Improve a flaky test_stacktracedump_dump_stacktrace(). (#7753)

* Tests for extensions.debug and extensions.memdebug.

* Use a unique class in test_crawl_sets_stats.

* Don't assume a single log message.

.github/pull_request_template.md

@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ Key takeaways:
 > Note: What follows is based on
 > https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jackyzha0/quartz/acfaa472253a432d350e9b6904c0cde14f8c487f/.github/pull_request_template.md
 
-We more than welcome contributions, and are OK with the use of LLMs tools. How
+We more than welcome contributions, and are OK with the use of LLM tools. How
 you use those tools depends on whether or not they make you more productive.
 
 But one thing that bugs us a lot are PRs that are made entirely with these
 tools, without any revision or any effort trying to refine their output
 whatsoever. This is just pure laziness, and unacceptable. Doing so will just
-end up wasting everyone time (ours and yours).
+end up wasting everyone's time (ours and yours).
 
 So to be the most productive for all parties, we would encourage any
 contributors to, at the very least, pay attention to what the model is doing,

.github/workflows/checks.yml

@@ -17,23 +17,23 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
-        - python-version: "3.13"
+        - python-version: "3.14"
           env:
             TOXENV: pylint
         - python-version: "3.10"
           env:
-            TOXENV: typing
+            TOXENV: mypy
         - python-version: "3.10"
           env:
-            TOXENV: typing-tests
+            TOXENV: mypy-tests
         # Keep in sync with pyproject.toml tool.sphinx-scrapy.python-version.
-        - python-version: "3.13"
+        - python-version: "3.14"
           env:
             TOXENV: docs
         - python-version: "3.13"
           env:
             TOXENV: docs-tests
-        - python-version: "3.13"
+        - python-version: "3.14"
           env:
             TOXENV: twinecheck
 

.github/workflows/publish.yml

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
-          python-version: "3.13"
+          python-version: "3.14"
       - run: |
           python -m pip install --upgrade build
           python -m build

.github/workflows/tests-macos.yml

@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
         env:
           - TOXENV: py
         include:
-          - python-version: '3.13'
+          - python-version: '3.14'
             env:
               TOXENV: no-reactor
 

.github/workflows/tests-ubuntu.yml

@@ -31,10 +31,13 @@ jobs:
         - python-version: "3.13"
           env:
             TOXENV: py
-        - python-version: "3.13"
+        - python-version: "3.14"
+          env:
+            TOXENV: py
+        - python-version: "3.14"
           env:
             TOXENV: default-reactor
-        - python-version: "3.13"
+        - python-version: "3.14"
           env:
             TOXENV: no-reactor
         # pinned due to https://github.com/pypy/pypy/issues/5388
@@ -42,43 +45,40 @@ jobs:
           env:
             TOXENV: pypy3
 
-        # pinned deps
+        # min deps
         - python-version: "3.10.19"
           env:
-            TOXENV: pinned
+            TOXENV: min
         - python-version: "3.10.19"
           env:
-            TOXENV: default-reactor-pinned
+            TOXENV: min-default-reactor
         - python-version: "3.10.19"
           env:
-            TOXENV: no-reactor-pinned
+            TOXENV: min-no-reactor
         # pinned due to https://github.com/pypy/pypy/issues/5388
         - python-version: pypy3.11-7.3.20
           env:
-            TOXENV: pypy3-pinned
+            TOXENV: min-pypy3
         - python-version: "3.10.19"
           env:
-            TOXENV: extra-deps-pinned
+            TOXENV: min-extra-deps
         - python-version: "3.10.19"
           env:
-            TOXENV: botocore-pinned
+            TOXENV: min-botocore
 
-        - python-version: "3.13"
+        - python-version: "3.14"
           env:
             TOXENV: extra-deps
-        - python-version: "3.13"
+        - python-version: "3.14"
           env:
             TOXENV: no-reactor-extra-deps
         # pinned due to https://github.com/pypy/pypy/issues/5388
         - python-version: pypy3.11-7.3.20
           env:
             TOXENV: pypy3-extra-deps
-        - python-version: "3.13"
+        - python-version: "3.14"
           env:
             TOXENV: botocore
-        - python-version: "3.13"
-          env:
-            TOXENV: mitmproxy
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v6
@@ -89,11 +89,14 @@ jobs:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
     - name: Install system libraries
-      if: contains(matrix.python-version, 'pypy') || contains(matrix.env.TOXENV, 'pinned')
+      if: contains(matrix.python-version, 'pypy') || contains(matrix.env.TOXENV, 'min')
       run: |
         sudo apt-get update
         sudo apt-get install libxml2-dev libxslt-dev
 
+    - name: Install mitmproxy
+      run: pipx install mitmproxy
+
     - name: Run tests
       env: ${{ matrix.env }}
       run: |

.github/workflows/tests-windows.yml

@@ -31,22 +31,25 @@ jobs:
         - python-version: "3.13"
           env:
             TOXENV: py
-        - python-version: "3.13"
+        - python-version: "3.14"
+          env:
+            TOXENV: py
+        - python-version: "3.14"
           env:
             TOXENV: default-reactor
-        - python-version: "3.13"
+        - python-version: "3.14"
           env:
             TOXENV: no-reactor
 
-        # pinned deps
+        # min deps
         - python-version: "3.10.11"
           env:
-            TOXENV: pinned
+            TOXENV: min
         - python-version: "3.10.11"
           env:
-            TOXENV: extra-deps-pinned
+            TOXENV: min-extra-deps
 
-        - python-version: "3.13"
+        - python-version: "3.14"
           env:
             TOXENV: extra-deps
 

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ exclude: |
   )
 repos:
 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-  rev: v0.15.2
+  rev: v0.15.20
   hooks:
     - id: ruff-check
       args: [ --fix ]
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ repos:
   hooks:
   - id: blacken-docs
     additional_dependencies:
-    - black==25.9.0
+    - black==26.5.1
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
   rev: v6.0.0
   hooks:
@@ -27,6 +27,6 @@ repos:
   hooks:
     - id: sphinx-lint
 - repo: https://github.com/scrapy/sphinx-scrapy
-  rev: 0.7.1
+  rev: 0.8.8
   hooks:
     - id: sphinx-scrapy

.readthedocs.yml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ version: 2
 build:
   os: ubuntu-24.04
   tools:
-    python: "3.13"
+    python: "3.14"
   commands:
     - pip install tox
     - tox -e docs

CITATION.cff

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+cff-version: 1.2.0
+message: If you use Scrapy in published research, please cite it as below.
+title: Scrapy
+authors:
+  - name: Scrapy contributors
+url: https://scrapy.org

SECURITY.md

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 
 | Version | Supported          |
 | ------- | ------------------ |
-| 2.15.x     | :white_check_mark: |
+| 2.17.x     | :white_check_mark: |
-| < 2.15.x   | :x:                |
+| < 2.17.x   | :x:                |
 
 ## Reporting a Vulnerability
 

conftest.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ from scrapy.utils.reactor import set_asyncio_event_loop_policy
 from scrapy.utils.reactorless import install_reactor_import_hook
 from tests.keys import generate_keys
 from tests.mockserver.http import MockServer
+from tests.mockserver.mitm_proxy import MitmProxy, mitmdump_cmd
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from collections.abc import Generator
@@ -23,16 +24,13 @@ def _py_files(folder):
 collect_ignore = [
     # may need extra deps
     "docs/_ext",
-    # not a test, but looks like a test
+    # contains scripts to be run by tests/test_crawler_subprocess.py::AsyncCrawlerProcessSubprocess
-    "scrapy/utils/testproc.py",
-    "scrapy/utils/testsite.py",
-    # contains scripts to be run by tests/test_crawler.py::AsyncCrawlerProcessSubprocess
     *_py_files("tests/AsyncCrawlerProcess"),
-    # contains scripts to be run by tests/test_crawler.py::AsyncCrawlerRunnerSubprocess
+    # contains scripts to be run by tests/test_crawler_subprocess.py::AsyncCrawlerRunnerSubprocess
     *_py_files("tests/AsyncCrawlerRunner"),
-    # contains scripts to be run by tests/test_crawler.py::CrawlerProcessSubprocess
+    # contains scripts to be run by tests/test_crawler_subprocess.py::CrawlerProcessSubprocess
     *_py_files("tests/CrawlerProcess"),
-    # contains scripts to be run by tests/test_crawler.py::CrawlerRunnerSubprocess
+    # contains scripts to be run by tests/test_crawler_subprocess.py::CrawlerRunnerSubprocess
     *_py_files("tests/CrawlerRunner"),
 ]
 
@@ -75,6 +73,24 @@ def mockserver() -> Generator[MockServer]:
         yield mockserver
 
 
+@pytest.fixture  # function scope because it modifies os.environ
+def proxy_server(
+    request: pytest.FixtureRequest, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch
+) -> Generator[str]:
+    kind = request.param
+    proxy = MitmProxy(mode="socks5" if kind == "socks5" else None)
+    url = proxy.start()
+    if kind == "https":
+        url = url.replace("http://", "https://")
+    monkeypatch.setenv("http_proxy", url)
+    monkeypatch.setenv("https_proxy", url)
+
+    try:
+        yield kind
+    finally:
+        proxy.stop()
+
+
 @pytest.fixture(scope="session")
 def reactor_pytest(request) -> str:
     return request.config.getoption("--reactor")
@@ -111,7 +127,6 @@ def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
         "uvloop",
         "botocore",
         "boto3",
-        "mitmproxy",
     ]
 
     for module in optional_deps:
@@ -121,6 +136,9 @@ def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
             except ImportError:
                 pytest.skip(f"{module} is not installed")
 
+    if item.get_closest_marker("requires_mitmproxy") and mitmdump_cmd() is None:
+        pytest.skip("mitmdump is not available")
+
 
 # Generate localhost certificate files, needed by some tests
 generate_keys()

docs/README.rst

@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-:orphan:
-
-======================================
-Scrapy documentation quick start guide
-======================================
-
-This file provides a quick guide on how to compile the Scrapy documentation.
-
-
-Setup the environment
----------------------
-
-To compile the documentation you need Sphinx Python library. To install it
-and all its dependencies run the following command from this dir
-
-::
-
-    pip install -r requirements.txt
-
-
-Compile the documentation
--------------------------
-
-To compile the documentation (to classic HTML output) run the following command
-from this dir::
-
-    make html
-
-Documentation will be generated (in HTML format) inside the ``build/html`` dir.
-
-
-View the documentation
-----------------------
-
-To view the documentation run the following command::
-
-    make htmlview
-
-This command will fire up your default browser and open the main page of your
-(previously generated) HTML documentation.
-
-
-Start over
-----------
-
-To clean up all generated documentation files and start from scratch run::
-
-    make clean
-
-Keep in mind that this command won't touch any documentation source files.
-
-
-Recreating documentation on the fly
------------------------------------
-
-There is a way to recreate the doc automatically when you make changes, you
-need to install watchdog (``pip install watchdog``) and then use::
-
-    make watch
-
-Alternative method using tox
-----------------------------
-
-To compile the documentation to HTML run the following command::
-
-    tox -e docs
-
-Documentation will be generated inside the ``docs/_build/all`` dir.

docs/_ext/scrapyfixautodoc.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ from sphinx.application import Sphinx
 
 def maybe_skip_member(app: Sphinx, what, name: str, obj, skip: bool, options) -> bool:
     if not skip:
-        # autodocs was generating a text "alias of" for the following members
+        # autodoc was generating the text "alias of" for the following members
         return name in {"default_item_class", "default_selector_class"}
     return skip
 

docs/_templates/layout.html

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {% extends "!layout.html" %}
 
-{# Overriden to include a link to scrapy.org, not just to the docs root #}
+{# Overridden to include a link to scrapy.org, not just to the docs root #}
 {%- block sidebartitle %}
 
 {# the logo helper function was removed in Sphinx 6 and deprecated since Sphinx 4 #}

docs/conf.py

@@ -154,9 +154,11 @@ scrapy_intersphinx_enable = [
     "coverage",
     "cryptography",
     "cssselect",
+    "form2request",
     "itemloaders",
     "parsel",
     "pytest",
+    "scrapy-lint",
     "sphinx",
     "tox",
     "twisted",

docs/contributing.rst

@@ -323,9 +323,10 @@ deprecation removals are documented in the :ref:`release notes <news>`.
 Tests
 =====
 
-Tests are implemented using the :doc:`Twisted unit-testing framework
+Tests are implemented using pytest_. Running tests requires :doc:`tox
-<twisted:development/test-standard>`. Running tests requires
+<tox:index>`.
-:doc:`tox <tox:index>`.
+
+.. _pytest: https://pytest.org
 
 .. _running-tests:
 
@@ -371,6 +372,21 @@ To see coverage report install :doc:`coverage <coverage:index>`
 
 see output of ``coverage --help`` for more options like html or xml report.
 
+Some tests need a ``mitmdump`` executable (from mitmproxy_) to test against a
+fully featured proxy server; they are skipped when one cannot be found
+(``mitmproxy`` is intentionally not a test dependency that would be installed
+into test venvs, as that sometimes leads to various dependency conflicts).
+To run these tests, make ``mitmdump`` available in one of these ways:
+
+* install ``mitmproxy`` so that ``mitmdump`` is on your ``PATH``, e.g. with
+  pipx_ (``pipx install mitmproxy``) or uv_ (``uv tool install mitmproxy``);
+
+* have uv_ installed, in which case the tests will run
+  ``uvx --from mitmproxy mitmdump``;
+
+* set the ``MITMDUMP`` environment variable to the path of a ``mitmdump``
+  executable.
+
 Writing tests
 -------------
 
@@ -398,3 +414,6 @@ And their unit-tests are in::
 .. _pytest-xdist: https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest-xdist
 .. _help wanted issues: https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3A%22help+wanted%22
 .. _test coverage: https://app.codecov.io/gh/scrapy/scrapy
+.. _mitmproxy: https://mitmproxy.org/
+.. _pipx: https://pipx.pypa.io/
+.. _uv: https://docs.astral.sh/uv/

docs/faq.rst

@@ -82,10 +82,18 @@ to steal from us!
 Does Scrapy work with HTTP proxies?
 -----------------------------------
 
-Yes. Support for HTTP proxies is provided (since Scrapy 0.8) through the HTTP
+Yes. Support for HTTP proxies is provided through the HTTP Proxy downloader
-Proxy downloader middleware. See
+middleware. See
 :class:`~scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpproxy.HttpProxyMiddleware`.
 
+Does Scrapy work with SOCKS proxies?
+------------------------------------
+
+Yes, when using
+:class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers._httpx.HttpxDownloadHandler`. See
+:class:`~scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpproxy.HttpProxyMiddleware` and the
+handler documentation.
+
 How can I scrape an item with attributes in different pages?
 ------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -277,7 +285,8 @@ consume a lot of memory.
 In order to avoid parsing all the entire feed at once in memory, you can use
 the :func:`~scrapy.utils.iterators.xmliter_lxml` and
 :func:`~scrapy.utils.iterators.csviter` functions. In fact, this is what
-:class:`~scrapy.spiders.XMLFeedSpider` uses.
+:class:`~scrapy.spiders.XMLFeedSpider` and
+:class:`~scrapy.spiders.CSVFeedSpider` use.
 
 .. autofunction:: scrapy.utils.iterators.xmliter_lxml
 
@@ -352,15 +361,19 @@ method for this purpose. For example:
         def process_spider_output(self, response, result):
             for item_or_request in result:
                 if isinstance(item_or_request, Request):
+                    yield item_or_request
                     continue
-                adapter = ItemAdapter(item)
+                adapter = ItemAdapter(item_or_request)
                 for _ in range(adapter["multiply_by"]):
-                    yield deepcopy(item)
+                    yield deepcopy(item_or_request)
 
 Does Scrapy support IPv6 addresses?
 -----------------------------------
 
-Yes, by setting :setting:`TWISTED_DNS_RESOLVER` to ``scrapy.resolver.CachingHostnameResolver``.
+Yes, but when using
+:class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http11.HTTP11DownloadHandler` or
+:class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http2.H2DownloadHandler` you need to
+set :setting:`TWISTED_DNS_RESOLVER` to ``scrapy.resolver.CachingHostnameResolver``.
 Note that by doing so, you lose the ability to set a specific timeout for DNS requests
 (the value of the :setting:`DNS_TIMEOUT` setting is ignored).
 
@@ -371,8 +384,9 @@ How to deal with ``<class 'ValueError'>: filedescriptor out of range in select()
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 This issue `has been reported`_ to appear when running broad crawls in macOS, where the default
-Twisted reactor is :class:`twisted.internet.selectreactor.SelectReactor`. Switching to a
+Twisted reactor was :class:`twisted.internet.selectreactor.SelectReactor` at that time.
-different reactor is possible by using the :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR` setting.
+If you have switched to this reactor using the :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR` setting you can switch
+to a different one in the same way.
 
 
 .. _faq-stop-response-download:
@@ -398,7 +412,6 @@ How can I make a blank request?
 
     from scrapy import Request
 
-
     blank_request = Request("data:,")
 
 In this case, the URL is set to a data URI scheme. Data URLs allow you to include data

docs/index.rst

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Having trouble? We'd like to help!
 * Ask or search questions in `StackOverflow using the scrapy tag`_.
 * Ask or search questions in the `Scrapy subreddit`_.
 * Search for questions on the archives of the `scrapy-users mailing list`_.
-* Ask a question in the `#scrapy IRC channel`_,
+* Ask a question in the `#scrapy IRC channel`_.
 * Report bugs with Scrapy in our `issue tracker`_.
 * Join the Discord community `Scrapy Discord`_.
 
@@ -91,15 +91,15 @@ Basic concepts
 :doc:`topics/selectors`
     Extract the data from web pages using XPath.
 
-:doc:`topics/shell`
-    Test your extraction code in an interactive environment.
-
 :doc:`topics/items`
     Define the data you want to scrape.
 
 :doc:`topics/loaders`
     Populate your items with the extracted data.
 
+:doc:`topics/shell`
+    Test your extraction code in an interactive environment.
+
 :doc:`topics/item-pipeline`
     Post-process and store your scraped data.
 
@@ -151,6 +151,7 @@ Solving specific problems
    topics/debug
    topics/contracts
    topics/practices
+   topics/security
    topics/broad-crawls
    topics/developer-tools
    topics/dynamic-content
@@ -175,6 +176,10 @@ Solving specific problems
 :doc:`topics/practices`
     Get familiar with some Scrapy common practices.
 
+:doc:`topics/security`
+    Understand the security implications of Scrapy defaults and how to harden
+    them.
+
 :doc:`topics/broad-crawls`
     Tune Scrapy for crawling a lot domains in parallel.
 

docs/intro/install.rst

@@ -230,8 +230,8 @@ Installing Scrapy with PyPy on Windows is not tested.
 You can check that Scrapy is installed correctly by running ``scrapy bench``.
 If this command gives errors such as
 ``TypeError: ... got 2 unexpected keyword arguments``, this means
-that setuptools was unable to pick up one PyPy-specific dependency.
+that the ``PyPyDispatcher`` dependency wasn't installed. To fix this issue, run
-To fix this issue, run ``pip install 'PyPyDispatcher>=2.1.0'``.
+``pip install 'PyPyDispatcher>=2.1.0'``.
 
 
 .. _intro-install-troubleshooting:

docs/intro/overview.rst

@@ -83,16 +83,17 @@ While this enables you to do very fast crawls (sending multiple concurrent
 requests at the same time, in a fault-tolerant way) Scrapy also gives you
 control over the politeness of the crawl through :ref:`a few settings
 <topics-settings-ref>`. You can do things like setting a download delay between
-each request, limiting the amount of concurrent requests per domain or per IP, and
+each request, limiting the amount of concurrent requests per domain, and
 even :ref:`using an auto-throttling extension <topics-autothrottle>` that tries
 to figure these settings out automatically.
 
 .. note::
 
     This is using :ref:`feed exports <topics-feed-exports>` to generate the
-    JSON file, you can easily change the export format (XML or CSV, for example) or the
+    JSON Lines file, you can easily change the export format (XML or CSV, for
-    storage backend (FTP or `Amazon S3`_, for example).  You can also write an
+    example) or the storage backend (FTP or `Amazon S3`_, for example). You can
-    :ref:`item pipeline <topics-item-pipeline>` to store the items in a database.
+    also write an :ref:`item pipeline <topics-item-pipeline>` to store the
+    items in a database.
 
 
 .. _topics-whatelse:

