const settings = result.project.settings as Record<string, unknown>;
+		const settings = asRecord(result.project.settings);
 		expect(settings.background).toEqual({ type: "color", color: "#000000" });
 	});

--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More