docs/news.rst

@@ -3,6 +3,643 @@
 Release notes
 =============
 
+.. _release-2.17.0:
+
+Scrapy 2.17.0 (2026-07-07)
+--------------------------
+
+Highlights:
+
+-   Security bug fixes
+
+-   HTTP/2 and SOCKS proxy support for ``HttpxDownloadHandler``
+
+-   Improved settings for changing allowed TLS versions
+
+Security bug fixes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+-   ``s3://`` requests now use HTTPS by default, instead of plaintext HTTP.
+
+    Previously, :class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.s3.S3DownloadHandler`
+    sent signed S3 requests over plaintext HTTP unless
+    ``request.meta["is_secure"]`` was set to a true value, exposing the request
+    path, the AWS ``Authorization`` header, the ``X-Amz-Security-Token`` header
+    (when using temporary credentials), and the response contents to network
+    attackers, who could also tamper with responses. See the `76g3-c3x4-crvx`_
+    security advisory for details.
+
+    To restore the previous behavior for a given request, set
+    ``request.meta["is_secure"]`` to ``False``.
+
+    .. _76g3-c3x4-crvx: https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy/security/advisories/GHSA-76g3-c3x4-crvx
+
+Deprecations
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+-   The ``DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_METHOD`` setting is deprecated. You should use
+    the :setting:`DOWNLOAD_TLS_MIN_VERSION` and/or
+    :setting:`DOWNLOAD_TLS_MAX_VERSION` settings instead if you want to change
+    the TLS method selection.
+    (:issue:`3288`, :issue:`6546`)
+
+-   The following spider attributes are deprecated in favor of settings:
+
+    - ``http_user`` (use :setting:`HTTPAUTH_USER`)
+
+    - ``http_pass`` (use :setting:`HTTPAUTH_PASS`)
+
+    - ``http_auth_domain`` (use :setting:`HTTPAUTH_DOMAIN`)
+
+    (:issue:`7590`)
+
+-   The ``scrapy.commands.ScrapyCommand.help()`` method is deprecated. It was
+    never called by Scrapy.
+    (:issue:`7626`, :issue:`7633`)
+
+-   The following TLS-related functions and constants, intended for internal
+    use, are deprecated:
+
+    - ``scrapy.core.downloader.tls.METHOD_TLS``
+
+    - ``scrapy.core.downloader.tls.METHOD_TLSv10``
+
+    - ``scrapy.core.downloader.tls.METHOD_TLSv11``
+
+    - ``scrapy.core.downloader.tls.METHOD_TLSv12``
+
+    - ``scrapy.core.downloader.tls.openssl_methods``
+
+    - ``scrapy.core.downloader.tls.DEFAULT_CIPHERS``
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.ssl.ffi_buf_to_string()``
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.ssl.get_temp_key_info()``
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.ssl.x509name_to_string()``
+
+    (:issue:`6546`, :issue:`7619`, :issue:`7665`)
+
+-   The ``CRAWLSPIDER_FOLLOW_LINKS`` setting is deprecated. You can set
+    ``follow=False`` in your rules to achieve the same effect.
+    (:issue:`7592`)
+
+-   Instantiating
+    :class:`~scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcompression.HttpCompressionMiddleware`
+    without a ``crawler`` argument is deprecated.
+    (:issue:`7655`)
+
+-   Instantiating
+    :class:`~scrapy.spidermiddlewares.referer.RefererMiddleware` without a
+    ``settings`` argument is deprecated.
+    (:issue:`7664`)
+
+New features
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+-   Added support for HTTP/2 requests to
+    :class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers._httpx.HttpxDownloadHandler`. It
+    requires setting the new :setting:`HTTPX_HTTP2_ENABLED` setting to
+    ``True``.
+    (:issue:`7575`)
+
+-   Added support for SOCKS proxies to
+    :class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers._httpx.HttpxDownloadHandler`.
+    (:issue:`747`, :issue:`7575`)
+
+-   Added :setting:`DOWNLOAD_TLS_MIN_VERSION` and
+    :setting:`DOWNLOAD_TLS_MAX_VERSION` settings as replacements for the
+    ``DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_METHOD`` setting (which is now deprecated).
+    Compared to the old setting, they support specifying a range of allowed
+    versions and support newer TLS versions.
+    (:issue:`4821`, :issue:`6546`)
+
+-   Added :setting:`HTTPAUTH_USER`, :setting:`HTTPAUTH_PASS` and
+    :setting:`HTTPAUTH_DOMAIN` settings and :reqmeta:`http_user`,
+    :reqmeta:`http_pass` and :reqmeta:`http_auth_domain` meta keys as more
+    flexible ways to set HTTP authentication data.
+    (:issue:`7590`)
+
+-   Added a :reqmeta:`verbatim_url` meta key that can be set to ``True`` to
+    skip request URL canonicalization.
+    (:issue:`7473`)
+
+-   Added ``deny_tags`` and ``deny_attrs`` arguments to :class:`LinkExtractor
+    <scrapy.linkextractors.lxmlhtml.LxmlLinkExtractor>`.
+    (:issue:`6321`, :issue:`7679`)
+
+-   :attr:`scrapy.Item.fields` now returns the fields in the definition order
+    instead of the alphabetical one.
+    (:issue:`7015`, :issue:`7694`)
+
+-   Added a :setting:`RETRY_GIVE_UP_LOG_LEVEL` setting, a
+    :reqmeta:`give_up_log_level` meta key and a ``give_up_log_level`` argument
+    of the
+    :func:`~scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.retry.get_retry_request` function that
+    allow changing the log level of the message logged when the retry limit has
+    been reached.
+    (:issue:`4622`, :issue:`5297`, :issue:`7567`)
+
+-   It's now possible to set :setting:`DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_CIPHERS` to
+    ``None`` to use the default ciphers of the underlying TLS implementation.
+    (:issue:`7499`, :issue:`7665`)
+
+Improvements
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+-   :class:`~scrapy.FormRequest` is no longer deprecated, only its
+    ``from_response()`` method is still deprecated.
+    (:issue:`7561`, :issue:`7671`)
+
+-   Switched the item definition in the default project template from a
+    :class:`scrapy.item.Item` to a dataclass.
+    (:issue:`7493`, :issue:`7513`)
+
+-   Fixed deprecation warnings with pyOpenSSL 26.3.0.
+    (:issue:`7619`)
+
+-   Removed the runtime warnings for :attr:`Spider.allowed_domains
+    <scrapy.Spider.allowed_domains>` containing URLs or domains with ports
+    instead of just domains and for spider classes having a ``start_url``
+    attribute instead of :class:`~scrapy.spiders.Spider.start_urls`. Please use
+    :doc:`scrapy-lint <scrapy-lint:index>` to find mistakes in your spider code
+    instead.
+    (:issue:`4421`, :issue:`7627`)
+
+-   :func:`scrapy.utils.test.get_crawler` now disables
+    :setting:`TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED` by default.
+    (:issue:`7644`)
+
+-   Other code refactoring and improvements.
+    (:issue:`7409`, :issue:`7593`, :issue:`7594`, :issue:`7611`, :issue:`7649`)
+
+Bug fixes
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+-   :class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers._httpx.HttpxDownloadHandler` no
+    longer ignores proxy credentials for redirected or retried requests.
+    (:issue:`7601`, :issue:`7630`)
+
+-   :class:`~scrapy.extensions.feedexport.GCSFeedStorage` now closes the
+    temporary file after the upload.
+    (:issue:`7546`)
+
+-   Fixed ``scrapy shell <URL>`` running a full spider crawl when there is a
+    spider for the requested URL. This bug was introduced in Scrapy 2.13.0.
+    (:issue:`7552`, :issue:`7557`)
+
+-   The :setting:`IMAGES_STORE_S3_ACL` and :setting:`IMAGES_STORE_GCS_ACL`
+    settings are no longer ignored. This bug was introduced in Scrapy 2.12.0.
+    (:issue:`7597`, :issue:`7614`)
+
+-   :class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.ftp.FTPDownloadHandler` now closes
+    the connection after making the request.
+    (:issue:`7602`, :issue:`7667`)
+
+-   Removed the deprecated ``spider`` argument from the pipeline defined in the
+    default project template.
+    (:issue:`7676`)
+
+-   Fixed ``scrapy genspider --edit`` not working.
+    (:issue:`7260`, :issue:`7683`)
+
+-   When a :class:`~scrapy.crawler.Crawler` instance is passed to
+    :meth:`AsyncCrawlerRunner.create_crawler()
+    <scrapy.crawler.AsyncCrawlerRunner.create_crawler>` or
+    :meth:`CrawlerRunner.create_crawler()
+    <scrapy.crawler.CrawlerRunner.create_crawler>`, settings from both classes
+    are now merged, previously only the settings from the
+    :class:`~scrapy.crawler.Crawler` instance were used.
+    (:issue:`1280`, :issue:`7647`)
+
+-   Fixed several issues with cookie handling in
+    :func:`scrapy.utils.request.request_to_curl`.
+    (:issue:`7603`, :issue:`7675`, :issue:`7684`)
+
+-   Fixed :class:`scrapy.resolver.CachingThreadedResolver` not disabling the
+    cache when :setting:`DNSCACHE_ENABLED` is set to ``False``.
+    (:issue:`7663`)
+
+-   Fixed :func:`scrapy.utils.response.open_in_browser` not removing comments
+    when looking for the ``<base>`` tag.
+    (:issue:`7506`)
+
+-   Fixed checking for deprecated methods in custom :setting:`ITEM_PROCESSOR`
+    implementations.
+    (:issue:`7589`)
+
+-   Fixed :func:`scrapy.utils.url.strip_url` corrupting some URLs with
+    credentials.
+    (:issue:`7604`, :issue:`7605`)
+
+-   :func:`scrapy.utils.misc.rel_has_nofollow` now ignores the case when
+    looking for "nofollow" strings.
+    (:issue:`7632`)
+
+-   Fixed an exception in :class:`scrapy.utils.sitemap.Sitemap` when parsing
+    some malformed sitemaps.
+    (:issue:`7686`, :issue:`7687`)
+
+Documentation
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+-   Mentioned :doc:`scrapy-lint <scrapy-lint:index>` in the docs.
+    (:issue:`4421`, :issue:`7627`)
+
+-   Added the docs about :ref:`security considerations <security>`.
+    (:issue:`7389`, :issue:`7678`)
+
+-   Improved the :ref:`item pipeline docs <topics-item-pipeline>`.
+    (:issue:`2350`, :issue:`7676`)
+
+-   Documented which stats are collected by
+    :class:`~scrapy.extensions.corestats.CoreStats`.
+    (:issue:`7421`)
+
+-   Switched documentation examples from using :class:`scrapy.item.Item` to
+    using dataclasses.
+    (:issue:`7493`, :issue:`7513`)
+
+-   Added feature comparison tables to the :ref:`download handler
+    <download-handlers-ref>` docs.
+    (:issue:`7575`)
+
+-   Improved the docs for :ref:`logging settings <logging-settings>`.
+    (:issue:`6909`, :issue:`7668`)
+
+-   Documented a way to :ref:`improve startup time and memory usage
+    <large-project-startup>` by using :setting:`SPIDER_MODULES`.
+    (:issue:`7576`, :issue:`7600`)
+
+-   Clarified handling of the ``type`` argument of :class:`~scrapy.Selector`.
+    (:issue:`7704`)
+
+-   Other documentation improvements and fixes.
+    (:issue:`4954`,
+    :issue:`6120`,
+    :issue:`7286`,
+    :issue:`7564`,
+    :issue:`7573`,
+    :issue:`7598`,
+    :issue:`7599`,
+    :issue:`7698`)
+
+Quality assurance
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+-   Fixed deprecation warnings with pytest 9.1.0.
+    (:issue:`7621`)
+
+-   Type hints improvements and fixes.
+    (:issue:`6958`, :issue:`7586`)
+
+-   CI and test improvements and fixes.
+    (:issue:`5954`,
+    :issue:`7002`,
+    :issue:`7017`,
+    :issue:`7247`,
+    :issue:`7508`,
+    :issue:`7545`,
+    :issue:`7566`,
+    :issue:`7574`,
+    :issue:`7585`,
+    :issue:`7595`,
+    :issue:`7608`,
+    :issue:`7610`,
+    :issue:`7612`,
+    :issue:`7616`,
+    :issue:`7625`,
+    :issue:`7637`,
+    :issue:`7639`,
+    :issue:`7640`,
+    :issue:`7641`,
+    :issue:`7642`,
+    :issue:`7643`,
+    :issue:`7644`,
+    :issue:`7645`,
+    :issue:`7646`,
+    :issue:`7654`,
+    :issue:`7655`,
+    :issue:`7664`,
+    :issue:`7672`,
+    :issue:`7677`,
+    :issue:`7680`,
+    :issue:`7682`,
+    :issue:`7692`)
+
+.. _release-2.16.0:
+
+Scrapy 2.16.0 (2026-05-19)
+--------------------------
+
+Highlights:
+
+-   Official support for Python 3.14
+
+-   Support for Twisted 26.4.0+
+
+Modified requirements
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+-   Increased the minimum versions of the following dependencies:
+
+    - service_identity_: 18.1.0 → 23.1.0
+
+    (:issue:`7347`)
+
+-   Added support for Twisted 26.4.0+.
+    (:issue:`7347`, :issue:`7505`, :issue:`7520`)
+
+-   Added support for Python 3.14.
+    (:issue:`6604`, :issue:`7460`)
+
+Backward-incompatible changes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+-   The following classes and functions, intended for internal use by
+    :class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http11.HTTP11DownloadHandler`
+    and :class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http2.H2DownloadHandler`, have
+    been made private:
+
+    - ``scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http11.ScrapyAgent``
+
+    - ``scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http11.ScrapyProxyAgent``
+
+    - ``scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http11.TunnelingAgent``
+
+    - ``scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http11.TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint``
+
+    - ``scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http11.tunnel_request_data()``
+
+    - ``scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http2.ScrapyH2Agent``
+
+    (:issue:`7496`, :issue:`7510`)
+
+Deprecations
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+-   ``scrapy.FormRequest`` is deprecated. You can use the :doc:`form2request
+    <form2request:index>` library instead, see :ref:`form`.
+    (:issue:`6438`)
+
+-   ``scrapy.utils.python.MutableChain`` is deprecated.
+    (:issue:`7504`)
+
+Deprecation removals
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+-   The ``start_requests()`` method of :class:`~scrapy.Spider`, deprecated in
+    2.13.0, is removed and no longer called. Use :meth:`~scrapy.Spider.start`
+    instead, or both to maintain support for lower Scrapy versions.
+    (:issue:`7490`)
+
+-   Support for ``process_start_requests()`` methods of :ref:`spider middlewares
+    <topics-spider-middleware>`, deprecated in 2.13.0, is removed. Use
+    :meth:`~scrapy.spidermiddlewares.SpiderMiddleware.process_start` instead,
+    or both to maintain support for lower Scrapy versions.
+    (:issue:`7490`)
+
+-   Support for synchronous ``process_spider_output()`` methods of spider
+    middlewares, deprecated in Scrapy 2.13.0, is removed. You should upgrade
+    the affected middlewares to have asynchronous ``process_spider_output()``
+    methods.
+    (:issue:`7504`)
+
+-   The ``spider`` arguments of the following methods of
+    :class:`~scrapy.core.scraper.Scraper`, deprecated in Scrapy 2.13.0, are
+    removed:
+
+    - ``close_spider()``
+
+    - ``enqueue_scrape()``
+
+    - ``handle_spider_error()``
+
+    - ``handle_spider_output()``
+
+    (:issue:`7487`)
+
+-   HTTP/1.0 support code, deprecated in Scrapy 2.13.0, is removed. This
+    includes:
+
+    - ``scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http10.HTTP10DownloadHandler``
+
+    - The ``scrapy.core.downloader.webclient`` module.
+
+    - The ``DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY`` setting.
+
+    (:issue:`7486`)
+
+-   The following functions, deprecated in Scrapy 2.13.0, are removed, you
+    should import them from :mod:`w3lib.url` directly instead:
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.url.add_or_replace_parameter()``
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.url.add_or_replace_parameters()``
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.url.any_to_uri()``
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.url.canonicalize_url()``
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.url.file_uri_to_path()``
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.url.is_url()``
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.url.parse_data_uri()``
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.url.parse_url()``
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.url.path_to_file_uri()``
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.url.safe_download_url()``
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.url.safe_url_string()``
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.url.url_query_cleaner()``
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.url.url_query_parameter()``
+
+    (:issue:`7487`)
+
+-   The following test-related code, deprecated in Scrapy 2.13.0, is removed:
+
+    - the ``scrapy.utils.testproc`` module
+
+    - the ``scrapy.utils.testsite`` module
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.test.assert_gcs_environ()``
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.test.get_ftp_content_and_delete()``
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.test.get_gcs_content_and_delete()``
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.test.mock_google_cloud_storage()``
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.test.skip_if_no_boto()``
+
+    - ``scrapy.utils.test.TestSpider``
+
+    (:issue:`7487`)
+
+-   ``scrapy.utils.versions.scrapy_components_versions()``, deprecated in
+    Scrapy 2.13.0, is removed, you can use
+    :func:`scrapy.utils.versions.get_versions` instead.
+    (:issue:`7487`)
+
+-   ``scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.ajaxcrawl.AjaxCrawlMiddleware`` and
+    ``scrapy.utils.url.escape_ajax()``, deprecated in Scrapy 2.13.0, are
+    removed.
+    (:issue:`7487`)
+
+-   The ``__init__()`` method of priority queue classes (see
+    :setting:`SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_QUEUE`) now needs to support a keyword-only
+    ``start_queue_cls`` parameter, not supporting it was deprecated in Scrapy
+    2.13.0.
+    (:issue:`7487`)
+
+-   ``scrapy.spiders.init.InitSpider``, deprecated in Scrapy 2.13.0, is
+    removed.
+    (:issue:`7487`)
+
+New features
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+-   New features and improvements for
+    :class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers._httpx.HttpxDownloadHandler`:
+
+    - Support for proxies.
+
+    - Support for the :reqmeta:`download_latency` meta key.
+
+    - Support for :attr:`Response.certificate
+      <scrapy.http.Response.certificate>`.
+
+    - Default headers set by the ``httpx`` library are no longer added to
+      requests.
+
+    (:issue:`7441`, :issue:`7524`)
+
+-   :class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http11.HTTP11DownloadHandler` now
+    skips HTTPS proxy certificate verification when the
+    :setting:`DOWNLOAD_VERIFY_CERTIFICATES` setting is set to ``False``.
+    (:issue:`7496`)
+
+Improvements
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+-   :func:`time.monotonic` is used instead of :func:`time.time` to calculate
+    elapsed time in various places.
+    (:issue:`7377`)
+
+-   Improved extraction of the file extension from the URL in
+    :class:`~scrapy.pipelines.files.FilesPipeline`.
+    (:issue:`4225`, :issue:`7414`)
+
+-   Other code refactoring and improvements.
+    (:issue:`7401`)
+
+Bug fixes
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+-   :class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http11.HTTP11DownloadHandler` now
+    raises an exception when a request has an ``https://`` destination and an
+    ``https://`` proxy, which is not supported by this handler. Previously it
+    tried to connect to the proxy via HTTP in this case.
+    (:issue:`7496`)
+
+-   :class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http2.H2DownloadHandler` now
+    raises an exception for requests with ``http://`` URLs instead of trying to
+    connect, which is not supported by this handler.
+    (:issue:`7496`)
+
+-   :class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http2.H2DownloadHandler` no longer
+    adds the ``:status`` pseudo-header to :attr:`Response.headers
+    <scrapy.http.Response.headers>`.
+    (:issue:`7441`)
+
+-   Fixed :func:`scrapy.utils.response.open_in_browser` removing the ``<head>``
+    tag when adding the ``<base>`` tag.
+    (:issue:`7459`)
+
+Documentation
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+-   Documented that
+    :class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http11.HTTP11DownloadHandler`
+    doesn't support HTTPS proxies for HTTPS destinations and that
+    :class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http2.H2DownloadHandler` doesn't
+    support proxies at all.
+    (:issue:`7496`)
+
+-   Added an example of using
+    :class:`logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler` to rotate Scrapy logs.
+    (:issue:`3628`, :issue:`7501`)
+
+-   Added a ``CITATION.cff`` file.
+    (:issue:`7502`, :issue:`7519`)
+
+-   Mentioned ``DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_METHOD`` in :ref:`bans`.
+    (:issue:`5232`, :issue:`7518`)
+
+-   Other documentation improvements and fixes.
+    (:issue:`7417`,
+    :issue:`7463`,
+    :issue:`7472`,
+    :issue:`7480`,
+    :issue:`7489`,
+    :issue:`7503`,
+    :issue:`7507`)
+
+Quality assurance
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+-   Added tests that connect to https://books.toscrape.com/ to test the
+    behavior with a real website. These tests are marked with the
+    ``requires_internet`` pytest mark and can be skipped with e.g.
+    ``-m 'not requires_internet'`` if you cannot or don't want to run them.
+    (:issue:`7520`)
+
+-   Type hints improvements and fixes.
+    (:issue:`7492`, :issue:`7532`)
+
+-   CI and test improvements and fixes.
+    (:issue:`7441`, :issue:`7466`, :issue:`7491`, :issue:`7496`)
+
+.. _release-2.15.2:
+
+Scrapy 2.15.2 (2026-04-28)
+--------------------------
+
+Bug fixes
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+-   Fixed links in https://docs.scrapy.org/llms.txt (:issue:`7467`)
+
+.. _release-2.15.1:
+
+Scrapy 2.15.1 (2026-04-23)
+--------------------------
+
+Bug fixes
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+-   Sharing of the SSL context between multiple connections, introduced in
+    Scrapy 2.15.0, is reverted as it caused problems and wasn't actually
+    needed.
+    (:issue:`7445`, :issue:`7450`)
+
+-   Fixed :meth:`scrapy.settings.BaseSettings.getwithbase` failing on keys with
+    dots that aren't import names. It now works the way it worked before Scrapy
+    2.15.0, without trying to match class objects and import path. A separate
+    method,
+    :func:`~scrapy.settings.BaseSettings.get_component_priority_dict_with_base`,
+    was added that does that, and it is now used for :ref:`component priority
+    dictionaries <component-priority-dictionaries>`.
+    (:issue:`7426`, :issue:`7449`)
+
+-   Documentation rendering improvements.
+    (:issue:`7452`, :issue:`7454`)
+
 .. _release-2.15.0:
 
 Scrapy 2.15.0 (2026-04-09)
@@ -398,7 +1035,7 @@ Deprecations
 New features
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
--   Added a new setting, :setting:`REFERER_POLICIES`, to allow customizing
+-   Added a new setting, :setting:`REFERRER_POLICIES`, to allow customizing
     supported referrer policies.
 
 Bug fixes
@@ -1320,8 +1957,8 @@ Highlights:
 
 -   Added the :reqmeta:`allow_offsite` request meta key
 
--   :ref:`Spider middlewares that don't support asynchronous spider output
+-   Spider middlewares that don't support asynchronous spider output are
-    <sync-async-spider-middleware>` are deprecated
+    deprecated
 
 -   Added a base class for :ref:`universal spider middlewares
     <universal-spider-middleware>`
@@ -1459,13 +2096,11 @@ Deprecations
     ``start_queue_cls`` parameter.
     (:issue:`6752`)
 
--   :ref:`Spider middlewares that don't support asynchronous spider output
+-   Spider middlewares that don't support asynchronous spider output are
-    <sync-async-spider-middleware>` are deprecated. The async iterable
+    deprecated. The async iterable downgrading feature, needed for using such
-    downgrading feature, needed for using such middlewares with asynchronous
+    middlewares with asynchronous callbacks and with other spider middlewares
-    callbacks and with other spider middlewares that produce asynchronous
+    that produce asynchronous iterables, is also deprecated. Please update all
-    iterables, is also deprecated. Please update all such middlewares to
+    such middlewares to support asynchronous spider output. (:issue:`6664`)
-    support asynchronous spider output.
-    (:issue:`6664`)
 
 -   Functions that were imported from :mod:`w3lib.url` and re-exported in
     :mod:`scrapy.utils.url` are now deprecated, you should import them from
@@ -1724,9 +2359,8 @@ Documentation
 -   Documented the setting values set in the default project template.
     (:issue:`6762`, :issue:`6775`)
 
--   Improved the :ref:`docs <sync-async-spider-middleware>` about asynchronous
+-   Improved the docs about asynchronous iterable support in spider
-    iterable support in spider middlewares.
+    middlewares. (:issue:`6688`)
-    (:issue:`6688`)
 
 -   Improved the :ref:`docs <coroutine-deferred-apis>` about using
     :class:`~twisted.internet.defer.Deferred`-based APIs in coroutine-based
@@ -1890,7 +2524,7 @@ Backward-incompatible changes
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 -   User-defined cookies for HTTPS requests will have the ``secure`` flag set
-    to ``True`` unless it's set to ``False`` explictly. This is important when
+    to ``True`` unless it's set to ``False`` explicitly. This is important when
     these cookies are reused in HTTP requests, e.g. after a redirect to an HTTP
     URL.
     (:issue:`6357`)
@@ -1925,7 +2559,7 @@ Backward-incompatible changes
       ``crawler.settings`` instead. When they call ``__init__()`` of the base
       class they should pass the ``crawler`` argument to it too.
     - A ``from_settings()`` method shouldn't be defined. Class-specific
-      initialization code should go into either an overriden ``from_crawler()``
+      initialization code should go into either an overridden ``from_crawler()``
       method or into ``__init__()``.
     - It's now possible to override ``from_crawler()`` and it's not necessary
       to call ``MediaPipeline.from_crawler()`` in it if other recommendations
@@ -5412,7 +6046,7 @@ The following changes may impact custom priority queue classes:
 
     *   A new keyword parameter has been added: ``key``. It is a string
         that is always an empty string for memory queues and indicates the
-        :setting:`JOB_DIR` value for disk queues.
+        :setting:`JOBDIR` value for disk queues.
 
     *   The parameter for disk queues that contains data from the previous
         crawl, ``startprios`` or ``slot_startprios``, is now passed as a
@@ -5933,8 +6567,8 @@ Backward-incompatible changes
     ``429``, you must override :setting:`RETRY_HTTP_CODES` accordingly.
 
 *   :class:`~scrapy.crawler.Crawler`,
-    :class:`CrawlerRunner.crawl <scrapy.crawler.CrawlerRunner.crawl>` and
+    :meth:`CrawlerRunner.crawl <scrapy.crawler.CrawlerRunner.crawl>` and
-    :class:`CrawlerRunner.create_crawler <scrapy.crawler.CrawlerRunner.create_crawler>`
+    :meth:`CrawlerRunner.create_crawler <scrapy.crawler.CrawlerRunner.create_crawler>`
     no longer accept a :class:`~scrapy.spiders.Spider` subclass instance, they
     only accept a :class:`~scrapy.spiders.Spider` subclass now.
 
@@ -5966,7 +6600,7 @@ New features
     ``scrapy.pqueues.DownloaderAwarePriorityQueue``, may be
     :ref:`enabled <broad-crawls-scheduler-priority-queue>` for a significant
     scheduling improvement on crawls targeting multiple web domains, at the
-    cost of no :setting:`CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP` support (:issue:`3520`)
+    cost of no ``CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP`` support (:issue:`3520`)
 
 *   A new :attr:`.Request.cb_kwargs` attribute
     provides a cleaner way to pass keyword arguments to callback methods
@@ -7154,7 +7788,7 @@ This 1.1 release brings a lot of interesting features and bug fixes:
     selectors engine without needing to upgrade Scrapy.
   - HTTPS downloader now does TLS protocol negotiation by default,
     instead of forcing TLS 1.0. You can also set the SSL/TLS method
-    using the new :setting:`DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_METHOD`.
+    using the new ``DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_METHOD`` setting.
 
 - These bug fixes may require your attention:
 
@@ -8445,7 +9079,7 @@ New features and settings
 - In request errbacks, offending requests are now received in ``failure.request`` attribute (:rev:`2738`)
 - Big downloader refactoring to support per domain/ip concurrency limits (:rev:`2732`)
    - ``CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_SPIDER`` setting has been deprecated and replaced by:
-      - :setting:`CONCURRENT_REQUESTS`, :setting:`CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN`, :setting:`CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP`
+      - :setting:`CONCURRENT_REQUESTS`, :setting:`CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN`, ``CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP``
    - check the documentation for more details
 - Added builtin caching DNS resolver (:rev:`2728`)
 - Moved Amazon AWS-related components/extensions (SQS spider queue, SimpleDB stats collector) to a separate project: [scaws](https://github.com/scrapinghub/scaws) (:rev:`2706`, :rev:`2714`)

docs/requirements.in

@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ sphinx
 sphinx-notfound-page
 sphinx-rtd-theme
 sphinx-rtd-dark-mode
-sphinx-scrapy @ git+https://github.com/scrapy/sphinx-scrapy.git@0.7.1
+sphinx-scrapy @ git+https://github.com/scrapy/sphinx-scrapy.git@0.8.8

docs/requirements.txt

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
-#    uv pip compile requirements.in -o requirements.txt
+#    uv pip compile -p 3.13 docs/requirements.in -o docs/requirements.txt
 alabaster==1.0.0
     # via sphinx
 annotated-types==0.7.0
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ docutils==0.22.4
 filelock==3.25.2
     # via tldextract
 h2==4.3.0
-    # via -r requirements.in
+    # via -r docs/requirements.in
 hpack==4.1.0
     # via h2
 hyperframe==6.1.0
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ pycparser==3.0
     # via cffi
 pydantic==2.12.5
     # via
-    #   -r requirements.in
+    #   -r docs/requirements.in
     #   scrapy-spider-metadata
 pydantic-core==2.41.5
     # via pydantic
@@ -121,15 +121,16 @@ roman-numerals==4.1.0
 scrapy==2.14.2
     # via scrapy-spider-metadata
 scrapy-spider-metadata==0.2.0
-    # via -r requirements.in
+    # via -r docs/requirements.in
 service-identity==24.2.0
     # via scrapy
 snowballstemmer==3.0.1
     # via sphinx
 sphinx==9.1.0
     # via
-    #   -r requirements.in
+    #   -r docs/requirements.in
     #   sphinx-copybutton
+    #   sphinx-last-updated-by-git
     #   sphinx-llms-txt
     #   sphinx-markdown-builder
     #   sphinx-notfound-page
@@ -138,20 +139,24 @@ sphinx==9.1.0
     #   sphinxcontrib-jquery
 sphinx-copybutton==0.5.2
     # via sphinx-scrapy
+sphinx-last-updated-by-git==0.3.8
+    # via sphinx-sitemap
 sphinx-llms-txt @ git+https://github.com/zytedata/sphinx-llms-txt.git@5e8866cb0cc249aa2017ad9050b3b83a7ca16f69
     # via sphinx-scrapy
-sphinx-markdown-builder @ git+https://github.com/zytedata/sphinx-markdown-builder.git@ac9f8babfe622e4300099ab44b96d9d9228e742e
+sphinx-markdown-builder @ git+https://github.com/zytedata/sphinx-markdown-builder.git@cfe4c0bfd7b4542f7e6b65a58cdf9ec765829940
     # via sphinx-scrapy
 sphinx-notfound-page==1.1.0
-    # via -r requirements.in
+    # via -r docs/requirements.in
 sphinx-rtd-dark-mode==1.3.0
-    # via -r requirements.in
+    # via -r docs/requirements.in
 sphinx-rtd-theme==3.1.0
     # via
-    #   -r requirements.in
+    #   -r docs/requirements.in
     #   sphinx-rtd-dark-mode
-sphinx-scrapy @ git+https://github.com/scrapy/sphinx-scrapy.git@2b5f6c7de64c8317cb771fdeb2e5020d1c9c9dcf
+sphinx-scrapy @ git+https://github.com/scrapy/sphinx-scrapy.git@c0b2ac815afc3cb8857d575cecb5d55c05e6b737
-    # via -r requirements.in
+    # via -r docs/requirements.in
+sphinx-sitemap==2.9.0
+    # via sphinx-scrapy
 sphinxcontrib-applehelp==2.0.0
     # via sphinx
 sphinxcontrib-devhelp==2.0.0

docs/topics/addons.rst

@@ -166,8 +166,7 @@ Use a fallback component:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-    from scrapy.utils.misc import build_from_crawler
+    from scrapy.utils.misc import build_from_crawler, load_object
-
 
     FALLBACK_SETTING = "MY_FALLBACK_DOWNLOAD_HANDLER"
 

docs/topics/architecture.rst

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ this:
    :meth:`~scrapy.spidermiddlewares.SpiderMiddleware.process_spider_output`).
 
 8. The :ref:`Engine <component-engine>` sends processed items to
-   :ref:`Item Pipelines <component-pipelines>`, then send processed Requests to
+   :ref:`Item Pipelines <component-pipelines>`, then sends processed Requests to
    the :ref:`Scheduler <component-scheduler>` and asks for possible next Requests
    to crawl.
 

docs/topics/asyncio.rst

@@ -4,19 +4,27 @@
 asyncio
 =======
 
-Scrapy has partial support for :mod:`asyncio`. After you :ref:`install the
+Scrapy supports :mod:`asyncio` natively. New projects created with
-asyncio reactor <install-asyncio>`, you may use :mod:`asyncio` and
+:command:`startproject` have asyncio enabled by default, and you can use
-:mod:`asyncio`-powered libraries in any :doc:`coroutine <coroutines>`.
+:mod:`asyncio` and :mod:`asyncio`-powered libraries in any :doc:`coroutine
+<coroutines>`.
+
+The rest of this page covers advanced topics. If you are starting a new project,
+no additional setup is needed.
 
 
 .. _install-asyncio:
 
-Installing the asyncio reactor
+Configuring the asyncio reactor
-==============================
+===============================
 
-To enable :mod:`asyncio` support, your :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR` setting needs
+New projects generated with :command:`startproject` have the asyncio
-to be set to ``'twisted.internet.asyncioreactor.AsyncioSelectorReactor'``,
+reactor configured by default. No manual setup is needed.
-which is the default value.
+
+The :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR` setting controls which Twisted reactor Scrapy
+uses. Its default value is
+``'twisted.internet.asyncioreactor.AsyncioSelectorReactor'``, which enables
+:mod:`asyncio` support.
 
 If you are using :class:`~scrapy.crawler.AsyncCrawlerRunner` or
 :class:`~scrapy.crawler.CrawlerRunner`, you also need to
@@ -97,6 +105,9 @@ Scrapy API requires passing a Deferred to it) using the following helpers:
 
 .. autofunction:: scrapy.utils.defer.deferred_from_coro
 .. autofunction:: scrapy.utils.defer.deferred_f_from_coro_f
+
+The following function helps with a reverse wrapping:
+
 .. autofunction:: scrapy.utils.defer.ensure_awaitable
 
 
@@ -182,7 +193,7 @@ in future Scrapy versions. The following features are not available:
   :class:`~scrapy.crawler.CrawlerProcess`
   (:class:`~scrapy.crawler.AsyncCrawlerProcess` and
   :class:`~scrapy.crawler.AsyncCrawlerRunner` are available)
-* Twisted-specific DNS resolvers (the :setting:`DNS_RESOLVER` setting)
+* Twisted-specific DNS resolvers (the :setting:`TWISTED_DNS_RESOLVER` setting)
 * User and 3rd-party code that requires a reactor (see :ref:`below
   <asyncio-without-reactor-migrate>` for examples)
 
@@ -307,8 +318,7 @@ implementations, :class:`~asyncio.ProactorEventLoop` (default) and
 :class:`~asyncio.SelectorEventLoop` works with Twisted.
 
 Scrapy changes the event loop class to :class:`~asyncio.SelectorEventLoop`
-automatically when you change the :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR` setting or call
+automatically when installing the asyncio reactor.
-:func:`~scrapy.utils.reactor.install_reactor`.
 
 .. note:: Other libraries you use may require
           :class:`~asyncio.ProactorEventLoop`, e.g. because it supports

docs/topics/autothrottle.rst

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ AutoThrottle algorithm adjusts download delays based on the following rules:
 .. _download-latency:
 
 In Scrapy, the download latency is measured as the time elapsed between
-establishing the TCP connection and receiving the HTTP headers.
+sending the request and receiving the HTTP headers.
 
 Note that these latencies are very hard to measure accurately in a cooperative
 multitasking environment because Scrapy may be busy processing a spider
@@ -88,6 +88,8 @@ server) is, and this extension builds on that premise.
 Prevent specific requests from triggering slot delay adjustments
 ================================================================
 
+.. versionadded:: 2.12.0
+
 AutoThrottle adjusts the delay of download slots based on the latencies of
 responses that belong to that download slot. The only exceptions are non-200
 responses, which are only taken into account to increase that delay, but

docs/topics/commands.rst

@@ -199,6 +199,7 @@ Global commands:
 * :command:`fetch`
 * :command:`view`
 * :command:`version`
+* :command:`bench`
 
 Project-only commands:
 
@@ -207,7 +208,6 @@ Project-only commands:
 * :command:`list`
 * :command:`edit`
 * :command:`parse`
-* :command:`bench`
 
 .. command:: startproject
 
@@ -309,11 +309,25 @@ Usage examples::
       * parse_item
 
     $ scrapy check
-    [FAILED] first_spider:parse_item
+    F.F.
-    >>> 'RetailPricex' field is missing
+    ======================================================================
+    FAIL: [first_spider] parse (@returns post-hook)
+    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    scrapy.exceptions.ContractFail: Returned 92 requests, expected 0..4
 
-    [FAILED] first_spider:parse
+    ======================================================================
-    >>> Returned 92 requests, expected 0..4
+    FAIL: [first_spider] parse_item (@scrapes post-hook)
+    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    scrapy.exceptions.ContractFail: Missing fields: RetailPricex
+
+    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    Ran 4 contracts in 0.174s
+
+    FAILED (failures=2)
 
 .. skip: end
 
@@ -377,7 +391,7 @@ Supported options:
 
 * ``--spider=SPIDER``: bypass spider autodetection and force use of specific spider
 
-* ``--headers``: print the response's HTTP headers instead of the response's body
+* ``--headers``: print the request's and response's HTTP headers instead of the response's body
 
 * ``--no-redirect``: do not follow HTTP 3xx redirects (default is to follow them)
 
@@ -387,15 +401,19 @@ Usage examples::
     [ ... html content here ... ]
 
     $ scrapy fetch --nolog --headers http://www.example.com/
-    {'Accept-Ranges': ['bytes'],
+    > Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
-     'Age': ['1263   '],
+    > Accept-Language: en
-     'Connection': ['close     '],
+    > User-Agent: Scrapy/2.16.0 (+https://scrapy.org)
-     'Content-Length': ['596'],
+    > Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br
-     'Content-Type': ['text/html; charset=UTF-8'],
+    >
-     'Date': ['Wed, 18 Aug 2010 23:59:46 GMT'],
+    < Date: Wed, 08 Jul 2026 06:15:01 GMT
-     'Etag': ['"573c1-254-48c9c87349680"'],
+    < Content-Type: text/html
-     'Last-Modified': ['Fri, 30 Jul 2010 15:30:18 GMT'],
+    < Server: cloudflare
-     'Server': ['Apache/2.2.3 (CentOS)']}
+    < Last-Modified: Wed, 01 Jul 2026 17:50:18 GMT
+    < Allow: GET, HEAD
+    < Cf-Cache-Status: HIT
+    < Age: 8184
+    < Cf-Ray: a17cf3b80eddf141-DME
 
 .. command:: view
 
@@ -476,7 +494,7 @@ Supported options:
 
 * ``--spider=SPIDER``: bypass spider autodetection and force use of specific spider
 
-* ``--a NAME=VALUE``: set spider argument (may be repeated)
+* ``-a NAME=VALUE``: set spider argument (may be repeated)
 
 * ``--callback`` or ``-c``: spider method to use as callback for parsing the
   response
@@ -605,7 +623,10 @@ shouldn't matter to the user running the command, but when the user :ref:`needs
 a non-default Twisted reactor <disable-asyncio>`, it may be important.
 
 Scrapy decides which of these two classes to use based on the value of the
-:setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR` setting. If the setting value is the default one
+:setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR` and :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED` settings.
+With :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED` set to ``False`` it will use
+:class:`~scrapy.crawler.AsyncCrawlerProcess`. Otherwise, if the
+:setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR` value is the default one
 (``'twisted.internet.asyncioreactor.AsyncioSelectorReactor'``),
 :class:`~scrapy.crawler.AsyncCrawlerProcess` will be used, otherwise
 :class:`~scrapy.crawler.CrawlerProcess` will be used. The :ref:`spider settings

docs/topics/coroutines.rst

@@ -16,16 +16,13 @@ Supported callables
 The following callables may be defined as coroutines using ``async def``, and
 hence use coroutine syntax (e.g. ``await``, ``async for``, ``async with``):
 
--   The :meth:`~scrapy.spiders.Spider.start` spider method, which *must* be
+-   The :meth:`~scrapy.Spider.start` spider method, which *must* be
     defined as an :term:`asynchronous generator`.
 
     .. versionadded:: 2.13
 
 -   :class:`~scrapy.Request` callbacks.
 
-    If you are using any custom or third-party :ref:`spider middleware
-    <topics-spider-middleware>`, see :ref:`sync-async-spider-middleware`.
-
 -   The :meth:`process_item` method of
     :ref:`item pipelines <topics-item-pipeline>`.
 
@@ -39,13 +36,9 @@ hence use coroutine syntax (e.g. ``await``, ``async for``, ``async with``):
 
 -   The
     :meth:`~scrapy.spidermiddlewares.SpiderMiddleware.process_spider_output`
-    method of :ref:`spider middlewares <topics-spider-middleware>`.
+    method of :ref:`spider middlewares <topics-spider-middleware>`, which
-
+    *must* be defined as an :term:`asynchronous generator` except in
-    If defined as a coroutine, it must be an :term:`asynchronous generator`.
+    :ref:`universal spider middlewares <universal-spider-middleware>`.
-    The input ``result`` parameter is an :term:`asynchronous iterable`.
-
-    See also :ref:`sync-async-spider-middleware` and
-    :ref:`universal-spider-middleware`.
 
 -   The :meth:`~scrapy.spidermiddlewares.SpiderMiddleware.process_start` method
     of :ref:`spider middlewares <custom-spider-middleware>`, which *must* be
@@ -211,13 +204,15 @@ This means you can use many useful Python libraries providing such code:
 Common use cases for asynchronous code include:
 
 * requesting data from websites, databases and other services (in
-  :meth:`~scrapy.spiders.Spider.start`, callbacks, pipelines and
+  :meth:`~scrapy.Spider.start`, callbacks, pipelines and
   middlewares);
 * storing data in databases (in pipelines and middlewares);
 * delaying the spider initialization until some external event (in the
   :signal:`spider_opened` handler);
-* calling asynchronous Scrapy methods like :meth:`ExecutionEngine.download`
+* calling asynchronous Scrapy methods like
-  (see :ref:`the screenshot pipeline example<ScreenshotPipeline>`).
+  :meth:`ExecutionEngine.download_async()
+  <scrapy.core.engine.ExecutionEngine.download_async>` (see :ref:`the
+  screenshot pipeline example <ScreenshotPipeline>`).
 
 .. _aio-libs: https://github.com/aio-libs
 
@@ -274,139 +269,6 @@ You can also send multiple requests in parallel:
             responses = await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
             yield {
                 "h1": response.css("h1::text").get(),
-                "price": responses[0][1].css(".price::text").get(),
+                "price": responses[0].css(".price::text").get(),
-                "price2": responses[1][1].css(".color::text").get(),
+                "color": responses[1].css(".color::text").get(),
             }
-
-
-.. _sync-async-spider-middleware:
-
-Mixing synchronous and asynchronous spider middlewares
-======================================================
-
-The output of a :class:`~scrapy.Request` callback is passed as the ``result``
-parameter to the
-:meth:`~scrapy.spidermiddlewares.SpiderMiddleware.process_spider_output` method
-of the first :ref:`spider middleware <topics-spider-middleware>` from the
-:ref:`list of active spider middlewares <topics-spider-middleware-setting>`.
-Then the output of that ``process_spider_output`` method is passed to the
-``process_spider_output`` method of the next spider middleware, and so on for
-every active spider middleware.
-
-Scrapy supports mixing :ref:`coroutine methods <async>` and synchronous methods
-in this chain of calls.
-
-However, if any of the ``process_spider_output`` methods is defined as a
-synchronous method, and the previous ``Request`` callback or
-``process_spider_output`` method is a coroutine, there are some drawbacks to
-the asynchronous-to-synchronous conversion that Scrapy does so that the
-synchronous ``process_spider_output`` method gets a synchronous iterable as its
-``result`` parameter:
-
--   The whole output of the previous ``Request`` callback or
-    ``process_spider_output`` method is awaited at this point.
-
--   If an exception raises while awaiting the output of the previous
-    ``Request`` callback or ``process_spider_output`` method, none of that
-    output will be processed.
-
-    This contrasts with the regular behavior, where all items yielded before
-    an exception raises are processed.
-
-Asynchronous-to-synchronous conversions are supported for backward
-compatibility, but they are deprecated and will stop working in a future
-version of Scrapy.
-
-To avoid asynchronous-to-synchronous conversions, when defining ``Request``
-callbacks as coroutine methods or when using spider middlewares whose
-``process_spider_output`` method is an :term:`asynchronous generator`, all
-active spider middlewares must either have their ``process_spider_output``
-method defined as an asynchronous generator or :ref:`define a
-process_spider_output_async method <universal-spider-middleware>`.
-
-.. _sync-async-spider-middleware-users:
-
-For middleware users
---------------------
-
-If you have asynchronous callbacks or use asynchronous-only spider middlewares
-you should make sure the asynchronous-to-synchronous conversions
-:ref:`described above <sync-async-spider-middleware>` don't happen. To do this,
-make sure all spider middlewares you use support asynchronous spider output.
-Even if you don't have asynchronous callbacks and don't use asynchronous-only
-spider middlewares in your project, it's still a good idea to make sure all
-middlewares you use support asynchronous spider output, so that it will be easy
-to start using asynchronous callbacks in the future. Because of this, Scrapy
-logs a warning when it detects a synchronous-only spider middleware.
-
-If you want to update middlewares you wrote, see the :ref:`following section
-<sync-async-spider-middleware-authors>`. If you have 3rd-party middlewares that
-aren't yet updated by their authors, you can :ref:`subclass <tut-inheritance>`
-them to make them :ref:`universal <universal-spider-middleware>` and use the
-subclasses in your projects.
-
-.. _sync-async-spider-middleware-authors:
-
-For middleware authors
-----------------------
-
-If you have a spider middleware that defines a synchronous
-``process_spider_output`` method, you should update it to support asynchronous
-spider output for :ref:`better compatibility <sync-async-spider-middleware>`,
-even if you don't yet use it with asynchronous callbacks, especially if you
-publish this middleware for other people to use. You have two options for this:
-
-1. Make the middleware asynchronous, by making the ``process_spider_output``
-   method an :term:`asynchronous generator`.
-2. Make the middleware universal, as described in the :ref:`next section
-   <universal-spider-middleware>`.
-
-If your middleware won't be used in projects with synchronous-only middlewares,
-e.g. because it's an internal middleware and you know that all other
-middlewares in your projects are already updated, it's safe to choose the first
-option. Otherwise, it's better to choose the second option.
-
-.. _universal-spider-middleware:
-
-Universal spider middlewares
-----------------------------
-
-To allow writing a spider middleware that supports asynchronous execution of
-its ``process_spider_output`` method in Scrapy 2.7 and later (avoiding
-:ref:`asynchronous-to-synchronous conversions <sync-async-spider-middleware>`)
-while maintaining support for older Scrapy versions, you may define
-``process_spider_output`` as a synchronous method and define an
-:term:`asynchronous generator` version of that method with an alternative name:
-``process_spider_output_async``.
-
-For example:
-
-.. code-block:: python
-
-    class UniversalSpiderMiddleware:
-        def process_spider_output(self, response, result):
-            for r in result:
-                # ... do something with r
-                yield r
-
-        async def process_spider_output_async(self, response, result):
-            async for r in result:
-                # ... do something with r
-                yield r
-
-.. note:: This is an interim measure to allow, for a time, to write code that
-          works in Scrapy 2.7 and later without requiring
-          asynchronous-to-synchronous conversions, and works in earlier Scrapy
-          versions as well.
-
-          In some future version of Scrapy, however, this feature will be
-          deprecated and, eventually, in a later version of Scrapy, this
-          feature will be removed, and all spider middlewares will be expected
-          to define their ``process_spider_output`` method as an asynchronous
-          generator.
-
-Since 2.13.0, Scrapy provides a base class,
-:class:`~scrapy.spidermiddlewares.base.BaseSpiderMiddleware`, which implements
-the ``process_spider_output()`` and ``process_spider_output_async()`` methods,
-so instead of duplicating the processing code you can override the
-``get_processed_request()`` and/or the ``get_processed_item()`` method.

docs/topics/download-handlers.rst

@@ -39,6 +39,10 @@ for additional schemes and to replace or disable default ones:
         "sftp": "my.download_handlers.SftpHandler",
     }
 
+.. seealso:: :ref:`security-unencrypted-protocols` and
+    :ref:`security-local-resources`, for the security implications of the
+    default ``http``, ``ftp``, ``file`` and ``data`` handlers.
+
 Replacing HTTP(S) download handlers
 -----------------------------------
 
@@ -85,7 +89,7 @@ the following API:
         If ``True``, the handler will only be instantiated when the first
         request handled by it needs to be downloaded.
 
-    .. method:: download_request(request: Request) -> Response:
+    .. method:: download_request(request: Request) -> Response
         :async:
 
         Download the given request and return a response.
@@ -130,44 +134,39 @@ these exceptions.
 
 .. _download-handlers-ref:
 
-Built-in download handlers reference
+Built-in HTTP download handlers reference
-====================================
+=========================================
 
-DataURIDownloadHandler
+Scrapy ships several handlers for HTTP and HTTPS requests. While all of them
-----------------------
+support basic features, they may differ in support of specific Scrapy features
+and settings and HTTP protocol features. See the documentation of specific
+handlers and specific settings for more information. Additionally, as the
+underlying HTTP client implementations differ between handlers, the behavior of
+specific websites may be different when doing the same Scrapy requests but
+using different handlers.
 
-.. autoclass:: scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.datauri.DataURIDownloadHandler
+Here is a comparison of some features of the built-in HTTP handlers, see the
+individual handler docs for more differences:
 
-| Supported scheme: ``data``.
+================== ================= ===================== ====================
-| Lazy: no.
+Feature            H2DownloadHandler HTTP11DownloadHandler HttpxDownloadHandler
+================== ================= ===================== ====================
+Requires asyncio   No                No                    Yes
+Requires a reactor Yes               Yes                   No
+HTTP/1.1           No                Yes                   Yes
+HTTP/2             Yes               No                    Yes
+TLS implementation ``cryptography``  ``cryptography``      Stdlib ``ssl``
+HTTP proxies       No                Yes                   Yes
+SOCKS proxies      No                No                    Yes
+================== ================= ===================== ====================
 
-This handler supports RFC 2397 ``data:content/type;base64,`` data URIs.
+You can find additional HTTP download handlers in the
+scrapy-download-handlers-incubator_ package. This package is made by the Scrapy
+developers and contains experimental handlers that may be included in some
+later Scrapy version but can already be used. Please refer to the documentation
+of this package for more information.
 
-FileDownloadHandler
+.. _scrapy-download-handlers-incubator: https://github.com/scrapy-plugins/scrapy-download-handlers-incubator
--------------------
-
-.. autoclass:: scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.file.FileDownloadHandler
-
-| Supported scheme: ``file``.
-| Lazy: no.
-
-This handler supports ``file:///path`` local file URIs. It doesn't
-support remote files.
-
-FTPDownloadHandler
-------------------
-
-.. autoclass:: scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.ftp.FTPDownloadHandler
-
-| Supported scheme: ``ftp``.
-| Lazy: no.
-
-This handler supports ``ftp://host/path`` FTP URIs.
-
-It's implemented using :mod:`twisted.protocols.ftp`.
-
-.. note::
-    This handler is not supported when :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED` is ``False``.
 
 .. _twisted-http2-handler:
 
@@ -177,7 +176,9 @@ H2DownloadHandler
 .. autoclass:: scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http2.H2DownloadHandler
 
 | Supported scheme: ``https``.
-| Lazy: yes.
+| :ref:`Lazy <lazy-download-handlers>`: yes.
+| :ref:`Requires asyncio support <using-asyncio>`: no.
+| :ref:`Requires a Twisted reactor <asyncio-without-reactor>`: yes.
 
 This handler supports ``https://host/path`` URLs and uses the HTTP/2 protocol
 for them.
@@ -196,61 +197,96 @@ If you want to use this handler you need to replace the default one for the
         "https": "scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http2.H2DownloadHandler",
     }
 
+Features and limitations
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
 .. warning::
 
     This handler is experimental, and not yet recommended for production
     environments. Future Scrapy versions may introduce related changes without
     a deprecation period or warning.
 
-.. note::
+=========================== ================================================
+HTTP proxies                No (not implemented)
+SOCKS proxies               No (not supported by the library)
+HTTP/2                      Yes
+``response.certificate``    :class:`twisted.internet.ssl.Certificate` object
+Per-request ``bindaddress`` Yes
+TLS implementation          ``pyOpenSSL``/``cryptography``
+=========================== ================================================
 
-    Known limitations of the HTTP/2 implementation in this handler include:
+Other limitations:
 
-    -   No support for HTTP/2 Cleartext (h2c), since no major browser supports
+-   No support for HTTP/1.1.
-        HTTP/2 unencrypted (refer `http2 faq`_).
 
-    -   No setting to specify a maximum `frame size`_ larger than the default
+-   IPv6 support requires setting :setting:`TWISTED_DNS_RESOLVER`
-        value, 16384. Connections to servers that send a larger frame will
+    to ``scrapy.resolver.CachingHostnameResolver``.
-        fail.
 
-    -   No support for `server pushes`_, which are ignored.
+-   No support for the :signal:`bytes_received` and :signal:`headers_received`
+    signals.
 
-    -   No support for the :signal:`bytes_received` and
+Known limitations of the HTTP/2 support:
-        :signal:`headers_received` signals.
+
+-   No support for HTTP/2 Cleartext (h2c), since no major browser supports
+    HTTP/2 unencrypted (refer `http2 faq`_).
+
+-   No setting to specify a maximum `frame size`_ larger than the default
+    value, 16384. Connections to servers that send a larger frame will fail.
+
+-   No support for `server pushes`_, which are ignored.
 
 .. _frame size: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7540#section-4.2
 .. _http2 faq: https://http2.github.io/faq/#does-http2-require-encryption
 .. _server pushes: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7540#section-8.2
 
-.. note::
-    This handler is not supported when :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED` is ``False``.
-
 HTTP11DownloadHandler
 ---------------------
 
 .. autoclass:: scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http11.HTTP11DownloadHandler
 
 | Supported schemes: ``http``, ``https``.
-| Lazy: no.
+| :ref:`Lazy <lazy-download-handlers>`: no.
+| :ref:`Requires asyncio support <using-asyncio>`: no.
+| :ref:`Requires a Twisted reactor <asyncio-without-reactor>`: yes.
 
 This handler supports ``http://host/path`` and ``https://host/path`` URLs and
 uses the HTTP/1.1 protocol for them.
 
 It's implemented using :mod:`twisted.web.client`.
 
-.. note::
+Features and limitations
-    This handler is not supported when :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED` is ``False``.
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+=========================== ================================================
+HTTP proxies                Yes
+SOCKS proxies               No (not supported by the library)
+HTTP/2                      No (implemented as a separate handler)
+``response.certificate``    :class:`twisted.internet.ssl.Certificate` object
+Per-request ``bindaddress`` Yes
+TLS implementation          ``pyOpenSSL``/``cryptography``
+=========================== ================================================
+
+Other limitations:
+
+-   IPv6 support requires setting :setting:`TWISTED_DNS_RESOLVER`
+    to ``scrapy.resolver.CachingHostnameResolver``.
+
+-   HTTPS proxies to HTTPS destinations are not supported.
 
 HttpxDownloadHandler
 --------------------
 
+.. versionadded:: 2.15.0
+
 .. autoclass:: scrapy.core.downloader.handlers._httpx.HttpxDownloadHandler
 
 | Supported schemes: ``http``, ``https``.
-| Lazy: no.
+| :ref:`Lazy <lazy-download-handlers>`: no.
+| :ref:`Requires asyncio support <using-asyncio>`: yes.
+| :ref:`Requires a Twisted reactor <asyncio-without-reactor>`: no.
 
 This handler supports ``http://host/path`` and ``https://host/path`` URLs and
-uses the HTTP/1.1 protocol for them.
+uses the HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2 protocol for them.
 
 It's implemented using the ``httpx`` library and needs it to be installed.
 
@@ -264,33 +300,83 @@ If you want to use this handler you need to replace the default ones for the
         "https": "scrapy.core.downloader.handlers._httpx.HttpxDownloadHandler",
     }
 
+Features and limitations
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
 .. warning::
 
     This handler is experimental, and not yet recommended for production
     environments. Future Scrapy versions may introduce related changes without
     a deprecation period or warning or even remove it altogether.
 
-.. note::
+=========================== =======================================
+HTTP proxies                Yes
+SOCKS proxies               Yes (SOCKS5; requires ``httpx[socks]``)
+HTTP/2                      Yes (requires ``httpx[http2]``)
+``response.certificate``    DER bytes
+Per-request ``bindaddress`` No (not supported by the library)
+TLS implementation          Standard library ``ssl``
+=========================== =======================================
 
-    As this handler is based on a different HTTP client implementation compared
+Other limitations:
-    to :class:`~.HTTP11DownloadHandler`, it's expected that its behavior on
-    some websites may be different. Additionally, these are the Scrapy features
-    that are explicitly not supported when using it:
 
-    - Proxy support (the :reqmeta:`proxy` meta key).
+-   The handler creates a separate connection pool for each proxy URL (due to
+    limitations of ``httpx``) which may lead to higher resource usage when
+    using proxy rotation.
 
-    - Per-request bind address support (the :reqmeta:`bindaddress` meta key).
+.. setting:: HTTPX_HTTP2_ENABLED
-      The global :setting:`DOWNLOAD_BIND_ADDRESS` setting is supported but the
-      port number, if specified, will be ignored.
 
-    - The :setting:`DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_CIPHERS` and
+HTTPX_HTTP2_ENABLED
-      :setting:`DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_METHOD` settings.
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-    - Settings specific to the Twisted networking or HTTP implementation, like
+.. versionadded:: 2.17.0
-      :setting:`DNS_RESOLVER`.
 
-    - Using :ref:`non-asyncio reactors <disable-asyncio>` (``httpx`` requires
+Default: ``False``
-      ``asyncio``).
+
+Whether to enable HTTP/2 support in this handler. The ``httpx[http2]`` extra
+needs to be installed if you want to enable this setting.
+
+Built-in non-HTTP download handlers reference
+=============================================
+
+DataURIDownloadHandler
+----------------------
+
+.. autoclass:: scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.datauri.DataURIDownloadHandler
+
+| Supported scheme: ``data``.
+| :ref:`Lazy <lazy-download-handlers>`: no.
+| :ref:`Requires asyncio support <using-asyncio>`: no.
+| :ref:`Requires a Twisted reactor <asyncio-without-reactor>`: no.
+
+This handler supports RFC 2397 ``data:content/type;base64,`` data URIs.
+
+FileDownloadHandler
+-------------------
+
+.. autoclass:: scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.file.FileDownloadHandler
+
+| Supported scheme: ``file``.
+| :ref:`Lazy <lazy-download-handlers>`: no.
+| :ref:`Requires asyncio support <using-asyncio>`: no.
+| :ref:`Requires a Twisted reactor <asyncio-without-reactor>`: no.
+
+This handler supports ``file:///path`` local file URIs. It doesn't
+support remote files.
+
+FTPDownloadHandler
+------------------
+
+.. autoclass:: scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.ftp.FTPDownloadHandler
+
+| Supported scheme: ``ftp``.
+| :ref:`Lazy <lazy-download-handlers>`: no.
+| :ref:`Requires asyncio support <using-asyncio>`: no.
+| :ref:`Requires a Twisted reactor <asyncio-without-reactor>`: yes.
+
+This handler supports ``ftp://host/path`` FTP URIs.
+
+It's implemented using :mod:`twisted.protocols.ftp`.
 
 S3DownloadHandler
 -----------------
@@ -298,7 +384,9 @@ S3DownloadHandler
 .. autoclass:: scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.s3.S3DownloadHandler
 
 | Supported scheme: ``s3``.
-| Lazy: yes.
+| :ref:`Lazy <lazy-download-handlers>`: yes.
+| :ref:`Requires asyncio support <using-asyncio>`: no.
+| :ref:`Requires a Twisted reactor <asyncio-without-reactor>`: no.
 
 This handler supports ``s3://bucket/path`` S3 URIs.
 

docs/topics/downloader-middleware.rst

@@ -307,26 +307,15 @@ HttpAuthMiddleware
 
 .. class:: HttpAuthMiddleware
 
-    This middleware authenticates all requests generated from certain spiders
+    This middleware authenticates requests using `Basic access authentication`_
-    using `Basic access authentication`_ (aka. HTTP auth).
+    (aka. HTTP auth).
 
-    To enable HTTP authentication for a spider, set the ``http_user`` and
+    Use the :setting:`HTTPAUTH_USER`, :setting:`HTTPAUTH_PASS`, and
-    ``http_pass`` spider attributes to the authentication data and the
+    :setting:`HTTPAUTH_DOMAIN` settings to configure it. You can also override
-    ``http_auth_domain`` spider attribute to the domain which requires this
+    the credentials per request via :attr:`~scrapy.Request.meta` keys
-    authentication (its subdomains will be also handled in the same way).
+    :reqmeta:`http_user`, :reqmeta:`http_pass`, and :reqmeta:`http_auth_domain`.
-    You can set ``http_auth_domain`` to ``None`` to enable the
-    authentication for all requests but you risk leaking your authentication
-    credentials to unrelated domains.
 
-    .. warning::
+    Example using settings (e.g. in :attr:`~scrapy.Spider.custom_settings`):
-        In previous Scrapy versions HttpAuthMiddleware sent the authentication
-        data with all requests, which is a security problem if the spider
-        makes requests to several different domains. Currently if the
-        ``http_auth_domain`` attribute is not set, the middleware will use the
-        domain of the first request, which will work for some spiders but not
-        for others. In the future the middleware will produce an error instead.
-
-    Example:
 
     .. code-block:: python
 
@@ -334,13 +323,70 @@ HttpAuthMiddleware
 
 
         class SomeIntranetSiteSpider(CrawlSpider):
-            http_user = "someuser"
-            http_pass = "somepass"
-            http_auth_domain = "intranet.example.com"
             name = "intranet.example.com"
+            custom_settings = {
+                "HTTPAUTH_USER": "someuser",
+                "HTTPAUTH_PASS": "somepass",
+                "HTTPAUTH_DOMAIN": "intranet.example.com",
+            }
 
             # .. rest of the spider code omitted ...
 
+    Example using per-request meta:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        async def start(self):
+            yield Request(
+                "https://intranet.example.com/protected/",
+                meta={
+                    "http_user": "someuser",
+                    "http_pass": "somepass",
+                    "http_auth_domain": "intranet.example.com",
+                },
+            )
+
+.. setting:: HTTPAUTH_USER
+
+HTTPAUTH_USER
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.17.0
+
+Default: ``""``
+
+The username to use for HTTP basic authentication, applied to all requests
+whose URL matches :setting:`HTTPAUTH_DOMAIN`.
+
+.. setting:: HTTPAUTH_PASS
+
+HTTPAUTH_PASS
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.17.0
+
+Default: ``""``
+
+The password to use for HTTP basic authentication.
+
+.. setting:: HTTPAUTH_DOMAIN
+
+HTTPAUTH_DOMAIN
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.17.0
+
+Default: ``None``
+
+The domain (and its subdomains) to which HTTP basic authentication credentials
+are sent. Set to ``None`` to send credentials with all requests, but be aware
+that this risks leaking credentials to unrelated domains.
+
+This setting must be explicitly configured whenever :setting:`HTTPAUTH_USER`
+or :setting:`HTTPAUTH_PASS` is set.
+
+.. seealso:: :ref:`security-credential-leakage`
+
 .. _Basic access authentication: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_access_authentication
 
 
@@ -459,7 +505,7 @@ Filesystem storage backend (default)
 
     *   ``response_body`` - the plain response body
 
-    *   ``response_headers`` - the request headers (in raw HTTP format)
+    *   ``response_headers`` - the response headers (in raw HTTP format)
 
     *   ``meta`` - some metadata of this cache resource in Python ``repr()``
         format (grep-friendly format)
@@ -501,7 +547,7 @@ defines the methods described below.
     .. method:: open_spider(spider)
 
       This method gets called after a spider has been opened for crawling. It handles
-      the :signal:`open_spider <spider_opened>` signal.
+      the :signal:`spider_opened` signal.
 
       :param spider: the spider which has been opened
       :type spider: :class:`~scrapy.Spider` object
@@ -509,7 +555,7 @@ defines the methods described below.
     .. method:: close_spider(spider)
 
       This method gets called after a spider has been closed. It handles
-      the :signal:`close_spider <spider_closed>` signal.
+      the :signal:`spider_closed` signal.
 
       :param spider: the spider which has been closed
       :type spider: :class:`~scrapy.Spider` object
@@ -545,8 +591,8 @@ In order to use your storage backend, set:
 HTTPCache middleware settings
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-The :class:`HttpCacheMiddleware` can be configured through the following
+:class:`~scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcache.HttpCacheMiddleware` can be
-settings:
+configured through the following settings:
 
 .. setting:: HTTPCACHE_ENABLED
 
@@ -745,13 +791,29 @@ HttpProxyMiddleware
     Handling of this meta key needs to be implemented inside the :ref:`download
     handler <topics-download-handlers>`, so it's not guaranteed to be supported
     by all 3rd-party handlers. It's currently unsupported by
-    :class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers._httpx.HttpxDownloadHandler`.
+    :class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http2.H2DownloadHandler`.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Usually a proxy URL uses the ``http://`` scheme. More rarely, it uses the
+    ``https://`` one. While both kinds of proxy URLs can be used with both HTTP
+    and HTTPS destination URLs, the specifics of the network exchange are
+    different for all 4 cases and it's possible that HTTPS proxies are fully or
+    partially unsupported by a given download handler. Currently,
+    :class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http11.HTTP11DownloadHandler`
+    supports HTTPS proxies only for HTTP destinations.
+
+.. note::
+
+    If the download handler supports it, you can use a SOCKS proxy URL (e.g.
+    ``socks5://username:password@some_proxy_server:port``).
+    :class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers._httpx.HttpxDownloadHandler`
+    supports SOCKS proxies while other built-in handlers don't.
 
 HttpProxyMiddleware settings
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 .. setting:: HTTPPROXY_ENABLED
-.. setting:: HTTPPROXY_AUTH_ENCODING
 
 HTTPPROXY_ENABLED
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -760,6 +822,8 @@ Default: ``True``
 
 Whether or not to enable the :class:`HttpProxyMiddleware`.
 
+.. setting:: HTTPPROXY_AUTH_ENCODING
+
 HTTPPROXY_AUTH_ENCODING
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
@@ -804,9 +868,9 @@ OffsiteMiddleware
    .. reqmeta:: allow_offsite
 
    If the request has the :attr:`~scrapy.Request.dont_filter` attribute set to
-   ``True`` or :attr:`Request.meta` has ``allow_offsite`` set to ``True``, then
+   ``True`` or :attr:`Request.meta <scrapy.Request.meta>` has ``allow_offsite``
-   the OffsiteMiddleware will allow the request even if its domain is not listed
+   set to ``True``, then the OffsiteMiddleware will allow the request even if
-   in allowed domains.
+   its domain is not listed in allowed domains.
 
 RedirectMiddleware
 ------------------
@@ -921,7 +985,7 @@ Whether the Meta Refresh middleware will be enabled.
 METAREFRESH_IGNORE_TAGS
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-Default: ``[]``
+Default: ``["noscript"]``
 
 Meta tags within these tags are ignored.
 
@@ -951,17 +1015,6 @@ RetryMiddleware
    A middleware to retry failed requests that are potentially caused by
    temporary problems such as a connection timeout or HTTP 500 error.
 
-Failed pages are collected on the scraping process and rescheduled at the
-end, once the spider has finished crawling all regular (non failed) pages.
-
-The :class:`RetryMiddleware` can be configured through the following
-settings (see the settings documentation for more info):
-
-* :setting:`RETRY_ENABLED`
-* :setting:`RETRY_TIMES`
-* :setting:`RETRY_HTTP_CODES`
-* :setting:`RETRY_EXCEPTIONS`
-
 .. reqmeta:: dont_retry
 
 If :attr:`Request.meta <scrapy.Request.meta>` has ``dont_retry`` key
@@ -1028,7 +1081,7 @@ Default::
         'twisted.internet.error.ConnectionDone',
         'twisted.internet.error.ConnectError',
         'twisted.internet.error.ConnectionLost',
-        IOError,
+        OSError,
         'scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http11.TunnelError',
     ]
 
@@ -1042,6 +1095,23 @@ has been exceeded (see :setting:`RETRY_TIMES`). To learn about uncaught
 exception propagation, see
 :meth:`~scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.DownloaderMiddleware.process_exception`.
 
+.. setting:: RETRY_GIVE_UP_LOG_LEVEL
+
+RETRY_GIVE_UP_LOG_LEVEL
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.17.0
+
+Default: ``"ERROR"``
+
+:ref:`Logging level <levels>` used for the message logged when a request
+exceeds its retries.
+
+Can be a level name (e.g. ``"WARNING"``) or a number (e.g. ``logging.WARNING``
+or ``30``).
+
+See also: :reqmeta:`give_up_log_level`, :func:`get_retry_request`.
+
 .. setting:: RETRY_PRIORITY_ADJUST
 
 RETRY_PRIORITY_ADJUST
@@ -1141,9 +1211,9 @@ Based on :class:`~urllib.robotparser.RobotFileParser`:
 * is compliant with `Martijn Koster's 1996 draft specification
   <https://www.robotstxt.org/norobots-rfc.txt>`_
 
-* lacks support for wildcard matching
+* lacks support for wildcard matching (before Python 3.14.5)
 
-* doesn't use the length based rule
+* doesn't use the length based rule (before Python 3.14.5)
 
 It is faster than Protego and backward-compatible with versions of Scrapy before 1.8.0.
 

docs/topics/dynamic-content.rst

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ request with Scrapy.
 
 It might be enough to yield a :class:`~scrapy.Request` with the same HTTP
 method and URL. However, you may also need to reproduce the body, headers and
-form parameters (see :class:`~scrapy.FormRequest`) of that request.
+form parameters (see :ref:`form`) of that request.
 
 As all major browsers allow to export the requests in curl_ format, Scrapy
 incorporates the method :meth:`~scrapy.Request.from_curl` to generate an equivalent
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ data from it depends on the type of response:
 
     .. code-block:: python
 
-        selector = Selector(data["html"])
+        selector = Selector(text=data["html"])
 
 -   If the response is JavaScript, or HTML with a ``<script/>`` element
     containing the desired data, see :ref:`topics-parsing-javascript`.

docs/topics/exceptions.rst

@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ Exceptions
 Built-in Exceptions reference
 =============================
 
-Here's a list of all exceptions included in Scrapy and their usage.
+Here's a list of all exceptions included in Scrapy and their usage, except for
+the :ref:`download handler exceptions <download-handlers-exceptions>`.
 
 
 CloseSpider
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ For example:
 .. code-block:: python
 
     def parse_page(self, response):
-        if "Bandwidth exceeded" in response.body:
+        if "Bandwidth exceeded" in response.text:
             raise CloseSpider("bandwidth_exceeded")
 
 DontCloseSpider
@@ -71,7 +72,8 @@ remain disabled. Those components include:
 -   Downloader middlewares
 -   Spider middlewares
 
-The exception must be raised in the component's ``__init__`` method.
+The exception must be raised in the component's ``__init__()`` or
+``from_crawler()``  method.
 
 NotSupported
 ------------

docs/topics/exporters.rst

@@ -93,24 +93,25 @@ described next.
 1. Declaring a serializer in the field
 --------------------------------------
 
-If you use :class:`~scrapy.Item` you can declare a serializer in the
+Every :ref:`item type <item-types>` except :class:`dict` lets you declare a
-:ref:`field metadata <topics-items-fields>`. The serializer must be
+serializer in the :ref:`field metadata <topics-items-fields>`. The serializer
-a callable which receives a value and returns its serialized form.
+must be a callable which receives a value and returns its serialized form.
 
 Example:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-    import scrapy
+    from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 
 
     def serialize_price(value):
         return f"$ {str(value)}"
 
 
-    class Product(scrapy.Item):
+    @dataclass
-        name = scrapy.Field()
+    class Product:
-        price = scrapy.Field(serializer=serialize_price)
+        name: str
+        price: float = field(metadata={"serializer": serialize_price})
 
 
 2. Overriding the serialize_field() method
@@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ output examples, which assume you're exporting these two items:
 BaseItemExporter
 ----------------
 
-.. class:: BaseItemExporter(fields_to_export=None, export_empty_fields=False, encoding='utf-8', indent=0, dont_fail=False)
+.. class:: BaseItemExporter(fields_to_export=None, export_empty_fields=False, encoding=None, indent=None, dont_fail=False)
 
    This is the (abstract) base class for all Item Exporters. It provides
    support for common features used by all (concrete) Item Exporters, such as
@@ -238,7 +239,7 @@ BaseItemExporter
 
    .. attribute:: indent
 
-      Amount of spaces used to indent the output on each level. Defaults to ``0``.
+      Amount of spaces used to indent the output on each level. Defaults to ``None``.
 
       * ``indent=None`` selects the most compact representation,
         all items in the same line with no indentation
@@ -327,7 +328,7 @@ CsvItemExporter
 
    :param join_multivalued: The char (or chars) that will be used for joining
       multi-valued fields, if found.
-   :type include_headers_line: str
+   :type join_multivalued: str
 
    :param errors: The optional string that specifies how encoding and decoding
       errors are to be handled. For more information see
@@ -341,14 +342,14 @@ CsvItemExporter
 
    A typical output of this exporter would be::
 
-      product,price
+      name,price
       Color TV,1200
       DVD player,200
 
 PickleItemExporter
 ------------------
 
-.. class:: PickleItemExporter(file, protocol=0, **kwargs)
+.. class:: PickleItemExporter(file, protocol=4, **kwargs)
 
    Exports items in pickle format to the given file-like object.
 

docs/topics/extensions.rst

@@ -136,7 +136,18 @@ Core Stats extension
 Enable the collection of core statistics, provided the stats collection is
 enabled (see :ref:`topics-stats`).
 
-.. _topics-extensions-ref-telnetconsole:
+The following stats are collected:
+
+* ``start_time``: start date/time of the crawl (:class:`~datetime.datetime`).
+* ``finish_time``: end date/time of the crawl (:class:`~datetime.datetime`).
+* ``elapsed_time_seconds``: total crawl duration in seconds (:class:`float`).
+* ``finish_reason``: the closing reason string (e.g. ``"finished"``,
+  ``"closespider_timeout"``).
+* ``item_scraped_count``: total number of items that passed all pipelines.
+* ``item_dropped_count``: total number of items dropped by a pipeline.
+* ``item_dropped_reasons_count/<ExceptionName>``: per-exception drop count
+  (e.g. ``item_dropped_reasons_count/DropItem``).
+* ``response_received_count``: total number of HTTP responses received.
 
 Log Count extension
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -146,6 +157,8 @@ Log Count extension
 
 .. autoclass:: LogCount
 
+.. _topics-extensions-ref-telnetconsole:
+
 Telnet console extension
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -247,6 +260,7 @@ settings:
 * :setting:`CLOSESPIDER_TIMEOUT_NO_ITEM`
 * :setting:`CLOSESPIDER_ITEMCOUNT`
 * :setting:`CLOSESPIDER_PAGECOUNT`
+* :setting:`CLOSESPIDER_PAGECOUNT_NO_ITEM`
 * :setting:`CLOSESPIDER_ERRORCOUNT`
 
 .. note::
@@ -260,12 +274,11 @@ settings:
 CLOSESPIDER_TIMEOUT
 """""""""""""""""""
 
-Default: ``0``
+Default: ``0.0``
 
-An integer which specifies a number of seconds. If the spider remains open for
+If the spider remains open for more than this number of seconds, it will be
-more than that number of seconds, it will be automatically closed with the
+automatically closed with the reason ``closespider_timeout``. If zero (or non
-reason ``closespider_timeout``. If zero (or non set), spiders won't be closed by
+set), spiders won't be closed by timeout.
-timeout.
 
 .. setting:: CLOSESPIDER_TIMEOUT_NO_ITEM
 
@@ -328,9 +341,6 @@ closing the spider. If the spider generates more than that number of errors,
 it will be closed with the reason ``closespider_errorcount``. If zero (or non
 set), spiders won't be closed by number of errors.
 
-.. module:: scrapy.extensions.debug
-   :synopsis: Extensions for debugging Scrapy
-
 .. module:: scrapy.extensions.periodic_log
    :synopsis: Periodic stats logging
 
@@ -405,7 +415,7 @@ Example extension configuration:
     custom_settings = {
         "LOG_LEVEL": "INFO",
         "PERIODIC_LOG_STATS": {
-            "include": ["downloader/", "scheduler/", "log_count/", "item_scraped_count/"],
+            "include": ["downloader/", "scheduler/", "log_count/", "item_scraped_count"],
         },
         "PERIODIC_LOG_DELTA": {"include": ["downloader/"]},
         "PERIODIC_LOG_TIMING_ENABLED": True,
@@ -450,6 +460,9 @@ Default: ``False``
 Debugging extensions
 --------------------
 
+.. module:: scrapy.extensions.debug
+   :synopsis: Extensions for debugging Scrapy
+
 Stack trace dump extension
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 

docs/topics/feed-exports.rst

@@ -143,6 +143,11 @@ Here are some examples to illustrate:
 .. note:: :ref:`Spider arguments <spiderargs>` become spider attributes, hence
           they can also be used as storage URI parameters.
 
+.. note:: Only ``%(...)s`` parameters are replaced. Any other percent
+          character is kept as-is, so percent-encoded URIs (e.g. ``%20`` for a
+          space or percent-encoded FTP credentials) and :class:`pathlib.Path`
+          keys containing ``%(...)s`` parameters both work as expected.
+
 
 .. _topics-feed-storage-backends:
 
@@ -161,7 +166,7 @@ The feeds are stored in the local filesystem.
 -   Required external libraries: none
 
 Note that for the local filesystem storage (only) you can omit the scheme if
-you specify an absolute path like ``/tmp/export.csv`` (Unix systems only).
+you specify a path (e.g. ``/tmp/export.csv``).
 Alternatively you can also use a :class:`pathlib.Path` object.
 
 .. _topics-feed-storage-ftp:
@@ -528,10 +533,6 @@ safe numeric encoding (``\uXXXX`` sequences) for historic reasons.
 
 Use ``"utf-8"`` if you want UTF-8 for JSON too.
 
-.. versionchanged:: 2.8
-   The :command:`startproject` command now sets this setting to
-   ``"utf-8"`` in the generated ``settings.py`` file.
-
 .. setting:: FEED_EXPORT_FIELDS
 
 FEED_EXPORT_FIELDS
@@ -619,6 +620,7 @@ Default:
         "file": "scrapy.extensions.feedexport.FileFeedStorage",
         "stdout": "scrapy.extensions.feedexport.StdoutFeedStorage",
         "s3": "scrapy.extensions.feedexport.S3FeedStorage",
+        "gs": "scrapy.extensions.feedexport.GCSFeedStorage",
         "ftp": "scrapy.extensions.feedexport.FTPFeedStorage",
     }
 
@@ -760,8 +762,8 @@ The function signature should be as follows:
    :param spider: source spider of the feed items
    :type spider: scrapy.Spider
 
-   .. caution:: The function should return a new dictionary, modifying
+   .. caution:: The function must return a new dictionary instead of modifying
-                the received ``params`` in-place is deprecated.
+                the received ``params`` in-place.
 
 For example, to include the :attr:`name <scrapy.Spider.name>` of the
 source spider in the feed URI:

docs/topics/item-pipeline.rst

@@ -57,6 +57,8 @@ Any of these methods may be defined as a coroutine function (``async def``).
 Item pipeline example
 =====================
 
+.. _price-pipeline-example:
+
 Price validation and dropping items with no prices
 --------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -119,7 +121,7 @@ Write items to MongoDB
 
 In this example we'll write items to MongoDB_ using pymongo_.
 MongoDB address and database name are specified in Scrapy settings;
-MongoDB collection is named after item class.
+MongoDB collection is specified in a class attribute.
 
 The main point of this example is to show how to :ref:`get the crawler
 <from-crawler>` and how to clean up the resources properly.
@@ -246,6 +248,8 @@ returns multiples items with the same id:
                 return item
 
 
+.. _activating-item-pipeline:
+
 Activating an Item Pipeline component
 =====================================
 
@@ -262,3 +266,110 @@ To activate an Item Pipeline component you must add its class to the
 The integer values you assign to classes in this setting determine the
 order in which they run: items go through from lower valued to higher
 valued classes. It's customary to define these numbers in the 0-1000 range.
+
+A complete example
+==================
+
+The examples above show item pipeline components on their own. In a project, a
+pipeline is one of four pieces that work together: the :ref:`item
+<topics-items>` your spider produces, the :ref:`spider <topics-spiders>` that
+yields it, the pipeline that processes it, and the :setting:`ITEM_PIPELINES`
+setting that enables the pipeline.
+
+The following example wires those pieces together to validate the price of
+books scraped from `books.toscrape.com`_, reusing the ``PricePipeline`` from
+:ref:`price-pipeline-example` above.
+
+Define the item in ``myproject/items.py``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+
+    @dataclass
+    class BookItem:
+        title: str
+        price: float
+
+Yield instances of that item from your spider, e.g. in
+``myproject/spiders/books.py``:
+
+.. skip: next
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    import scrapy
+
+    from myproject.items import BookItem
+
+
+    class BooksSpider(scrapy.Spider):
+        name = "books"
+        start_urls = ["https://books.toscrape.com/"]
+
+        def parse(self, response):
+            for book in response.css("article.product_pod"):
+                yield BookItem(
+                    title=book.css("h3 a::attr(title)").get(),
+                    price=float(book.css("p.price_color::text").re_first(r"[\d.]+")),
+                )
+
+Put the ``PricePipeline`` shown earlier in ``myproject/pipelines.py``, and
+enable it in ``myproject/settings.py``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    ITEM_PIPELINES = {
+        "myproject.pipelines.PricePipeline": 300,
+    }
+
+With these pieces in place, every ``BookItem`` that ``BooksSpider`` yields
+passes through ``PricePipeline`` before it reaches the :ref:`feed exports
+<topics-feed-exports>` or any other output.
+
+.. _books.toscrape.com: https://books.toscrape.com/
+
+
+Common pitfalls
+===============
+
+The pipeline does not run
+-------------------------
+
+A pipeline component only runs if its class is listed in the
+:setting:`ITEM_PIPELINES` setting, normally in your project's
+:file:`settings.py` file (see :ref:`activating-item-pipeline`). Adding it to
+the spider or elsewhere has no effect.
+
+To confirm that Scrapy loaded your pipeline, look for a line like this near the
+start of the crawl log::
+
+    [scrapy.middleware] INFO: Enabled item pipelines:
+    ['myproject.pipelines.PricePipeline']
+
+If your pipeline is missing from that list, check that its import path matches
+the :setting:`ITEM_PIPELINES` entry, and that the setting is not being
+overridden, for example by :attr:`~scrapy.Spider.custom_settings` or by a
+redefinition of :setting:`ITEM_PIPELINES` in :file:`settings.py`.
+
+The item is not returned
+------------------------
+
+:meth:`process_item` must return the item (or raise
+:exc:`~scrapy.exceptions.DropItem`). A common mistake is to modify the item but
+forget to return it:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def process_item(self, item):
+        ItemAdapter(item)["price"] *= 1.15
+        # Bug: returns None, so the next component gets None instead of the item.
+
+Return the item so that the next component, and the rest of Scrapy, can keep
+processing it:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def process_item(self, item):
+        ItemAdapter(item)["price"] *= 1.15
+        return item

docs/topics/items.rst

@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ Item Types
 
 Scrapy supports the following types of items, via the `itemadapter`_ library:
 :ref:`dictionaries <dict-items>`, :ref:`Item objects <item-objects>`,
-:ref:`dataclass objects <dataclass-items>`, and :ref:`attrs objects <attrs-items>`.
+:ref:`dataclass objects <dataclass-items>`, :ref:`attrs objects <attrs-items>`
+and :ref:`Pydantic models <pydantic-items>`.
 
 .. _itemadapter: https://github.com/scrapy/itemadapter
 
@@ -61,8 +62,8 @@ its ``__init__`` method.
 :class:`Item` also allows the defining of field metadata, which can be used to
 :ref:`customize serialization <topics-exporters-field-serialization>`.
 
-:mod:`trackref` tracks :class:`Item` objects to help find memory leaks
+:mod:`scrapy.utils.trackref` tracks :class:`Item` objects to help find memory
-(see :ref:`topics-leaks-trackrefs`).
+leaks (see :ref:`topics-leaks-trackrefs`).
 
 Example:
 
@@ -262,7 +263,7 @@ Creating items
 
     >>> product = Product(name="Desktop PC", price=1000)
     >>> print(product)
-    Product(name='Desktop PC', price=1000)
+    {'name': 'Desktop PC', 'price': 1000}
 
 
 Getting field values
@@ -376,10 +377,12 @@ Creating dicts from items:
     >>> dict(product)  # create a dict from all populated values
     {'price': 1000, 'name': 'Desktop PC'}
 
-    Creating items from dicts:
+Creating items from dicts:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
 
     >>> Product({"name": "Laptop PC", "price": 1500})
-    Product(price=1500, name='Laptop PC')
+    {'name': 'Laptop PC', 'price': 1500}
 
     >>> Product({"name": "Laptop PC", "lala": 1500})  # warning: unknown field in dict
     Traceback (most recent call last):

docs/topics/jobs.rst

@@ -104,6 +104,15 @@ If you wish to log the requests that couldn't be serialized, you can set the
 :setting:`SCHEDULER_DEBUG` setting to ``True`` in the project's settings page.
 It is ``False`` by default.
 
+.. note:: Because requests are serialized with :mod:`pickle`, the objects you
+    store on a request, such as the values of its
+    :attr:`~scrapy.Request.cb_kwargs` and :attr:`~scrapy.Request.meta`
+    dictionaries, are deep-copied when the request is written to and later read
+    back from the job directory. As a result, the callback receives a *copy* of
+    those objects rather than the original ones, and changes made to the copy are
+    not reflected in the original object. Keep this in mind if you rely on
+    sharing mutable state through ``cb_kwargs`` or ``meta``.
+
 .. _job-dir-contents:
 
 Job directory contents
@@ -142,8 +151,8 @@ Where:
 -   :class:`~scrapy.pqueues.ScrapyPriorityQueue` creates the ``{priority}{s?}``
     directories.
 
--   :class:`scrapy.squeues.PickleLifoDiskQueue`, a subclass of
+-   :class:`scrapy.squeues.PickleFifoDiskQueue`, a subclass of
-    :class:`queuelib.LifoDiskQueue` that uses :mod:`pickle` to serialize
+    :class:`queuelib.FifoDiskQueue` that uses :mod:`pickle` to serialize
     :class:`dict` representations of :class:`scrapy.Request` objects, creates
     the ``info.json`` and ``q{00000}`` files.
 

docs/topics/leaks.rst

@@ -62,25 +62,27 @@ Debugging memory leaks with ``trackref``
 
 .. skip: start
 
-:mod:`trackref` is a module provided by Scrapy to debug the most common cases of
+:mod:`scrapy.utils.trackref` is a module provided by Scrapy to debug the most
-memory leaks. It basically tracks the references to all live Request,
+common cases of memory leaks. It basically tracks the references to all live
-Response, Item, Spider and Selector objects.
+Request, Response, Item, Spider and Selector objects.
 
 You can enter the telnet console and inspect how many objects (of the classes
 mentioned above) are currently alive using the ``prefs()`` function which is an
-alias to the :func:`~scrapy.utils.trackref.print_live_refs` function::
+alias to the :func:`~scrapy.utils.trackref.print_live_refs` function:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
 
     telnet localhost 6023
 
-    .. code-block:: pycon
+.. code-block:: pycon
 
-        >>> prefs()
+    >>> prefs()
-        Live References
+    Live References
 
-        ExampleSpider                       1   oldest: 15s ago
+    ExampleSpider                       1   oldest: 15s ago
-        HtmlResponse                       10   oldest: 1s ago
+    HtmlResponse                       10   oldest: 1s ago
-        Selector                            2   oldest: 0s ago
+    Selector                            2   oldest: 0s ago
-        FormRequest                       878   oldest: 7s ago
+    Request                           878   oldest: 7s ago
 
 As you can see, that report also shows the "age" of the oldest object in each
 class. If you're running multiple spiders per process chances are you can
@@ -91,7 +93,7 @@ You can get the oldest object of each class using the
 Which objects are tracked?
 --------------------------
 
-The objects tracked by ``trackrefs`` are all from these classes (and all its
+The objects tracked by ``trackref`` are all from these classes (and all its
 subclasses):
 
 * :class:`scrapy.Request`
@@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ Too many spiders?
 -----------------
 
 If your project has too many spiders executed in parallel,
-the output of :func:`prefs` can be difficult to read.
+the output of ``prefs()`` can be difficult to read.
 For this reason, that function has a ``ignore`` argument which can be used to
 ignore a particular class (and all its subclasses). For
 example, this won't show any live references to spiders:
@@ -185,7 +187,7 @@ Here are the functions available in the :mod:`~scrapy.utils.trackref` module.
     Inherit from this class if you want to track live
     instances with the ``trackref`` module.
 
-.. function:: print_live_refs(class_name, ignore=NoneType)
+.. function:: print_live_refs(ignore=NoneType)
 
     Print a report of live references, grouped by class name.
 
@@ -201,9 +203,9 @@ Here are the functions available in the :mod:`~scrapy.utils.trackref` module.
 
 .. function:: iter_all(class_name)
 
-    Return an iterator over all objects alive with the given class name, or
+    Return an iterator over all objects alive with the given class name. Use
-    ``None`` if none is found. Use :func:`print_live_refs` first to get a list
+    :func:`print_live_refs` first to get a list of all tracked live objects
-    of all tracked live objects per class name.
+    per class name.
 
 .. skip: end
 

docs/topics/link-extractors.rst

@@ -47,108 +47,7 @@ LxmlLinkExtractor
    :synopsis: lxml's HTMLParser-based link extractors
 
 
-.. class:: LxmlLinkExtractor(allow=(), deny=(), allow_domains=(), deny_domains=(), deny_extensions=None, restrict_xpaths=(), restrict_css=(), tags=('a', 'area'), attrs=('href',), canonicalize=False, unique=True, process_value=None, strip=True)
+.. autoclass:: LxmlLinkExtractor
-
-    LxmlLinkExtractor is the recommended link extractor with handy filtering
-    options. It is implemented using lxml's robust HTMLParser.
-
-    :param allow: a single regular expression (or list of regular expressions)
-        that the (absolute) urls must match in order to be extracted. If not
-        given (or empty), it will match all links.
-    :type allow: str or list
-
-    :param deny: a single regular expression (or list of regular expressions)
-        that the (absolute) urls must match in order to be excluded (i.e. not
-        extracted). It has precedence over the ``allow`` parameter. If not
-        given (or empty) it won't exclude any links.
-    :type deny: str or list
-
-    :param allow_domains: a single value or a list of string containing
-        domains which will be considered for extracting the links
-    :type allow_domains: str or list
-
-    :param deny_domains: a single value or a list of strings containing
-        domains which won't be considered for extracting the links
-    :type deny_domains: str or list
-
-    :param deny_extensions: a single value or list of strings containing
-        extensions that should be ignored when extracting links.
-        If not given, it will default to
-        :data:`scrapy.linkextractors.IGNORED_EXTENSIONS`.
-
-    :type deny_extensions: list
-
-    :param restrict_xpaths: is an XPath (or list of XPath's) which defines
-        regions inside the response where links should be extracted from.
-        If given, only the text selected by those XPath will be scanned for
-        links.
-    :type restrict_xpaths: str or list
-
-    :param restrict_css: a CSS selector (or list of selectors) which defines
-        regions inside the response where links should be extracted from.
-        Has the same behaviour as ``restrict_xpaths``.
-    :type restrict_css: str or list
-
-    :param restrict_text: a single regular expression (or list of regular expressions)
-        that the link's text must match in order to be extracted. If not
-        given (or empty), it will match all links. If a list of regular expressions is
-        given, the link will be extracted if it matches at least one.
-    :type restrict_text: str or list
-
-    :param tags: a tag or a list of tags to consider when extracting links.
-        Defaults to ``('a', 'area')``.
-    :type tags: str or list
-
-    :param attrs: an attribute or list of attributes which should be considered when looking
-        for links to extract (only for those tags specified in the ``tags``
-        parameter). Defaults to ``('href',)``
-    :type attrs: list
-
-    :param canonicalize: canonicalize each extracted url (using
-        w3lib.url.canonicalize_url). Defaults to ``False``.
-        Note that canonicalize_url is meant for duplicate checking;
-        it can change the URL visible at server side, so the response can be
-        different for requests with canonicalized and raw URLs. If you're
-        using LinkExtractor to follow links it is more robust to
-        keep the default ``canonicalize=False``.
-    :type canonicalize: bool
-
-    :param unique: whether duplicate filtering should be applied to extracted
-        links.
-    :type unique: bool
-
-    :param process_value: a function which receives each value extracted from
-        the tag and attributes scanned and can modify the value and return a
-        new one, or return ``None`` to ignore the link altogether. If not
-        given, ``process_value`` defaults to ``lambda x: x``.
-
-        .. highlight:: html
-
-        For example, to extract links from this code::
-
-            <a href="javascript:goToPage('../other/page.html'); return false">Link text</a>
-
-        .. highlight:: python
-
-        You can use the following function in ``process_value``:
-
-        .. code-block:: python
-
-            def process_value(value):
-                m = re.search(r"javascript:goToPage\('(.*?)'", value)
-                if m:
-                    return m.group(1)
-
-    :type process_value: collections.abc.Callable
-
-    :param strip: whether to strip whitespaces from extracted attributes.
-        According to HTML5 standard, leading and trailing whitespaces
-        must be stripped from ``href`` attributes of ``<a>``, ``<area>``
-        and many other elements, ``src`` attribute of ``<img>``, ``<iframe>``
-        elements, etc., so LinkExtractor strips space chars by default.
-        Set ``strip=False`` to turn it off (e.g. if you're extracting urls
-        from elements or attributes which allow leading/trailing whitespaces).
-    :type strip: bool
 
     .. automethod:: extract_links
 

docs/topics/loaders.rst

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ data that will be assigned to the ``name`` field later.
 
 Afterwards, similar calls are used for ``price`` and ``stock`` fields
 (the latter using a CSS selector with the :meth:`~ItemLoader.add_css` method),
-and finally the ``last_update`` field is populated directly with a literal value
+and finally the ``last_updated`` field is populated directly with a literal value
 (``today``) using a different method: :meth:`~ItemLoader.add_value`.
 
 Finally, when all data is collected, the :meth:`ItemLoader.load_item` method is
@@ -102,14 +102,13 @@ One approach to overcome this is to define items using the
 .. code-block:: python
 
     from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-    from typing import Optional
 
 
     @dataclass
     class InventoryItem:
-        name: Optional[str] = field(default=None)
+        name: str | None = field(default=None)
-        price: Optional[float] = field(default=None)
+        price: float | None = field(default=None)
-        stock: Optional[int] = field(default=None)
+        stock: int | None = field(default=None)
 
 
 .. _topics-loaders-processors:
@@ -228,7 +227,8 @@ metadata. Here is an example:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-    import scrapy
+    from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+
     from itemloaders.processors import Join, MapCompose, TakeFirst
     from w3lib.html import remove_tags
 
@@ -238,14 +238,21 @@ metadata. Here is an example:
             return value
 
 
-    class Product(scrapy.Item):
+    @dataclass
-        name = scrapy.Field(
+    class Product:
-            input_processor=MapCompose(remove_tags),
+        name: str | None = field(
-            output_processor=Join(),
+            default=None,
+            metadata={
+                "input_processor": MapCompose(remove_tags),
+                "output_processor": Join(),
+            },
         )
-        price = scrapy.Field(
+        price: str | None = field(
-            input_processor=MapCompose(remove_tags, filter_price),
+            default=None,
-            output_processor=TakeFirst(),
+            metadata={
+                "input_processor": MapCompose(remove_tags, filter_price),
+                "output_processor": TakeFirst(),
+            },
         )
 
 
@@ -257,7 +264,7 @@ metadata. Here is an example:
     >>> il.add_value("name", ["Welcome to my", "<strong>website</strong>"])
     >>> il.add_value("price", ["&euro;", "<span>1000</span>"])
     >>> il.load_item()
-    {'name': 'Welcome to my website', 'price': '1000'}
+    Product(name='Welcome to my website', price='1000')
 
 .. skip: end
 
@@ -266,8 +273,8 @@ The precedence order, for both input and output processors, is as follows:
 1. Item Loader field-specific attributes: ``field_in`` and ``field_out`` (most
    precedence)
 2. Field metadata (``input_processor`` and ``output_processor`` key)
-3. Item Loader defaults: :meth:`ItemLoader.default_input_processor` and
+3. Item Loader defaults: :attr:`ItemLoader.default_input_processor` and
-   :meth:`ItemLoader.default_output_processor` (least precedence)
+   :attr:`ItemLoader.default_output_processor` (least precedence)
 
 See also: :ref:`topics-loaders-extending`.
 
@@ -316,8 +323,8 @@ There are several ways to modify Item Loader context values:
       loader = ItemLoader(product, unit="cm")
 
 3. On Item Loader declaration, for those input/output processors that support
-   instantiating them with an Item Loader context. :class:`~processor.MapCompose` is one of
+   instantiating them with an Item Loader context.
-   them:
+   :class:`~itemloaders.processors.MapCompose` is one of them:
 
    .. code-block:: python
 

docs/topics/logging.rst

@@ -4,11 +4,6 @@
 Logging
 =======
 
-.. note::
-    :mod:`scrapy.log` has been deprecated alongside its functions in favor of
-    explicit calls to the Python standard logging. Keep reading to learn more
-    about the new logging system.
-
 Scrapy uses :mod:`logging` for event logging. We'll
 provide some simple examples to get you started, but for more advanced
 use-cases it's strongly suggested to read thoroughly its documentation.
@@ -194,6 +189,48 @@ If :setting:`LOG_SHORT_NAMES` is set, then the logs will not display the Scrapy
 component that prints the log. It is unset by default, hence logs contain the
 Scrapy component responsible for that log output.
 
+Rotating log files
+------------------
+
+Scrapy's :setting:`LOG_FILE` setting writes logs to a single file. It does not
+rotate log files automatically, but you can use Python's standard
+:mod:`logging.handlers` module when running Scrapy from a script.
+
+For example, to rotate the log file every day:
+
+.. skip: next
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    import logging
+    from logging.handlers import TimedRotatingFileHandler
+
+    from scrapy.crawler import CrawlerProcess
+    from scrapy.utils.project import get_project_settings
+
+    from myproject.spiders.myspider import MySpider
+
+    settings = get_project_settings()
+    process = CrawlerProcess(settings, install_root_handler=False)
+
+    handler = TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+        "scrapy.log",
+        when="midnight",
+        backupCount=7,
+        encoding=settings.get("LOG_ENCODING"),
+    )
+    handler.setFormatter(
+        logging.Formatter(settings.get("LOG_FORMAT"), settings.get("LOG_DATEFORMAT"))
+    )
+
+    root_logger = logging.getLogger()
+    root_logger.setLevel(settings.get("LOG_LEVEL"))
+    root_logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+    process.crawl(MySpider)
+    process.start()
+
+
 Command-line options
 --------------------
 

docs/topics/media-pipeline.rst

@@ -41,11 +41,10 @@ this:
 2. The item is returned from the spider and goes to the item pipeline.
 
 3. When the item reaches the :class:`FilesPipeline`, the URLs in the
-   ``file_urls`` field are scheduled for download using the standard
+   ``file_urls`` field are downloaded using the standard Scrapy downloader
-   Scrapy scheduler and downloader (which means the scheduler and downloader
+   (which means the downloader middlewares are used, but the spider middlewares
-   middlewares are reused), but with a higher priority, processing them before other
+   aren't). The item remains "locked" at that particular pipeline stage until
-   pages are scraped. The item remains "locked" at that particular pipeline stage
+   the files have finished downloading (or failed for some reason).
-   until the files have finish downloading (or fail for some reason).
 
 4. When the files are downloaded, another field (``files``) will be populated
    with the results. This field will contain a list of dicts with information
@@ -81,9 +80,6 @@ thumbnailing and normalizing images to JPEG/RGB format.
 Enabling your Media Pipeline
 ============================
 
-.. setting:: IMAGES_STORE
-.. setting:: FILES_STORE
-
 To enable your media pipeline you must first add it to your project
 :setting:`ITEM_PIPELINES` setting.
 
@@ -102,6 +98,8 @@ For Files Pipeline, use:
 .. note::
     You can also use both the Files and Images Pipeline at the same time.
 
+.. setting:: IMAGES_STORE
+.. setting:: FILES_STORE
 
 Then, configure the target storage setting to a valid value that will be used
 for storing the downloaded images. Otherwise the pipeline will remain disabled,
@@ -337,17 +335,18 @@ respectively), the pipeline will put the results under the respective field
 When using :ref:`item types <item-types>` for which fields are defined beforehand,
 you must define both the URLs field and the results field. For example, when
 using the images pipeline, items must define both the ``image_urls`` and the
-``images`` field. For instance, using the :class:`~scrapy.Item` class:
+``images`` field. For instance, using a dataclass:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-    import scrapy
+    from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 
 
-    class MyItem(scrapy.Item):
+    @dataclass
+    class MyItem:
         # ... other item fields ...
-        image_urls = scrapy.Field()
+        image_urls: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
-        images = scrapy.Field()
+        images: list[dict] = field(default_factory=list)
 
 If you want to use another field name for the URLs key or for the results key,
 it is also possible to override it.
@@ -371,11 +370,12 @@ For the Images Pipeline, set :setting:`IMAGES_URLS_FIELD` and/or
 If you need something more complex and want to override the custom pipeline
 behaviour, see :ref:`topics-media-pipeline-override`.
 
-If you have multiple image pipelines inheriting from ImagePipeline and you want
+If you have multiple image pipelines inheriting from :class:`ImagesPipeline`
-to have different settings in different pipelines you can set setting keys
+and you want to have different settings in different pipelines you can set
-preceded with uppercase name of your pipeline class. E.g. if your pipeline is
+setting keys preceded with uppercase name of your pipeline class. E.g. if your
-called MyPipeline and you want to have custom IMAGES_URLS_FIELD you define
+pipeline is called ``MyPipeline`` and you want to have custom
-setting MYPIPELINE_IMAGES_URLS_FIELD and your custom settings will be used.
+:setting:`IMAGES_URLS_FIELD` you define setting
+``MYPIPELINE_IMAGES_URLS_FIELD`` and your custom settings will be used.
 
 
 Additional features
@@ -547,10 +547,9 @@ See here the methods that you can override in your custom Files Pipeline:
 
    .. method:: FilesPipeline.get_media_requests(item, info)
 
-      As seen on the workflow, the pipeline will get the URLs of the images to
+      As seen on the workflow, the pipeline will get the requests for the files
-      download from the item. In order to do this, you can override the
+      to download from the item by calling this method. You can override it to
-      :meth:`~get_media_requests` method and return a Request for each
+      change what requests are returned:
-      file URL:
 
       .. code-block:: python
 
@@ -590,8 +589,9 @@ See here the methods that you can override in your custom Files Pipeline:
           * ``downloaded`` - file was downloaded.
           * ``uptodate`` - file was not downloaded, as it was downloaded recently,
             according to the file expiration policy.
-          * ``cached`` - file was already scheduled for download, by another item
+          * ``cached`` - file was taken from a cache (the response has a
-            sharing the same file.
+            ``"cached"`` flag, e.g. from
+            :class:`~scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcache.HttpCacheMiddleware`).
 
       The list of tuples received by :meth:`~item_completed` is
       guaranteed to retain the same order of the requests returned from the
@@ -618,9 +618,6 @@ See here the methods that you can override in your custom Files Pipeline:
               (False, Failure(...)),
           ]
 
-      By default the :meth:`get_media_requests` method returns ``None`` which
-      means there are no files to download for the item.
-
    .. method:: FilesPipeline.item_completed(results, item, info)
 
       The :meth:`FilesPipeline.item_completed` method called when all file
@@ -774,4 +771,28 @@ To enable your custom media pipeline component you must add its class import pat
 
    ITEM_PIPELINES = {"myproject.pipelines.MyImagesPipeline": 300}
 
+Content-based image filtering pipeline
+--------------------------------------
+
+This example overrides ``get_images()`` to filter images using a classifier,
+such as a TensorFlow_ model. Override ``is_valid_image()`` with your
+classification logic:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from scrapy.pipelines.images import ImagesPipeline, ImageException
+
+
+    class ImageClassifierPipeline(ImagesPipeline):
+        def is_valid_image(self, image):
+            raise NotImplementedError
+
+        def get_images(self, response, request, info, *, item=None):
+            for path, image, buf in super().get_images(response, request, info, item=item):
+                if not self.is_valid_image(image):
+                    raise ImageException("Image does not match criteria")
+                yield path, image, buf
+
+
 .. _MD5 hash: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5
+.. _TensorFlow: https://tensorflow.org

docs/topics/practices.rst

@@ -17,8 +17,10 @@ Run Scrapy from a script
 You can use the :ref:`API <topics-api>` to run Scrapy from a script, instead of
 the typical way of running Scrapy via ``scrapy crawl``.
 
-Remember that Scrapy is built on top of the Twisted
+Remember that Scrapy requires a Twisted reactor or (with
-asynchronous networking library, so you need to run it inside the Twisted reactor.
+:setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED` set to ``False``) an asyncio event loop, so
+you need to run one of those in your script for it to work (helpers described
+below can do it for you).
 
 The first utility you can use to run your spiders is
 :class:`scrapy.crawler.AsyncCrawlerProcess` or
@@ -347,10 +349,10 @@ finishes before starting the next one:
     install_reactor("twisted.internet.asyncioreactor.AsyncioSelectorReactor")
     react(deferred_f_from_coro_f(crawl))
 
-.. note:: When running multiple spiders in the same process, :ref:`reactor
+.. note:: When running multiple spiders in the same process, :ref:`logging
-    settings <reactor-settings>` should not have a different value per spider.
+    settings <logging-settings>` and :ref:`reactor settings <reactor-settings>`
-    Also, :ref:`pre-crawler settings <pre-crawler-settings>` cannot be defined
+    should not have a different value per spider, and :ref:`pre-crawler
-    per spider.
+    settings <pre-crawler-settings>` cannot be defined per spider.
 
 .. seealso:: :ref:`run-from-script`.
 
@@ -387,6 +389,26 @@ crawl::
     curl http://scrapy2.mycompany.com:6800/schedule.json -d project=myproject -d spider=spider1 -d part=2
     curl http://scrapy3.mycompany.com:6800/schedule.json -d project=myproject -d spider=spider1 -d part=3
 
+.. _large-project-startup:
+
+Reducing startup time in large projects
+=======================================
+
+When running a spider with ``scrapy crawl``, Scrapy loads all modules listed in
+:setting:`SPIDER_MODULES` to find the target spider. In large projects with
+many spiders, this can noticeably increase startup time and memory usage.
+
+To avoid loading every spider module, override :setting:`SPIDER_MODULES` on the
+command line to point only to the module that contains the spider you want to
+run:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+    scrapy crawl myspider -s SPIDER_MODULES=myproject.spiders.myspider
+
+Because :setting:`SPIDER_MODULES` is a list setting, you can include multiple
+modules by separating them with commas.
+
 .. _bans:
 
 Avoiding getting banned
@@ -409,6 +431,10 @@ Here are some tips to keep in mind when dealing with these kinds of sites:
 * use a pool of rotating IPs. For example, the free `Tor project`_ or paid
   services like `ProxyMesh`_. An open source alternative is `scrapoxy`_, a
   super proxy that you can attach your own proxies to.
+* for HTTPS websites, if blocking appears related to TLS behavior, consider
+  adjusting the :setting:`DOWNLOAD_TLS_MIN_VERSION` and
+  :setting:`DOWNLOAD_TLS_MAX_VERSION` settings, since some websites may respond
+  differently depending on the TLS method used by the client.
 * use a ban avoidance service, such as `Zyte API`_, which provides a `Scrapy
   plugin <https://github.com/scrapy-plugins/scrapy-zyte-api>`__ and additional
   features, like `AI web scraping <https://www.zyte.com/ai-web-scraping/>`__
@@ -416,6 +442,14 @@ Here are some tips to keep in mind when dealing with these kinds of sites:
 If you are still unable to prevent your bot getting banned, consider contacting
 `commercial support`_.
 
+.. _static-analysis:
+
+Static analysis
+===============
+
+Consider using :doc:`scrapy-lint <scrapy-lint:index>`, a linter for Scrapy
+projects that detects common mistakes and anti-patterns.
+
 .. _Tor project: https://www.torproject.org/
 .. _commercial support: https://www.scrapy.org/companies
 .. _ProxyMesh: https://proxymesh.com/

docs/topics/request-response.rst

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Request objects
 
         .. invisible-code-block: python
 
-            from scrapy.http import Request
+            from scrapy import Request
 
         1. Using a dict:
 
@@ -117,6 +117,9 @@ Request objects
     :param encoding: the encoding of this request (defaults to ``'utf-8'``).
        This encoding will be used to percent-encode the URL and to convert the
        body to bytes (if given as a string).
+
+       To disable URL percent-encoding for a request, use the
+       :reqmeta:`verbatim_url` request meta key.
     :type encoding: str
 
     :param priority: sets :attr:`priority`, defaults to ``0``.
@@ -136,9 +139,13 @@ Request objects
 
     .. attribute:: Request.url
 
-        A string containing the URL of this request. Keep in mind that this
+        A string containing the URL of this request.
-        attribute contains the escaped URL, so it can differ from the URL passed in
+
-        the ``__init__()`` method.
+        Keep in mind that this attribute contains the escaped URL, so it can
+        differ from the URL passed in the ``__init__()`` method.
+
+        If :reqmeta:`verbatim_url` is set to ``True``, the URL is kept as
+        passed to ``__init__()``.
 
         This attribute is read-only. To change the URL of a Request use
         :meth:`replace`.
@@ -181,6 +188,13 @@ Request objects
         ``failure.request.cb_kwargs`` in the request's errback. For more information,
         see :ref:`errback-cb_kwargs`.
 
+        .. note:: When :setting:`JOBDIR` is set, requests are serialized to disk
+            with :mod:`pickle` (see :ref:`request-serialization`). As a result,
+            the callback receives a deep copy of any object stored in
+            ``cb_kwargs``, so mutating such an object in the callback does not
+            affect the original. Avoid relying on shared mutable state passed
+            through ``cb_kwargs`` in that case.
+
     .. attribute:: Request.meta
        :value: {}
 
@@ -233,7 +247,7 @@ Request objects
        Return a new Request which is a copy of this Request. See also:
        :ref:`topics-request-response-ref-request-callback-arguments`.
 
-    .. method:: Request.replace([url, method, headers, body, cookies, meta, flags, encoding, priority, dont_filter, callback, errback, cb_kwargs])
+    .. method:: Request.replace([url, method, headers, body, cookies, meta, flags, encoding, priority, dont_filter, callback, errback, cb_kwargs, cls])
 
        Return a Request object with the same members, except for those members
        given new values by whichever keyword arguments are specified. The
@@ -246,6 +260,78 @@ Request objects
     .. automethod:: to_dict
 
 
+.. _form:
+
+Creating requests that submit HTML forms
+----------------------------------------
+
+Use :doc:`form2request <form2request:index>` to build request data from an HTML
+``<form>`` element and convert it to a :class:`~scrapy.Request`.
+
+Install it with pip:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    pip install form2request
+
+Select the desired form with CSS or XPath, then build and convert request
+data:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from form2request import form2request
+
+
+    def parse(self, response):
+        form = response.css("form#search")
+        request_data = form2request(form, data={"q": "scrapy"})
+        yield request_data.to_scrapy(callback=self.parse_results)
+
+Use ``data`` to override field values. To drop a field from the resulting
+request, set its value to ``None``.
+
+By default, form2request simulates clicking the first submit button. To submit
+without clicking any button, pass ``click=False``. To click a specific submit
+button, pass its element:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def parse(self, response):
+        form = response.css("form#checkout")
+        submit = form.css('button[name="pay"]')
+        request_data = form2request(form, click=submit)
+
+.. _topics-request-response-ref-request-userlogin:
+
+Using form2request to simulate a user login
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+It is usual for web sites to provide pre-populated form fields through ``<input
+type="hidden">`` elements, such as session related data or authentication
+tokens (for login pages). Build the request from the form and only override the
+credentials:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    import scrapy
+    from form2request import form2request
+
+
+    class LoginSpider(scrapy.Spider):
+        name = "example.com"
+        start_urls = ["http://www.example.com/users/login.php"]
+
+        def parse(self, response):
+            form = response.css("form")
+            request_data = form2request(
+                form,
+                data={"username": "john", "password": "secret"},
+            )
+            yield request_data.to_scrapy(callback=self.after_login)
+
+        def after_login(self, response): ...
+
+
 Other functions related to requests
 -----------------------------------
 
@@ -469,6 +555,11 @@ in your :meth:`fingerprint` method implementation:
 
 .. autofunction:: scrapy.utils.request.fingerprint
 
+By default, request fingerprinting canonicalizes the request URL. If
+:reqmeta:`verbatim_url` is set to ``True``, fingerprinting does not
+canonicalize the URL, and the ``keep_fragments`` parameter is ignored (it is
+effectively true).
+
 For example, to take the value of a request header named ``X-ID`` into
 account:
 
@@ -626,18 +717,24 @@ Those are:
 * :reqmeta:`download_fail_on_dataloss`
 * :reqmeta:`download_latency`
 * :reqmeta:`download_maxsize`
+* :reqmeta:`download_slot`
 * :reqmeta:`download_warnsize`
 * :reqmeta:`download_timeout`
 * ``ftp_password`` (See :setting:`FTP_PASSWORD` for more info)
 * ``ftp_user`` (See :setting:`FTP_USER` for more info)
+* :reqmeta:`give_up_log_level`
 * :reqmeta:`handle_httpstatus_all`
 * :reqmeta:`handle_httpstatus_list`
+* :reqmeta:`http_auth_domain`
+* :reqmeta:`http_pass`
+* :reqmeta:`http_user`
 * :reqmeta:`is_start_request`
 * :reqmeta:`max_retry_times`
 * :reqmeta:`proxy`
 * :reqmeta:`redirect_reasons`
 * :reqmeta:`redirect_urls`
 * :reqmeta:`referrer_policy`
+* :reqmeta:`verbatim_url`
 
 .. reqmeta:: bindaddress
 
@@ -705,15 +802,68 @@ download_fail_on_dataloss
 Whether or not to fail on broken responses. See:
 :setting:`DOWNLOAD_FAIL_ON_DATALOSS`.
 
+.. reqmeta:: give_up_log_level
+
+give_up_log_level
+-----------------
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.17.0
+
+:ref:`Logging level <levels>` used for the message logged when a request
+exceeds its retries. See :setting:`RETRY_GIVE_UP_LOG_LEVEL` for details.
+
+.. reqmeta:: http_auth_domain
+
+http_auth_domain
+----------------
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.17.0
+
+Overrides :setting:`HTTPAUTH_DOMAIN` for this request.
+
+.. reqmeta:: http_pass
+
+http_pass
+---------
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.17.0
+
+Overrides :setting:`HTTPAUTH_PASS` for this request.
+
+.. reqmeta:: http_user
+
+http_user
+---------
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.17.0
+
+Overrides :setting:`HTTPAUTH_USER` for this request.
+
 .. reqmeta:: max_retry_times
 
 max_retry_times
 ---------------
 
-The meta key is used set retry times per request. When initialized, the
+The meta key is used set retry times per request. When set, the
 :reqmeta:`max_retry_times` meta key takes higher precedence over the
 :setting:`RETRY_TIMES` setting.
 
+.. reqmeta:: verbatim_url
+
+verbatim_url
+------------
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.17.0
+
+Set this key to ``True`` to keep the request URL as passed to
+:class:`~scrapy.Request`, without URL percent-encoding.
+
+When this key is enabled, :func:`~scrapy.utils.request.fingerprint` does not
+canonicalize the request URL, so requests whose URLs differ only in
+characters that would otherwise be canonicalized get different fingerprints.
+
+In this mode, the ``keep_fragments`` parameter is ignored, and it is
+effectively true.
 
 .. _topics-stop-response-download:
 
@@ -771,158 +921,10 @@ Request subclasses
 Here is the list of built-in :class:`~scrapy.Request` subclasses. You can also subclass
 it to implement your own custom functionality.
 
-FormRequest objects
+FormRequest
--------------------
+-----------
 
-The FormRequest class extends the base :class:`~scrapy.Request` with functionality for
+.. autoclass:: scrapy.FormRequest
-dealing with HTML forms. It uses `lxml.html forms`_  to pre-populate form
-fields with form data from :class:`Response` objects.
-
-.. _lxml.html forms: https://lxml.de/lxmlhtml.html#forms
-
-.. currentmodule:: None
-
-.. class:: scrapy.FormRequest(url, [formdata, ...])
-    :canonical: scrapy.http.request.form.FormRequest
-
-    The :class:`~scrapy.FormRequest` class adds a new keyword parameter to the ``__init__()`` method. The
-    remaining arguments are the same as for the :class:`~scrapy.Request` class and are
-    not documented here.
-
-    :param formdata: is a dictionary (or iterable of (key, value) tuples)
-       containing HTML Form data which will be url-encoded and assigned to the
-       body of the request.
-    :type formdata: dict or collections.abc.Iterable
-
-    The :class:`~scrapy.FormRequest` objects support the following class method in
-    addition to the standard :class:`~scrapy.Request` methods:
-
-    .. classmethod:: from_response(response, [formname=None, formid=None, formnumber=0, formdata=None, formxpath=None, formcss=None, clickdata=None, dont_click=False, ...])
-
-       Returns a new :class:`~scrapy.FormRequest` object with its form field values
-       pre-populated with those found in the HTML ``<form>`` element contained
-       in the given response. For an example see
-       :ref:`topics-request-response-ref-request-userlogin`.
-
-       The policy is to automatically simulate a click, by default, on any form
-       control that looks clickable, like a ``<input type="submit">``.  Even
-       though this is quite convenient, and often the desired behaviour,
-       sometimes it can cause problems which could be hard to debug. For
-       example, when working with forms that are filled and/or submitted using
-       javascript, the default :meth:`from_response` behaviour may not be the
-       most appropriate. To disable this behaviour you can set the
-       ``dont_click`` argument to ``True``. Also, if you want to change the
-       control clicked (instead of disabling it) you can also use the
-       ``clickdata`` argument.
-
-       .. caution:: Using this method with select elements which have leading
-          or trailing whitespace in the option values will not work due to a
-          `bug in lxml`_, which should be fixed in lxml 3.8 and above.
-
-       :param response: the response containing a HTML form which will be used
-          to pre-populate the form fields
-       :type response: :class:`~scrapy.http.Response` object
-
-       :param formname: if given, the form with name attribute set to this value will be used.
-       :type formname: str
-
-       :param formid: if given, the form with id attribute set to this value will be used.
-       :type formid: str
-
-       :param formxpath: if given, the first form that matches the xpath will be used.
-       :type formxpath: str
-
-       :param formcss: if given, the first form that matches the css selector will be used.
-       :type formcss: str
-
-       :param formnumber: the number of form to use, when the response contains
-          multiple forms. The first one (and also the default) is ``0``.
-       :type formnumber: int
-
-       :param formdata: fields to override in the form data. If a field was
-          already present in the response ``<form>`` element, its value is
-          overridden by the one passed in this parameter. If a value passed in
-          this parameter is ``None``, the field will not be included in the
-          request, even if it was present in the response ``<form>`` element.
-       :type formdata: dict
-
-       :param clickdata: attributes to lookup the control clicked. If it's not
-         given, the form data will be submitted simulating a click on the
-         first clickable element. In addition to html attributes, the control
-         can be identified by its zero-based index relative to other
-         submittable inputs inside the form, via the ``nr`` attribute.
-       :type clickdata: dict
-
-       :param dont_click: If True, the form data will be submitted without
-         clicking in any element.
-       :type dont_click: bool
-
-       The other parameters of this class method are passed directly to the
-       :class:`~scrapy.FormRequest` ``__init__()`` method.
-
-.. currentmodule:: scrapy.http
-
-Request usage examples
-----------------------
-
-Using FormRequest to send data via HTTP POST
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-If you want to simulate a HTML Form POST in your spider and send a couple of
-key-value fields, you can return a :class:`~scrapy.FormRequest` object (from your
-spider) like this:
-
-.. skip: next
-.. code-block:: python
-
-   return [
-       FormRequest(
-           url="http://www.example.com/post/action",
-           formdata={"name": "John Doe", "age": "27"},
-           callback=self.after_post,
-       )
-   ]
-
-.. _topics-request-response-ref-request-userlogin:
-
-Using FormRequest.from_response() to simulate a user login
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-It is usual for web sites to provide pre-populated form fields through ``<input
-type="hidden">`` elements, such as session related data or authentication
-tokens (for login pages). When scraping, you'll want these fields to be
-automatically pre-populated and only override a couple of them, such as the
-user name and password. You can use the :meth:`.FormRequest.from_response`
-method for this job. Here's an example spider which uses it:
-
-.. code-block:: python
-
-    import scrapy
-
-
-    def authentication_failed(response):
-        # TODO: Check the contents of the response and return True if it failed
-        # or False if it succeeded.
-        pass
-
-
-    class LoginSpider(scrapy.Spider):
-        name = "example.com"
-        start_urls = ["http://www.example.com/users/login.php"]
-
-        def parse(self, response):
-            return scrapy.FormRequest.from_response(
-                response,
-                formdata={"username": "john", "password": "secret"},
-                callback=self.after_login,
-            )
-
-        def after_login(self, response):
-            if authentication_failed(response):
-                self.logger.error("Login failed")
-                return
-
-            # continue scraping with authenticated session...
 
 JsonRequest
 -----------
@@ -998,7 +1000,7 @@ Response objects
     :type request: scrapy.Request
 
     :param certificate: an object representing the server's SSL certificate.
-    :type certificate: twisted.internet.ssl.Certificate
+    :type certificate: typing.Any
 
     :param ip_address: The IP address of the server from which the Response originated.
     :type ip_address: :class:`ipaddress.IPv4Address` or :class:`ipaddress.IPv6Address`
@@ -1023,7 +1025,7 @@ Response objects
 
         A dictionary-like (:class:`scrapy.http.headers.Headers`) object which contains
         the response headers. Values can be accessed using
-        :meth:`~scrapy.http.headers.Headers.get` to return the first header value with
+        :meth:`~scrapy.http.headers.Headers.get` to return the last header value with
         the specified name or :meth:`~scrapy.http.headers.Headers.getlist` to return
         all header values with the specified name. For example, this call will give you
         all cookies in the headers::
@@ -1084,14 +1086,14 @@ Response objects
     .. attribute:: Response.flags
 
         A list that contains flags for this response. Flags are labels used for
-        tagging Responses. For example: ``'cached'``, ``'redirected``', etc. And
+        tagging Responses. For example: ``'cached'``, ``'redirected'``', etc. And
         they're shown on the string representation of the Response (``__str__()``
         method) which is used by the engine for logging.
 
     .. attribute:: Response.certificate
 
-        A :class:`twisted.internet.ssl.Certificate` object representing
+        An object representing the server's SSL certificate. Its type and
-        the server's SSL certificate.
+        contents depend on the download handler that produced the response.
 
         Only populated for ``https`` responses, ``None`` otherwise.
 
@@ -1099,8 +1101,8 @@ Response objects
 
         The IP address of the server from which the Response originated.
 
-        This attribute is currently only populated by the HTTP 1.1 download
+        This attribute is currently only populated by the HTTP download
-        handler, i.e. for ``http(s)`` responses. For other handlers,
+        handlers, i.e. for ``http(s)`` responses. For other handlers,
         :attr:`ip_address` is always ``None``.
 
     .. attribute:: Response.protocol
@@ -1118,7 +1120,7 @@ Response objects
 
        Returns a new Response which is a copy of this Response.
 
-    .. method:: Response.replace([url, status, headers, body, request, flags, cls])
+    .. method:: Response.replace([url, status, headers, body, request, flags, certificate, ip_address, protocol, cls])
 
        Returns a Response object with the same members, except for those members
        given new values by whichever keyword arguments are specified. The

docs/topics/security.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+.. _security:
+
+========
+Security
+========
+
+Scrapy defaults are optimized for web scraping, not for the security posture
+that you might expect from software that handles untrusted input or runs in a
+shared or exposed environment. Some common security practices are unnecessary
+for many scraping use cases, and a few can even prevent valid ones (for
+example, sites that you must scrape may use misconfigured TLS certificates or
+serve content over unencrypted protocols).
+
+This page highlights the Scrapy defaults that have security implications, so
+that you can make an informed decision about whether to keep them, and explains
+how to harden them along with the trade-offs involved.
+
+.. note::
+
+    None of the options below are silver bullets. Which of them make sense
+    depends on your threat model: whether the URLs you crawl come from trusted
+    sources, whether the machine running Scrapy is exposed to a network you do
+    not control, whether the data you handle is sensitive, and so on.
+
+.. _security-untrusted-responses:
+
+Treat responses as untrusted input
+==================================
+
+Regardless of any setting, remember that response data comes from servers you
+do not control, even when you trust the site you are crawling, as responses may
+be tampered with in transit or the server itself may be compromised.
+
+Never pass response data to functions that can execute code or otherwise act on
+their input in an unsafe way, such as :func:`eval`, :func:`exec`, or
+:func:`pickle.loads`, and be careful when writing response data to paths
+derived from the response itself.
+
+TLS connections
+===============
+
+.. _security-certificate-verification:
+
+Certificate verification
+------------------------
+
+By default Scrapy does **not** verify the TLS certificate of HTTPS servers, as
+controlled by the :setting:`DOWNLOAD_VERIFY_CERTIFICATES` setting (default:
+``False``).
+
+This default favors reach over security: many sites that are otherwise fine to
+scrape have expired, self-signed, or otherwise invalid certificates, and
+verifying certificates would make requests to them fail.
+
+If the integrity of the connection matters to you (for example, to detect
+man-in-the-middle attacks), set:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    DOWNLOAD_VERIFY_CERTIFICATES = True
+
+* **Pro:** requests to servers with invalid or untrusted certificates fail
+  instead of silently succeeding, protecting you from some man-in-the-middle
+  attacks.
+
+* **Con:** you can no longer scrape sites with misconfigured certificates
+  without re-disabling verification for them.
+
+.. _security-tls-protocols-ciphers:
+
+Protocol versions and ciphers
+-----------------------------
+
+You can restrict the TLS protocol versions that Scrapy accepts through the
+:setting:`DOWNLOAD_TLS_MIN_VERSION` and :setting:`DOWNLOAD_TLS_MAX_VERSION`
+settings, e.g. to reject obsolete protocol versions.
+
+By default Scrapy uses the OpenSSL ``DEFAULT`` cipher list
+(:setting:`DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_CIPHERS`), which favors compatibility and still
+allows some older, weaker ciphers. Set it to ``None`` to instead use the curated
+cipher list of the underlying TLS implementation (Twisted), which excludes weak
+ciphers:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_CIPHERS = None
+
+* **Pro:** connections that would negotiate a weak cipher fail instead of
+  succeeding.
+
+* **Con:** you can no longer connect to servers that only support the excluded
+  ciphers.
+
+.. _security-unencrypted-protocols:
+
+Unencrypted protocols
+=====================
+
+By default Scrapy enables download handlers for unencrypted protocols, namely
+``http://`` and ``ftp://`` (see :setting:`DOWNLOAD_HANDLERS_BASE`). Data sent
+and received over these protocols, including any credentials, travels in plain
+text and can be read or modified by anyone on the network path.
+
+If you only crawl over encrypted protocols, you can disable the unencrypted
+ones so that no request can accidentally be sent unencrypted:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    DOWNLOAD_HANDLERS = {
+        "http": None,
+        "ftp": None,
+    }
+
+* **Pro:** a misconfigured or maliciously-redirected request cannot leak data
+  over an unencrypted connection, as such requests fail instead.
+
+* **Con:** you can no longer crawl resources that are only available over those
+  protocols.
+
+Note that disabling the ``http`` handler also prevents plain-HTTP requests that
+result from following an ``http://`` redirect or link, which is often the point
+of disabling it.
+
+.. _security-local-resources:
+
+Local and non-network resources
+===============================
+
+By default Scrapy enables download handlers for the ``file://`` and ``data:``
+schemes (see :setting:`DOWNLOAD_HANDLERS_BASE`). The ``file://`` handler reads
+arbitrary files from the local filesystem, limited only by the permissions of
+the process running Scrapy.
+
+This is convenient (for example, to parse a local HTML file), but it is a risk
+if any of the URLs you schedule come from an untrusted source: a crafted
+``file:///etc/passwd`` URL could read local files.
+
+If you do not need them, disable these handlers:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    DOWNLOAD_HANDLERS = {
+        "file": None,
+        "data": None,
+    }
+
+* **Pro:** crawled URLs cannot be used to read local files or inline data.
+
+* **Con:** you can no longer fetch ``file://`` or ``data:`` URLs.
+
+More generally, if you crawl URLs from untrusted sources, consider validating
+their schemes (and, where applicable, their hosts) before scheduling requests,
+to avoid server-side request forgery (SSRF) and similar issues.
+
+.. _security-telnet:
+
+Telnet console
+==============
+
+Scrapy enables the :ref:`telnet console <topics-telnetconsole>` by default
+(:setting:`TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED`). The telnet console is a Python shell
+running inside the Scrapy process, so anyone who can connect to it can run
+arbitrary code in that process.
+
+By default the console binds to ``127.0.0.1`` (:setting:`TELNETCONSOLE_HOST`)
+and is protected by a username (:setting:`TELNETCONSOLE_USERNAME`, default
+``scrapy``) and an automatically generated password
+(:setting:`TELNETCONSOLE_PASSWORD`), so it is only reachable from the local
+machine.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    Telnet does not provide any transport-layer security, so the
+    username/password authentication does not protect the credentials or the
+    session from anyone able to observe the traffic. Never expose the telnet
+    console over an untrusted network by changing :setting:`TELNETCONSOLE_HOST`
+    to a non-local address.
+
+If you do not use the telnet console, disable it entirely:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False
+
+* **Pro:** removes a local code-execution surface and one less listening port.
+
+* **Con:** you can no longer :ref:`inspect and control a running crawler
+  <topics-telnetconsole>` through it.
+
+.. _security-credential-leakage:
+
+Credential leakage across domains
+=================================
+
+Some Scrapy features attach credentials or other sensitive headers to requests,
+and a crawl that spans multiple domains can leak them to unintended hosts:
+
+* HTTP authentication credentials set through
+  :class:`~scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpauth.HttpAuthMiddleware` are only
+  sent to the domain set in :setting:`HTTPAUTH_DOMAIN`. Leave this set to the
+  intended domain rather than ``None`` so that credentials are not sent to
+  every domain you crawl.
+
+* The ``Referer`` header may disclose the URLs you crawl to other sites. The
+  default :setting:`REFERRER_POLICY` already avoids sending the referrer from
+  HTTPS to HTTP, but you can tighten it further (for example, to
+  ``same-origin`` or ``no-referrer``) if needed.

docs/topics/selectors.rst

@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ Examples:
 
 * ``*::text`` selects all descendant text nodes of the current selector context:
 
-..skip: next
+.. skip: next
 .. code-block:: pycon
 
     >>> response.css("#images *::text").getall()
@@ -634,8 +634,7 @@ Example:
 .. code-block:: pycon
 
     >>> from scrapy import Selector
-    >>> sel = Selector(
+    >>> sel = Selector(text="""
-    ...     text="""
     ...     <ul class="list">
     ...         <li>1</li>
     ...         <li>2</li>
@@ -645,8 +644,8 @@ Example:
     ...         <li>4</li>
     ...         <li>5</li>
     ...         <li>6</li>
-    ...     </ul>"""
+    ...     </ul>""")
-    ... )
+    ...
     >>> xp = lambda x: sel.xpath(x).getall()
 
 This gets all first ``<li>``  elements under whatever it is its parent:
@@ -948,11 +947,9 @@ with groups of itemscopes and corresponding itemprops:
     >>> sel = Selector(text=doc, type="html")
     >>> for scope in sel.xpath("//div[@itemscope]"):
     ...     print("current scope:", scope.xpath("@itemtype").getall())
-    ...     props = scope.xpath(
+    ...     props = scope.xpath("""
-    ...         """
     ...                 set:difference(./descendant::*/@itemprop,
-    ...                                .//*[@itemscope]/*/@itemprop)"""
+    ...                                .//*[@itemscope]/*/@itemprop)""")
-    ...     )
     ...     print(f"    properties: {props.getall()}")
     ...     print("")
     ...

docs/topics/settings.rst

@@ -361,6 +361,31 @@ All of these settings, except for :setting:`ASYNCIO_EVENT_LOOP`, are only used
 when the Twisted reactor is used, i.e. when :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED`
 is ``True``.
 
+.. _logging-settings:
+
+Logging settings
+----------------
+
+**Logging settings** are settings that configure the global root logging
+handler installed by :func:`~scrapy.utils.log.configure_logging`.
+
+These settings can be defined from a spider. However, because only 1 root
+logging handler is active per process, these settings cannot use a different
+value per spider when :ref:`running multiple spiders in the same process
+<run-multiple-spiders>`.
+
+These settings are:
+
+-   :setting:`LOG_DATEFORMAT`
+-   :setting:`LOG_ENABLED`
+-   :setting:`LOG_ENCODING`
+-   :setting:`LOG_FILE`
+-   :setting:`LOG_FILE_APPEND`
+-   :setting:`LOG_FORMAT`
+-   :setting:`LOG_LEVEL`
+-   :setting:`LOG_SHORT_NAMES`
+-   :setting:`LOG_STDOUT`
+
 .. _topics-settings-ref:
 
 Built-in settings reference
@@ -384,6 +409,36 @@ Default: ``{}``
 A dict containing paths to the add-ons enabled in your project and their
 priorities. For more information, see :ref:`topics-addons`.
 
+.. setting:: ASYNCIO_EVENT_LOOP
+
+ASYNCIO_EVENT_LOOP
+------------------
+
+Default: ``None``
+
+Import path of a given ``asyncio`` event loop class.
+
+If the asyncio reactor is enabled (see :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR`) or when
+:ref:`running Scrapy without a reactor <asyncio-without-reactor>` this setting
+can be used to specify the
+asyncio event loop to be used with it. Set the setting to the import path of the
+desired asyncio event loop class. If the setting is set to ``None`` the default asyncio
+event loop will be used.
+
+If you are installing the asyncio reactor manually using the :func:`~scrapy.utils.reactor.install_reactor`
+function, you can use the ``event_loop_path`` parameter to indicate the import path of the event loop
+class to be used.
+
+Note that the event loop class must inherit from :class:`asyncio.AbstractEventLoop`.
+
+.. caution:: Please be aware that, when using a non-default event loop
+    (either defined via :setting:`ASYNCIO_EVENT_LOOP` or installed with
+    :func:`~scrapy.utils.reactor.install_reactor`), Scrapy will call
+    :func:`asyncio.set_event_loop`, which will set the specified event loop
+    as the current loop for the current OS thread.
+
+.. note:: This is a :ref:`reactor setting <reactor-settings>`.
+
 .. setting:: AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
 
 AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
@@ -394,6 +449,24 @@ Default: ``None``
 The AWS access key used by code that requires access to `Amazon Web services`_,
 such as the :ref:`S3 feed storage backend <topics-feed-storage-s3>`.
 
+.. setting:: AWS_ENDPOINT_URL
+
+AWS_ENDPOINT_URL
+----------------
+
+Default: ``None``
+
+Endpoint URL used for S3-like storage, for example Minio or s3.scality.
+
+.. setting:: AWS_REGION_NAME
+
+AWS_REGION_NAME
+---------------
+
+Default: ``None``
+
+The name of the region associated with the AWS client.
+
 .. setting:: AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
 
 AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
@@ -417,15 +490,6 @@ such as the :ref:`S3 feed storage backend <topics-feed-storage-s3>`, when using
 
 .. _temporary security credentials: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/security-creds.html
 
-.. setting:: AWS_ENDPOINT_URL
-
-AWS_ENDPOINT_URL
-----------------
-
-Default: ``None``
-
-Endpoint URL used for S3-like storage, for example Minio or s3.scality.
-
 .. setting:: AWS_USE_SSL
 
 AWS_USE_SSL
@@ -446,41 +510,6 @@ Default: ``None``
 Verify SSL connection between Scrapy and S3 or S3-like storage. By default
 SSL verification will occur.
 
-.. setting:: AWS_REGION_NAME
-
-AWS_REGION_NAME
----------------
-
-Default: ``None``
-
-The name of the region associated with the AWS client.
-
-.. setting:: ASYNCIO_EVENT_LOOP
-
-ASYNCIO_EVENT_LOOP
-------------------
-
-Default: ``None``
-
-Import path of a given ``asyncio`` event loop class.
-
-If the asyncio reactor is enabled (see :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR`) this setting can be used to specify the
-asyncio event loop to be used with it. Set the setting to the import path of the
-desired asyncio event loop class. If the setting is set to ``None`` the default asyncio
-event loop will be used.
-
-If you are installing the asyncio reactor manually using the :func:`~scrapy.utils.reactor.install_reactor`
-function, you can use the ``event_loop_path`` parameter to indicate the import path of the event loop
-class to be used.
-
-Note that the event loop class must inherit from :class:`asyncio.AbstractEventLoop`.
-
-.. caution:: Please be aware that, when using a non-default event loop
-    (either defined via :setting:`ASYNCIO_EVENT_LOOP` or installed with
-    :func:`~scrapy.utils.reactor.install_reactor`), Scrapy will call
-    :func:`asyncio.set_event_loop`, which will set the specified event loop
-    as the current loop for the current OS thread.
-
 .. setting:: BOT_NAME
 
 BOT_NAME
@@ -527,6 +556,8 @@ performed to any single domain.
 See also: :ref:`topics-autothrottle` and its
 :setting:`AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY` option.
 
+It is possible to change this setting per domain by using
+:setting:`DOWNLOAD_SLOTS`.
 
 .. setting:: DEFAULT_DROPITEM_LOG_LEVEL
 
@@ -566,7 +597,7 @@ When writing an item pipeline, you can force a different log level by setting
 DEFAULT_ITEM_CLASS
 ------------------
 
-Default: ``'scrapy.Item'``
+Default: ``'scrapy.item.Item'``
 
 The default class that will be used for instantiating items in the :ref:`the
 Scrapy shell <topics-shell>`.
@@ -660,7 +691,9 @@ Whether to enable DNS in-memory cache.
     :class:`~scrapy.resolver.CachingThreadedResolver` and
     :class:`~scrapy.resolver.CachingHostnameResolver`. It has no effect when
     :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED` is ``False``, and may have no effect
-    either when :setting:`DNS_RESOLVER` is set to a different resolver.
+    either when :setting:`TWISTED_DNS_RESOLVER` is set to a different resolver.
+
+.. note:: This is a :ref:`reactor setting <reactor-settings>`.
 
 .. setting:: DNSCACHE_SIZE
 
@@ -671,22 +704,7 @@ Default: ``10000``
 
 DNS in-memory cache size, see :setting:`DNSCACHE_ENABLED`.
 
-.. setting:: TWISTED_DNS_RESOLVER
+.. note:: This is a :ref:`reactor setting <reactor-settings>`.
-
-TWISTED_DNS_RESOLVER
---------------------
-
-Default: ``'scrapy.resolver.CachingThreadedResolver'``
-
-The class to be used by Twisted to resolve DNS names. The default
-``scrapy.resolver.CachingThreadedResolver`` supports specifying a timeout for
-DNS requests via the :setting:`DNS_TIMEOUT` setting, but works only with IPv4
-addresses. Scrapy provides an alternative resolver,
-``scrapy.resolver.CachingHostnameResolver``, which supports IPv4/IPv6 addresses but does not
-take the :setting:`DNS_TIMEOUT` setting into account.
-
-.. note::
-    This setting has no effect when :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED` is ``False``.
 
 .. setting:: DNS_TIMEOUT
 
@@ -701,7 +719,9 @@ Timeout for processing of DNS queries in seconds. Float is supported.
     This setting is only used by
     :class:`~scrapy.resolver.CachingThreadedResolver`. It has no effect when
     :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED` is ``False``, and may have no effect
-    either when :setting:`DNS_RESOLVER` is set to a different resolver.
+    either when :setting:`TWISTED_DNS_RESOLVER` is set to a different resolver.
+
+.. note:: This is a :ref:`reactor setting <reactor-settings>`.
 
 .. setting:: DOWNLOADER
 
@@ -728,41 +748,74 @@ necessary to access certain HTTPS websites: for example, you may need to use
 ``'DEFAULT:!DH'`` for a website with weak DH parameters or enable a
 specific cipher that is not included in ``DEFAULT`` if a website requires it.
 
+Set this setting to ``None`` to use the default ciphers of the underlying TLS
+implementation.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.17.0
+   Added support for setting this to ``None``.
+
 .. _OpenSSL cipher list format: https://docs.openssl.org/master/man1/openssl-ciphers/#cipher-list-format
 
 .. note::
 
     Handling of this setting needs to be implemented inside the :ref:`download
     handler <topics-download-handlers>`, so it's not guaranteed to be supported
-    by all 3rd-party handlers. It's currently unsupported by
+    by all 3rd-party handlers.
-    :class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers._httpx.HttpxDownloadHandler`.
 
-.. setting:: DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_METHOD
+.. seealso:: :ref:`security-tls-protocols-ciphers`
 
-DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_METHOD
+.. setting:: DOWNLOAD_TLS_MAX_VERSION
-----------------------------
 
-Default: ``'TLS'``
+DOWNLOAD_TLS_MAX_VERSION
+------------------------
 
-Use this setting to customize the TLS/SSL method used by the HTTPS download
+.. versionadded:: 2.17.0
-handler.
 
-This setting must be one of these string values:
+Default: ``None``
 
-- ``'TLS'``: maps to OpenSSL's ``TLS_method()`` (a.k.a ``SSLv23_method()``),
+Use this setting to change the maximum version of the TLS protocol allowed to
-  which allows protocol negotiation, starting from the highest supported
+be used by Scrapy.
-  by the platform; **default, recommended**
+
-- ``'TLSv1.0'``: this value forces HTTPS connections to use TLS version 1.0 ;
+This setting must be either ``None``, in which case it doesn't affect the
-  set this if you want the behavior of Scrapy<1.1
+version selection, or one of these string values:
-- ``'TLSv1.1'``: forces TLS version 1.1
+
-- ``'TLSv1.2'``: forces TLS version 1.2
+- ``'TLSv1.0'``
+- ``'TLSv1.1'``
+- ``'TLSv1.2'``
+- ``'TLSv1.3'``
+
+The range of allowed TLS versions advertised by Scrapy when making TLS
+connections will depend on the TLS implementation defaults and the values of
+:setting:`DOWNLOAD_TLS_MIN_VERSION` and :setting:`DOWNLOAD_TLS_MAX_VERSION`.
+It's possible to re-enable versions that are supported by the TLS
+implementation but disabled by default by adjusting these settings, but it's
+impossible to enable unsupported ones, such as any versions below 1.2 in many
+modern environments.
 
 .. note::
 
     Handling of this setting needs to be implemented inside the :ref:`download
     handler <topics-download-handlers>`, so it's not guaranteed to be supported
-    by all 3rd-party handlers. It's currently unsupported by
+    by all 3rd-party handlers. Additionally, the set of supported TLS versions
-    :class:`~scrapy.core.downloader.handlers._httpx.HttpxDownloadHandler`.
+    depends on the TLS implementation being used by the handler.
+
+.. seealso:: :ref:`security-tls-protocols-ciphers`
+
+.. setting:: DOWNLOAD_TLS_MIN_VERSION
+
+DOWNLOAD_TLS_MIN_VERSION
+------------------------
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.17.0
+
+Default: ``None``
+
+Use this setting to change the minimum version of the TLS protocol allowed to
+be used by Scrapy.
+
+See :setting:`DOWNLOAD_TLS_MAX_VERSION` for the details and limitations.
+
+.. seealso:: :ref:`security-tls-protocols-ciphers`
 
 .. setting:: DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_VERBOSE_LOGGING
 
@@ -809,7 +862,6 @@ Default:
         "scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.defaultheaders.DefaultHeadersMiddleware": 400,
         "scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware": 500,
         "scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.retry.RetryMiddleware": 550,
-        "scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.ajaxcrawl.AjaxCrawlMiddleware": 560,
         "scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.redirect.MetaRefreshMiddleware": 580,
         "scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcompression.HttpCompressionMiddleware": 590,
         "scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.redirect.RedirectMiddleware": 600,
@@ -869,9 +921,8 @@ desired.
 
     This delay can be set per spider using :attr:`download_delay` spider attribute.
 
-It is also possible to change this setting per domain, although it requires
+It is possible to change this setting per domain by using
-non-trivial code. See the implementation of the :ref:`AutoThrottle
+:setting:`DOWNLOAD_SLOTS`.
-<topics-autothrottle>` extension for an example.
 
 .. setting:: DOWNLOAD_BIND_ADDRESS
 
@@ -925,6 +976,9 @@ enabled in your project.
 
 See :setting:`DOWNLOAD_HANDLERS_BASE` for example format.
 
+.. seealso:: :ref:`security-unencrypted-protocols` and
+    :ref:`security-local-resources`
+
 .. setting:: DOWNLOAD_HANDLERS_BASE
 
 DOWNLOAD_HANDLERS_BASE
@@ -972,6 +1026,9 @@ handler (without replacement), place this in your ``settings.py``:
         "ftp": None,
     }
 
+.. seealso:: :ref:`security-unencrypted-protocols` and
+    :ref:`security-local-resources`
+
 
 .. setting:: DOWNLOAD_SLOTS
 
@@ -1130,6 +1187,8 @@ when making a request and abort the request if the verification fails.
     certificate problems are logged when this setting is set to ``False``)
     depends on its implementation.
 
+.. seealso:: :ref:`security-certificate-verification`
+
 .. setting:: DUPEFILTER_CLASS
 
 DUPEFILTER_CLASS
@@ -1255,6 +1314,7 @@ Default:
 
     {
         "scrapy.extensions.corestats.CoreStats": 0,
+        "scrapy.extensions.logcount.LogCount": 0,
         "scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole": 0,
         "scrapy.extensions.memusage.MemoryUsage": 0,
         "scrapy.extensions.memdebug.MemoryDebugger": 0,
@@ -1277,6 +1337,8 @@ and the :ref:`list of available extensions <topics-extensions-ref>`.
 FEED_TEMPDIR
 ------------
 
+Default: ``None``
+
 The Feed Temp dir allows you to set a custom folder to save crawler
 temporary files before uploading with :ref:`FTP feed storage <topics-feed-storage-ftp>` and
 :ref:`Amazon S3 <topics-feed-storage-s3>`.
@@ -1286,6 +1348,8 @@ temporary files before uploading with :ref:`FTP feed storage <topics-feed-storag
 FEED_STORAGE_GCS_ACL
 --------------------
 
+Default: ``""``
+
 The Access Control List (ACL) used when storing items to :ref:`Google Cloud Storage <topics-feed-storage-gcs>`.
 For more information on how to set this value, please refer to the column *JSON API* in `Google Cloud documentation <https://docs.cloud.google.com/storage/docs/access-control/lists>`_.
 
@@ -1297,14 +1361,19 @@ FORCE_CRAWLER_PROCESS
 Default: ``False``
 
 If ``False``, :ref:`Scrapy commands that need a CrawlerProcess
-<topics-commands-crawlerprocess>` will decide between using
+<topics-commands-crawlerprocess>`, when :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED`
+is set to ``True``, will decide between using
 :class:`scrapy.crawler.AsyncCrawlerProcess` and
 :class:`scrapy.crawler.CrawlerProcess` based on the value of the
 :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR` setting, but ignoring its value in :ref:`per-spider
 settings <spider-settings>`.
 
 If ``True``, these commands will always use
-:class:`~scrapy.crawler.CrawlerProcess`.
+:class:`~scrapy.crawler.CrawlerProcess` when :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED`
+is set to ``True``.
+
+When :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED` is set to ``False``,
+:class:`~scrapy.crawler.AsyncCrawlerProcess` will be used in all cases.
 
 Set this to ``True`` if you want to set :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR` to a
 non-default value in :ref:`per-spider settings <spider-settings>`.
@@ -1426,6 +1495,8 @@ Default: ``True``
 
 Whether to enable logging.
 
+.. note:: This is a :ref:`logging setting <logging-settings>`.
+
 .. setting:: LOG_ENCODING
 
 LOG_ENCODING
@@ -1435,6 +1506,8 @@ Default: ``'utf-8'``
 
 The encoding to use for logging.
 
+.. note:: This is a :ref:`logging setting <logging-settings>`.
+
 .. setting:: LOG_FILE
 
 LOG_FILE
@@ -1444,6 +1517,8 @@ Default: ``None``
 
 File name to use for logging output. If ``None``, standard error will be used.
 
+.. note:: This is a :ref:`logging setting <logging-settings>`.
+
 .. setting:: LOG_FILE_APPEND
 
 LOG_FILE_APPEND
@@ -1454,6 +1529,8 @@ Default: ``True``
 If ``False``, the log file specified with :setting:`LOG_FILE` will be
 overwritten (discarding the output from previous runs, if any).
 
+.. note:: This is a :ref:`logging setting <logging-settings>`.
+
 .. setting:: LOG_FORMAT
 
 LOG_FORMAT
@@ -1465,6 +1542,8 @@ String for formatting log messages. Refer to the
 :ref:`Python logging documentation <logrecord-attributes>` for the whole
 list of available placeholders.
 
+.. note:: This is a :ref:`logging setting <logging-settings>`.
+
 .. setting:: LOG_DATEFORMAT
 
 LOG_DATEFORMAT
@@ -1477,6 +1556,8 @@ in :setting:`LOG_FORMAT`. Refer to the
 :ref:`Python datetime documentation <strftime-strptime-behavior>` for the
 whole list of available directives.
 
+.. note:: This is a :ref:`logging setting <logging-settings>`.
+
 .. setting:: LOG_FORMATTER
 
 LOG_FORMATTER
@@ -1496,6 +1577,8 @@ Default: ``'DEBUG'``
 Minimum level to log. Available levels are: CRITICAL, ERROR, WARNING,
 INFO, DEBUG. For more info see :ref:`topics-logging`.
 
+.. note:: This is a :ref:`logging setting <logging-settings>`.
+
 .. setting:: LOG_STDOUT
 
 LOG_STDOUT
@@ -1507,6 +1590,8 @@ If ``True``, all standard output (and error) of your process will be redirected
 to the log. For example if you ``print('hello')`` it will appear in the Scrapy
 log.
 
+.. note:: This is a :ref:`logging setting <logging-settings>`.
+
 .. setting:: LOG_SHORT_NAMES
 
 LOG_SHORT_NAMES
@@ -1517,6 +1602,8 @@ Default: ``False``
 If ``True``, the logs will just contain the root path. If it is set to ``False``
 then it displays the component responsible for the log output
 
+.. note:: This is a :ref:`logging setting <logging-settings>`.
+
 .. setting:: LOG_VERSIONS
 
 LOG_VERSIONS
@@ -1536,6 +1623,8 @@ The following special items are also supported:
 
 -   ``Python``
 
+-   ``pyOpenSSL``
+
 .. setting:: LOGSTATS_INTERVAL
 
 LOGSTATS_INTERVAL
@@ -1663,7 +1752,10 @@ significant similarities in the time between their requests.
 
 The randomization policy is the same used by `wget`_ ``--random-wait`` option.
 
-If :setting:`DOWNLOAD_DELAY` is zero (default) this option has no effect.
+If :setting:`DOWNLOAD_DELAY` is zero this option has no effect.
+
+It is possible to change this setting per domain by using
+:setting:`DOWNLOAD_SLOTS`.
 
 .. _wget: https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/manual/wget.html
 
@@ -1679,6 +1771,8 @@ multi-purpose thread pool used by various Scrapy components. Threaded
 DNS Resolver, BlockingFeedStorage, S3FilesStore just to name a few. Increase
 this value if you're experiencing problems with insufficient blocking IO.
 
+.. note:: This is a :ref:`reactor setting <reactor-settings>`.
+
 .. setting:: REDIRECT_PRIORITY_ADJUST
 
 REDIRECT_PRIORITY_ADJUST
@@ -1722,7 +1816,7 @@ The parser backend to use for parsing ``robots.txt`` files. For more information
 .. setting:: ROBOTSTXT_USER_AGENT
 
 ROBOTSTXT_USER_AGENT
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+--------------------
 
 Default: ``None``
 
@@ -1877,6 +1971,8 @@ Default:
 
     {
         "scrapy.contracts.default.UrlContract": 1,
+        "scrapy.contracts.default.CallbackKeywordArgumentsContract": 1,
+        "scrapy.contracts.default.MetadataContract": 1,
         "scrapy.contracts.default.ReturnsContract": 2,
         "scrapy.contracts.default.ScrapesContract": 3,
     }
@@ -1905,6 +2001,8 @@ Default: ``'scrapy.spiderloader.SpiderLoader'``
 The class that will be used for loading spiders, which must implement the
 :ref:`topics-api-spiderloader`.
 
+.. note:: This is a :ref:`pre-crawler setting <pre-crawler-settings>`.
+
 .. setting:: SPIDER_LOADER_WARN_ONLY
 
 SPIDER_LOADER_WARN_ONLY
@@ -1917,6 +2015,8 @@ it will fail loudly if there is any ``ImportError`` or ``SyntaxError`` exception
 But you can choose to silence this exception and turn it into a simple
 warning by setting ``SPIDER_LOADER_WARN_ONLY = True``.
 
+.. note:: This is a :ref:`pre-crawler setting <pre-crawler-settings>`.
+
 .. setting:: SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES
 
 SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES
@@ -1937,6 +2037,7 @@ Default:
 .. code-block:: python
 
     {
+        "scrapy.spidermiddlewares.start.StartSpiderMiddleware": 25,
         "scrapy.spidermiddlewares.httperror.HttpErrorMiddleware": 50,
         "scrapy.spidermiddlewares.referer.RefererMiddleware": 700,
         "scrapy.spidermiddlewares.urllength.UrlLengthMiddleware": 800,
@@ -1962,6 +2063,8 @@ Example:
 
     SPIDER_MODULES = ["mybot.spiders_prod", "mybot.spiders_dev"]
 
+.. note:: This is a :ref:`pre-crawler setting <pre-crawler-settings>`.
+
 .. setting:: STATS_CLASS
 
 STATS_CLASS
@@ -1994,6 +2097,8 @@ Default: ``True`` (``False`` when :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED` is ``False`
 A boolean which specifies if the :ref:`telnet console <topics-telnetconsole>`
 will be enabled (provided its extension is also enabled).
 
+.. seealso:: :ref:`security-telnet`
+
 .. setting:: TEMPLATES_DIR
 
 TEMPLATES_DIR
@@ -2008,6 +2113,25 @@ command.
 The project name must not conflict with the name of custom files or directories
 in the ``project`` subdirectory.
 
+.. setting:: TWISTED_DNS_RESOLVER
+
+TWISTED_DNS_RESOLVER
+--------------------
+
+Default: ``'scrapy.resolver.CachingThreadedResolver'``
+
+The class to be used by Twisted to resolve DNS names. The default
+``scrapy.resolver.CachingThreadedResolver`` supports specifying a timeout for
+DNS requests via the :setting:`DNS_TIMEOUT` setting, but works only with IPv4
+addresses. Scrapy provides an alternative resolver,
+``scrapy.resolver.CachingHostnameResolver``, which supports IPv4/IPv6 addresses but does not
+take the :setting:`DNS_TIMEOUT` setting into account.
+
+.. note::
+    This setting has no effect when :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED` is ``False``.
+
+.. note:: This is a :ref:`reactor setting <reactor-settings>`.
+
 .. setting:: TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED
 
 TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED
@@ -2033,7 +2157,7 @@ stopped) will not apply. This mode is currently experimental and may not be
 suitable for production use. It may also not be supported by 3rd-party code.
 See :ref:`asyncio-without-reactor` for more information about this mode.
 
-.. note:: This setting can't be set :ref:`per-spider <spider-settings>`.
+.. note:: This is a :ref:`pre-crawler setting <pre-crawler-settings>`.
 
 .. versionadded:: 2.15.0
 
@@ -2046,6 +2170,9 @@ Default: ``"twisted.internet.asyncioreactor.AsyncioSelectorReactor"``
 
 Import path of a given :mod:`~twisted.internet.reactor`.
 
+.. note::
+    This setting has no effect when :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED` is ``False``.
+
 Scrapy will install this reactor if no other reactor is installed yet, such as
 when the ``scrapy`` CLI program is invoked or when using the
 :class:`~scrapy.crawler.AsyncCrawlerProcess` class or the
@@ -2140,6 +2267,7 @@ current platform.
 
 For additional information, see :doc:`core/howto/choosing-reactor`.
 
+.. note:: This is a :ref:`reactor setting <reactor-settings>`.
 
 .. setting:: URLLENGTH_LIMIT
 
@@ -2148,7 +2276,7 @@ URLLENGTH_LIMIT
 
 Default: ``2083``
 
-Scope: ``spidermiddlewares.urllength``
+Scope: ``scrapy.spidermiddlewares.urllength``
 
 The maximum URL length to allow for crawled URLs.
 

docs/topics/signals.rst

@@ -60,6 +60,8 @@ Let's take an example using :ref:`coroutines <topics-coroutines>`:
 .. skip: next
 .. code-block:: python
 
+    import json
+
     import scrapy
     import treq
 
@@ -452,7 +454,7 @@ bytes_received
 .. signal:: bytes_received
 .. function:: bytes_received(data, request, spider)
 
-    Sent by the HTTP 1.1 and S3 download handlers when a group of bytes is
+    Sent by some download handlers when a group of bytes is
     received for a specific request. This signal might be fired multiple
     times for the same request, with partial data each time. For instance,
     a possible scenario for a 25 kb response would be two signals fired
@@ -480,7 +482,7 @@ headers_received
 .. signal:: headers_received
 .. function:: headers_received(headers, body_length, request, spider)
 
-    Sent by the HTTP 1.1 and S3 download handlers when the response headers are
+    Sent by some download handlers when the response headers are
     available for a given request, before downloading any additional content.
 
     Handlers for this signal can stop the download of a response while it

docs/topics/spider-middleware.rst

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ previous (or subsequent) middleware being applied.
 If you want to disable a builtin middleware (the ones defined in
 :setting:`SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES_BASE`, and enabled by default) you must define it
 in your project :setting:`SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES` setting and assign ``None`` as its
-value.  For example, if you want to disable the off-site middleware:
+value.  For example, if you want to disable the referer middleware:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
@@ -117,36 +117,28 @@ one or more of these methods:
         :type response: :class:`~scrapy.http.Response` object
 
     .. method:: process_spider_output(response, result)
+        :async:
 
-        This method is called with the results returned from the Spider, after
+        This method is an :term:`asynchronous generator` called with the
-        it has processed the response.
+        results from the spider after the spider has processed the response.
 
-        :meth:`process_spider_output` must return an iterable of
+        .. seealso:: :ref:`universal-spider-middleware`.
-        :class:`~scrapy.Request` objects and :ref:`item objects
-        <topics-items>`.
-
-        Consider defining this method as an :term:`asynchronous generator`,
-        which will be a requirement in a future version of Scrapy. However, if
-        you plan on sharing your spider middleware with other people, consider
-        either :ref:`enforcing Scrapy 2.7 <enforce-component-requirements>`
-        as a minimum requirement of your spider middleware, or :ref:`making
-        your spider middleware universal <universal-spider-middleware>` so that
-        it works with Scrapy versions earlier than Scrapy 2.7.
 
         :param response: the response which generated this output from the
           spider
         :type response: :class:`~scrapy.http.Response` object
 
-        :param result: the result returned by the spider
+        :param result: the results from the spider
-        :type result: an iterable of :class:`~scrapy.Request` objects and
+        :type result: an :term:`asynchronous iterable` of
-          :ref:`item objects <topics-items>`
+          :class:`~scrapy.Request` objects and :ref:`item objects
+          <topics-items>`
 
     .. method:: process_spider_output_async(response, result)
         :async:
 
-        If defined, this method must be an :term:`asynchronous generator`,
+        Alternative name for :meth:`process_spider_output` used when
-        which will be called instead of :meth:`process_spider_output` if
+        implementing a :ref:`universal spider middleware
-        ``result`` is an :term:`asynchronous iterable`.
+        <universal-spider-middleware>`.
 
     .. method:: process_spider_exception(response, exception)
 
@@ -174,13 +166,40 @@ one or more of these methods:
         :type exception: :exc:`Exception` object
 
 
+.. _universal-spider-middleware:
+
+Universal spider middlewares
+----------------------------
+
+In Scrapy 2.6.3 and lower, ``process_spider_output()`` must be a *synchronous*
+generator.
+
+To support those versions and higher Scrapy versions in the same middleware,
+rename your asynchronous :meth:`~SpiderMiddleware.process_spider_output`
+method to :meth:`~SpiderMiddleware.process_spider_output_async`, and define a
+synchronous ``process_spider_output()`` method to be used by 2.6.3 and lower
+versions.
+
+For example:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    class UniversalSpiderMiddleware:
+        async def process_spider_output_async(self, response, result):
+            async for r in result:
+                # ... do something with r
+                yield r
+
+        def process_spider_output(self, response, result):
+            for r in result:
+                # ... do something with r
+                yield r
+
 Base class for custom spider middlewares
 ----------------------------------------
 
 Scrapy provides a base class for custom spider middlewares. It's not required
-to use it but it can help with simplifying middleware implementations and
+to use it but it can help with simplifying middleware implementations.
-reducing the amount of boilerplate code in :ref:`universal middlewares
-<universal-spider-middleware>`.
 
 .. module:: scrapy.spidermiddlewares.base
 
@@ -336,6 +355,8 @@ Default: ``'scrapy.spidermiddlewares.referer.DefaultReferrerPolicy'``
     using the special ``"referrer_policy"`` :ref:`Request.meta <topics-request-meta>` key,
     with the same acceptable values as for the ``REFERRER_POLICY`` setting.
 
+.. seealso:: :ref:`security-credential-leakage`
+
 Acceptable values for REFERRER_POLICY
 *************************************
 

docs/topics/spiders.rst

@@ -208,12 +208,6 @@ scrapy.Spider
        :param response: the response to parse
        :type response: :class:`~scrapy.http.Response`
 
-   .. method:: log(message, [level, component])
-
-       Wrapper that sends a log message through the Spider's :attr:`logger`,
-       kept for backward compatibility. For more information see
-       :ref:`topics-logging-from-spiders`.
-
    .. method:: closed(reason)
 
        Called when the spider closes. This method provides a shortcut to
@@ -335,8 +329,8 @@ The above example can also be written as follows:
 
 If you are :ref:`running Scrapy from a script <run-from-script>`, you can
 specify spider arguments when calling
-:class:`CrawlerProcess.crawl <scrapy.crawler.CrawlerProcess.crawl>` or
+:meth:`CrawlerProcess.crawl <scrapy.crawler.CrawlerProcess.crawl>` or
-:class:`CrawlerRunner.crawl <scrapy.crawler.CrawlerRunner.crawl>`:
+:meth:`CrawlerRunner.crawl <scrapy.crawler.CrawlerRunner.crawl>`:
 
 .. skip: next
 .. code-block:: python
@@ -354,11 +348,6 @@ Otherwise, you would cause iteration over a ``start_urls`` string
 (a very common python pitfall)
 resulting in each character being seen as a separate url.
 
-A valid use case is to set the http auth credentials
-used by :class:`~scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpauth.HttpAuthMiddleware`::
-
-    scrapy crawl myspider -a http_user=myuser -a http_pass=mypassword
-
 Spider arguments can also be passed through the Scrapyd ``schedule.json`` API.
 See `Scrapyd documentation`_.
 
@@ -457,13 +446,14 @@ with a ``TestItem`` declared in a ``myproject.items`` module:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-    import scrapy
+    from dataclasses import dataclass
 
 
-    class TestItem(scrapy.Item):
+    @dataclass
-        id = scrapy.Field()
+    class TestItem:
-        name = scrapy.Field()
+        id: str | None = None
-        description = scrapy.Field()
+        name: str | None = None
+        description: str | None = None
 
 
 .. currentmodule:: scrapy.spiders
@@ -556,7 +546,6 @@ Let's now take a look at an example CrawlSpider with rules:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-    import scrapy
     from scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule
     from scrapy.linkextractors import LinkExtractor
 
@@ -576,7 +565,7 @@ Let's now take a look at an example CrawlSpider with rules:
 
         def parse_item(self, response):
             self.logger.info("Hi, this is an item page! %s", response.url)
-            item = scrapy.Item()
+            item = {}
             item["id"] = response.xpath('//td[@id="item_id"]/text()').re(r"ID: (\d+)")
             item["name"] = response.xpath('//td[@id="item_name"]/text()').get()
             item["description"] = response.xpath(
@@ -598,7 +587,7 @@ Let's now take a look at an example CrawlSpider with rules:
 This spider would start crawling example.com's home page, collecting category
 links, and item links, parsing the latter with the ``parse_item`` method. For
 each item response, some data will be extracted from the HTML using XPath, and
-an :class:`~scrapy.Item` will be filled with it.
+a dictionary will be filled with it.
 
 XMLFeedSpider
 -------------
@@ -619,7 +608,7 @@ XMLFeedSpider
 
         A string which defines the iterator to use. It can be either:
 
-           - ``'iternodes'`` - a fast iterator based on regular expressions
+           - ``'iternodes'`` - a fast iterator based on ``lxml``
 
            - ``'html'`` - an iterator which uses :class:`~scrapy.Selector`.
              Keep in mind this uses DOM parsing and must load all DOM in memory
@@ -714,9 +703,9 @@ These spiders are pretty easy to use, let's have a look at one example:
             )
 
             item = TestItem()
-            item["id"] = node.xpath("@id").get()
+            item.id = node.xpath("@id").get()
-            item["name"] = node.xpath("name").get()
+            item.name = node.xpath("name").get()
-            item["description"] = node.xpath("description").get()
+            item.description = node.xpath("description").get()
             return item
 
 Basically what we did up there was to create a spider that downloads a feed from
@@ -778,9 +767,9 @@ Let's see an example similar to the previous one, but using a
             self.logger.info("Hi, this is a row!: %r", row)
 
             item = TestItem()
-            item["id"] = row["id"]
+            item.id = row["id"]
-            item["name"] = row["name"]
+            item.name = row["name"]
-            item["description"] = row["description"]
+            item.description = row["description"]
             return item
 
 
@@ -958,6 +947,7 @@ Combine SitemapSpider with other sources of urls:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
+    from scrapy import Request
     from scrapy.spiders import SitemapSpider
 
 

docs/topics/stats.rst

@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ Collector, and can be accessed through the :attr:`~scrapy.crawler.Crawler.stats`
 attribute of the :ref:`topics-api-crawler`, as illustrated by the examples in
 the :ref:`topics-stats-usecases` section below.
 
-However, the Stats Collector is always available, so you can always import it
+The Stats Collector API is always available, so you can always use it (to
-in your module and use its API (to increment or set new stat keys), regardless
+increment or set new stat keys), regardless
 of whether the stats collection is enabled or not. If it's disabled, the API
 will still work but it won't collect anything. This is aimed at simplifying the
 stats collector usage: you should spend no more than one line of code for
@@ -21,9 +21,6 @@ using the Stats Collector from.
 Another feature of the Stats Collector is that it's very efficient (when
 enabled) and extremely efficient (almost unnoticeable) when disabled.
 
-The Stats Collector keeps a stats table per open spider which is automatically
-opened when the spider is opened, and closed when the spider is closed.
-
 .. _topics-stats-usecases:
 
 Common Stats Collector uses
@@ -87,13 +84,13 @@ Get all stats:
 Available Stats Collectors
 ==========================
 
+.. currentmodule:: scrapy.statscollectors
+
 Besides the basic :class:`StatsCollector` there are other Stats Collectors
 available in Scrapy which extend the basic Stats Collector. You can select
 which Stats Collector to use through the :setting:`STATS_CLASS` setting. The
 default Stats Collector used is the :class:`MemoryStatsCollector`.
 
-.. currentmodule:: scrapy.statscollectors
-
 MemoryStatsCollector
 --------------------
 
@@ -102,7 +99,7 @@ MemoryStatsCollector
     A simple stats collector that keeps the stats of the last scraping run (for
     each spider) in memory, after they're closed. The stats can be accessed
     through the :attr:`spider_stats` attribute, which is a dict keyed by spider
-    domain name.
+    name.
 
     This is the default Stats Collector used in Scrapy.
 

docs/topics/telnetconsole.rst

@@ -29,14 +29,16 @@ disable it if you want. For more information about the extension itself see
 .. note::
     This feature is not supported when :setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED` is ``False``.
 
+.. seealso:: :ref:`security-telnet`
+
 .. highlight:: none
 
 How to access the telnet console
 ================================
 
-The telnet console listens in the TCP port defined in the
+The telnet console listens on the first available TCP port from the range
-:setting:`TELNETCONSOLE_PORT` setting, which defaults to ``6023``. To access
+defined in the :setting:`TELNETCONSOLE_PORT` setting, which defaults to
-the console you need to type::
+``[6023, 6073]``. To access the console you need to type::
 
     telnet localhost 6023
     Trying localhost...
@@ -46,12 +48,12 @@ the console you need to type::
     Password:
     >>>
 
-By default Username is ``scrapy`` and Password is autogenerated. The
+By default, the username is ``scrapy`` and the password is autogenerated. The
-autogenerated Password can be seen on Scrapy logs like the example below::
+autogenerated password can be seen on Scrapy logs like the example below::
 
     2018-10-16 14:35:21 [scrapy.extensions.telnet] INFO: Telnet Password: 16f92501e8a59326
 
-Default Username and Password can be overridden by the settings
+The default username and password can be overridden by the settings
 :setting:`TELNETCONSOLE_USERNAME` and :setting:`TELNETCONSOLE_PASSWORD`.
 
 .. warning::
@@ -94,8 +96,6 @@ convenience:
 +----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
 | ``p``          | a shortcut to the :func:`pprint.pprint` function                  |
 +----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
-| ``hpy``        | for memory debugging (see :ref:`topics-leaks`)                    |
-+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
 
 Telnet console usage examples
 =============================
@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ Here are some example tasks you can do with the telnet console:
 View engine status
 ------------------
 
-You can use the ``est()`` method of the Scrapy engine to quickly show its state
+You can use the ``est()`` method provided by the console to quickly show the
-using the telnet console::
+engine status::
 
     telnet localhost 6023
     >>> est()
@@ -192,6 +192,8 @@ Default: ``'127.0.0.1'``
 
 The interface the telnet console should listen on
 
+.. seealso:: :ref:`security-telnet`
+
 
 .. setting:: TELNETCONSOLE_USERNAME
 

docs/versioning.rst

@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ API stability
 
 API stability was one of the major goals for the *1.0* release.
 
-Methods or functions that start with a single dash (``_``) are private and
+Methods or functions that start with a single underscore (``_``) are private
-should never be relied as stable.
+and should never be relied upon as stable.
 
 Also, keep in mind that stable doesn't mean complete: stable APIs could grow
 new methods or functionality but the existing methods should keep working the

extras/qps-bench-server.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class Root(Resource):
         self.tail.clear()
         self.start = self.lastmark = self.lasttime = time()
 
-    def getChild(self, request, name):
+    def getChild(self, path, request):
         return self
 
     def render(self, request):

extras/qpsclient.py

@@ -35,10 +35,6 @@ class QPSSpider(Spider):
             self.download_delay = float(self.download_delay)
 
     async def start(self):
-        for item_or_request in self.start_requests():
-            yield item_or_request
-
-    def start_requests(self):
         url = self.benchurl
         if self.latency is not None:
             url += f"?latency={self.latency}"

pyproject.toml

@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ name = "Scrapy"
 dynamic = ["version"]
 description = "A high-level Web Crawling and Web Scraping framework"
 dependencies = [
-    # Twisted pinned until Scrapy is updated for its internal TLS API changes
+    "Twisted>=21.7.0",
-    "Twisted>=21.7.0,<=25.5.0",
     "cryptography>=37.0.0",
     "cssselect>=0.9.1",
     "defusedxml>=0.7.1",
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ dependencies = [
     "protego>=0.1.15",
     "pyOpenSSL>=22.0.0",
     "queuelib>=1.4.2",
-    "service_identity>=18.1.0",
+    "service_identity>=23.1.0",
     "tldextract",
     "w3lib>=1.17.0",
     "zope.interface>=5.1.0",
@@ -40,6 +39,7 @@ classifiers = [
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.14",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy",
     "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP",
@@ -86,17 +86,90 @@ pattern = "^(?P<version>.+)$"
 
 [tool.mypy]
 strict = true
-allow_any_generics = true # 67 errors
 extra_checks = false # weird addErrback() errors
 untyped_calls_exclude = [
     "twisted",
 ]
-warn_return_any = false # 37 errors
 
 [[tool.mypy.overrides]]
 module = "tests.*"
 allow_untyped_defs = true
-allow_incomplete_defs = true # 48 errors
+allow_incomplete_defs = true # 59 errors
+
+# TODO
+[[tool.mypy.overrides]]
+module = [
+    "tests.mockserver.*",
+    "tests.spiders",
+    "tests.test_closespider",
+    "tests.test_cmdline",
+    "tests.test_contracts",
+    "tests.test_core_downloader",
+    "tests.test_downloader_handler_twisted_ftp",
+    "tests.test_downloadermiddleware_cookies",
+    "tests.test_downloadermiddleware_httpauth",
+    "tests.test_downloadermiddleware_httpcache",
+    "tests.test_downloadermiddleware_httpcompression",
+    "tests.test_downloadermiddleware_httpproxy",
+    "tests.test_downloadermiddleware_offsite",
+    "tests.test_downloadermiddleware_redirect",
+    "tests.test_downloadermiddleware_redirect_base",
+    "tests.test_downloadermiddleware_redirect_metarefresh",
+    "tests.test_downloadermiddleware_retry",
+    "tests.test_downloadermiddleware_robotstxt",
+    "tests.test_downloadermiddleware_stats",
+    "tests.test_downloaderslotssettings",
+    "tests.test_dupefilters",
+    "tests.test_engine_loop",
+    "tests.test_exporters",
+    "tests.test_extension_statsmailer",
+    "tests.test_extension_throttle",
+    "tests.test_feedexport",
+    "tests.test_feedexport_postprocess",
+    "tests.test_feedexport_storages",
+    "tests.test_feedexport_uri_params",
+    "tests.test_http2_client_protocol",
+    "tests.test_http_headers",
+    "tests.test_http_request",
+    "tests.test_http_request_form",
+    "tests.test_http_response",
+    "tests.test_http_response_text",
+    "tests.test_item",
+    "tests.test_link",
+    "tests.test_linkextractors",
+    "tests.test_loader",
+    "tests.test_logformatter",
+    "tests.test_logstats",
+    "tests.test_mail",
+    "tests.test_pipeline_crawl",
+    "tests.test_pipeline_files",
+    "tests.test_pipeline_images",
+    "tests.test_pipeline_media",
+    "tests.test_pipelines",
+    "tests.test_pqueues",
+    "tests.test_request_attribute_binding",
+    "tests.test_request_cb_kwargs",
+    "tests.test_request_dict",
+    "tests.test_request_left",
+    "tests.test_robotstxt_interface",
+    "tests.test_scheduler_base",
+    "tests.test_settings",
+    "tests.test_spider",
+    "tests.test_spider_crawl",
+    "tests.test_spidermiddleware_output_chain",
+    "tests.test_spidermiddleware_process_start",
+    "tests.test_spider_sitemap",
+    "tests.test_squeues",
+    "tests.test_squeues_request",
+    "tests.test_stats",
+    "tests.test_utils_datatypes",
+    "tests.test_utils_decorators",
+    "tests.test_utils_defer",
+    "tests.test_utils_deprecate",
+    "tests.test_utils_misc.test_return_with_argument_inside_generator",
+    "tests.test_utils_python",
+    "tests.test_utils_request",
+]
 check_untyped_defs = false
 
 # Interface classes are hard to support
@@ -122,24 +195,9 @@ implicit_reexport = true
 module = "scrapy.settings.default_settings"
 ignore_errors = true
 
-# deprecated modules
-[[tool.mypy.overrides]]
-module = [
-    "scrapy.core.downloader.webclient",
-    "scrapy.spiders.init",
-    "scrapy.utils.testsite",
-    "tests.test_webclient",
-]
-allow_any_generics = true
-allow_untyped_calls = true
-allow_untyped_defs = true
-check_untyped_defs = false
-warn_return_any = false
-
 # usually no type hints
 [[tool.mypy.overrides]]
 module = [
-#    "IPython.*",
     "bpython",
     "brotli",
     "brotlicffi",
@@ -154,7 +212,7 @@ module = [
 ignore_missing_imports = true
 
 [tool.bumpversion]
-current_version = "2.15.0"
+current_version = "2.17.0"
 commit = true
 tag = true
 tag_name = "{new_version}"
@@ -174,6 +232,8 @@ parse = """(?P<major>0|[1-9]\\d*)\\.(?P<minor>0|[1-9]\\d*)"""
 serialize = ["{major}.{minor}"]
 
 [tool.coverage.run]
+# sysmon, default on 3.14, is too slow: https://github.com/coveragepy/coveragepy/issues/2172
+core = "ctrace"
 branch = true
 include = ["scrapy/*"]
 omit = ["tests/*"]
@@ -200,6 +260,7 @@ jobs = 1          # >1 hides results
 extension-pkg-allow-list=[
     "lxml",
 ]
+load-plugins = ["pylint_per_file_ignores"]
 
 [tool.pylint."MESSAGES CONTROL"]
 enable = [
@@ -241,8 +302,10 @@ disable = [
     "too-many-positional-arguments",
     "too-many-public-methods",
     "too-many-return-statements",
+    "undefined-variable",
     "unused-argument",
     "unused-variable",
+    "use-implicit-booleaness-not-comparison",
     "useless-import-alias",  # used as a hint to mypy
     "useless-return",  # https://github.com/pylint-dev/pylint/issues/6530
     "wrong-import-position",
@@ -259,15 +322,13 @@ disable = [
     "unused-import",
 
     # Ones that we may want to address (fix, ignore per-line or move to "don't want to fix")
-    "abstract-method",
     "arguments-differ",
-    "arguments-renamed",
-    "dangerous-default-value",
     "keyword-arg-before-vararg",
-    "pointless-statement",
+]
-    "raise-missing-from",
+# requires `pylint_per_file_ignores` plugin
-    "unnecessary-dunder-call",
+per-file-ignores = [
-    "used-before-assignment",
+    # Extended list of ones that we may want to address, only for tests
+    "./tests/*:abstract-method,arguments-renamed,dangerous-default-value,pointless-statement,raise-missing-from,unnecessary-dunder-call,used-before-assignment",
 ]
 
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
@@ -283,10 +344,13 @@ markers = [
     "requires_uvloop: marks tests as only enabled when uvloop is known to be working",
     "requires_botocore: marks tests that need botocore (but not boto3)",
     "requires_boto3: marks tests that need botocore and boto3",
-    "requires_mitmproxy: marks tests that need mitmproxy",
+    "requires_mitmproxy: marks tests that need a mitmdump executable",
+    "requires_internet: marks tests that need real Internet access",
 ]
 filterwarnings = [
     "ignore::DeprecationWarning:twisted.web.static",
+    # Twisted doesn't close failed sockets after CannotListenError: https://github.com/twisted/twisted/issues/6108
+    "ignore:Exception ignored in. <socket\\.socket.*laddr=..0\\.0\\.0\\.0., 0.:pytest.PytestUnraisableExceptionWarning",
 ]
 
 [tool.ruff.lint]
@@ -466,4 +530,4 @@ split-on-trailing-comma = false
 convention = "pep257"
 
 [tool.sphinx-scrapy]
-python-version = "3.13"  # Keep in sync with .github/workflows/checks.yml.
+python-version = "3.14"  # Keep in sync with .github/workflows/checks.yml.

scrapy/VERSION

@@ -1 +1 @@
-2.15.0
+2.17.0

scrapy/__main__.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# pragma: no file cover
 from scrapy.cmdline import execute
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

scrapy/addons.py

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class AddonManager:
 
         :param settings: The :class:`~scrapy.settings.BaseSettings` object from \
             which to read the early add-on configuration
-        :type settings: :class:`~scrapy.settings.Settings`
+        :type settings: :class:`~scrapy.settings.BaseSettings`
         """
         for clspath in build_component_list(settings["ADDONS"]):
             addoncls = load_object(clspath)

scrapy/commands/__init__.py

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ from twisted.python import failure
 
 from scrapy.exceptions import ScrapyDeprecationWarning, UsageError
 from scrapy.utils.conf import arglist_to_dict, feed_process_params_from_cli
+from scrapy.utils.deprecate import method_is_overridden
+from scrapy.utils.python import global_object_name
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from collections.abc import Iterable
@@ -36,6 +38,14 @@ class ScrapyCommand(ABC):
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.settings: Settings | None = None  # set in scrapy.cmdline
+        if method_is_overridden(self.__class__, ScrapyCommand, "help"):
+            warnings.warn(
+                "The ScrapyCommand.help() method is deprecated and overriding "
+                f"it, as the {global_object_name(self.__class__)} class does, "
+                "has no effect; override long_desc() instead.",
+                ScrapyDeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
 
     def set_crawler(self, crawler: Crawler) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
         warnings.warn(
@@ -63,15 +73,16 @@ class ScrapyCommand(ABC):
     def long_desc(self) -> str:
         """A long description of the command. Return short description when not
         available. It cannot contain newlines since contents will be formatted
-        by optparser which removes newlines and wraps text.
+        by argparse which removes newlines and wraps text.
         """
         return self.short_desc()
 
     def help(self) -> str:
-        """An extensive help for the command. It will be shown when using the
+        warnings.warn(
-        "help" command. It can contain newlines since no post-formatting will
+            "ScrapyCommand.help() is deprecated, use long_desc() instead.",
-        be applied to its contents.
+            ScrapyDeprecationWarning,
-        """
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
         return self.long_desc()
 
     def add_options(self, parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:

scrapy/commands/check.py

@@ -73,7 +73,9 @@ class Command(ScrapyCommand):
     def run(self, args: list[str], opts: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
         # load contracts
         assert self.settings is not None
-        contracts = build_component_list(self.settings.getwithbase("SPIDER_CONTRACTS"))
+        contracts = build_component_list(
+            self.settings.get_component_priority_dict_with_base("SPIDER_CONTRACTS")
+        )
         conman = ContractsManager(load_object(c) for c in contracts)
         runner = TextTestRunner(verbosity=2 if opts.verbose else 1)
         result = TextTestResult(runner.stream, runner.descriptions, runner.verbosity)

scrapy/commands/edit.py

@@ -1,12 +1,29 @@
-import argparse
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
+import shlex
+import subprocess
 import sys
-from typing import Any, ClassVar
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, ClassVar
 
 from scrapy.commands import ScrapyCommand
 from scrapy.exceptions import UsageError
 from scrapy.spiderloader import get_spider_loader
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import argparse
+
+
+def _edit_file(editor: str, file_path: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> int:
+    """Open ``file_path`` with ``editor`` and return the editor exit code.
+
+    ``editor`` may include arguments (e.g. ``"code -w"``); it is split with
+    :func:`shlex.split` and the file is passed as a separate argument, so no
+    shell is involved.
+    """
+    return subprocess.call([*shlex.split(editor), os.fspath(file_path)])  # noqa: S603
+
 
 class Command(ScrapyCommand):
     requires_project = True
@@ -45,4 +62,4 @@ class Command(ScrapyCommand):
         sfile = sys.modules[spidercls.__module__].__file__
         assert sfile
         sfile = sfile.replace(".pyc", ".py")
-        self.exitcode = os.system(f'{editor} "{sfile}"')  # noqa: S605
+        self.exitcode = _edit_file(editor, Path(sfile))

scrapy/commands/genspider.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import os
 import shutil
 import string
 from importlib import import_module
@@ -10,12 +9,14 @@ from urllib.parse import urlparse
 
 import scrapy
 from scrapy.commands import ScrapyCommand
+from scrapy.commands.edit import _edit_file
 from scrapy.exceptions import UsageError
 from scrapy.spiderloader import get_spider_loader
 from scrapy.utils.template import render_templatefile, string_camelcase
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     import argparse
+    import os
 
 
 def sanitize_module_name(module_name: str) -> str:
@@ -118,9 +119,11 @@ class Command(ScrapyCommand):
 
         template_file = self._find_template(opts.template)
         if template_file:
-            self._genspider(module, name, url, opts.template, template_file)
+            spider_file = self._genspider(
+                module, name, url, opts.template, template_file
+            )
             if opts.edit:
-                self.exitcode = os.system(f'scrapy edit "{name}"')  # noqa: S605
+                self.exitcode = _edit_file(self.settings["EDITOR"], spider_file)
 
     def _generate_template_variables(
         self,
@@ -147,8 +150,8 @@ class Command(ScrapyCommand):
         name: str,
         url: str,
         template_name: str,
-        template_file: str | os.PathLike,
+        template_file: str | os.PathLike[str],
-    ) -> None:
+    ) -> Path:
         """Generate the spider module, based on the given template"""
         assert self.settings is not None
         tvars = self._generate_template_variables(module, name, url, template_name)
@@ -168,6 +171,7 @@ class Command(ScrapyCommand):
         )
         if spiders_module:
             print(f"in module:\n  {spiders_module.__name__}.{module}")
+        return Path(spider_file)
 
     def _find_template(self, template: str) -> Path | None:
         template_file = Path(self.templates_dir, f"{template}.tmpl")

scrapy/commands/parse.py

@@ -144,17 +144,16 @@ class Command(BaseRunSpiderCommand):
     def iterate_spider_output(self, result: _T) -> Iterable[Any]: ...
 
     def iterate_spider_output(self, result: Any) -> Iterable[Any] | Deferred[Any]:
+        d: Deferred[Any]
         if inspect.isasyncgen(result):
             d = deferred_from_coro(
                 collect_asyncgen(aiter_errback(result, self.handle_exception))
             )
-            d.addCallback(self.iterate_spider_output)
+            return d.addCallback(self.iterate_spider_output)
-            return d
+        d = deferred_from_coro(result)
         if inspect.iscoroutine(result):
-            d = deferred_from_coro(result)
+            return d.addCallback(self.iterate_spider_output)
-            d.addCallback(self.iterate_spider_output)
+        return arg_to_iter(d)
-            return d
-        return arg_to_iter(deferred_from_coro(result))
 
     def add_items(self, lvl: int, new_items: list[Any]) -> None:
         old_items = self.items.get(lvl, [])

scrapy/contracts/__init__.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class Contract:
     request_cls: type[Request] | None = None
     name: str
 
-    def __init__(self, method: Callable, *args: Any):
+    def __init__(self, method: Callable[..., Any], *args: Any):
         self.testcase_pre = _create_testcase(method, f"@{self.name} pre-hook")
         self.testcase_post = _create_testcase(method, f"@{self.name} post-hook")
         self.args: tuple[Any, ...] = args
@@ -51,6 +51,8 @@ class Contract:
                     results.addSuccess(self.testcase_pre)
                 cb_result = cb(response, **cb_kwargs)
                 if isinstance(cb_result, (AsyncGenerator, CoroutineType)):
+                    if isinstance(cb_result, CoroutineType):
+                        cb_result.close()
                     raise TypeError("Contracts don't support async callbacks")
                 return list(cast("Iterable[Any]", iterate_spider_output(cb_result)))
 
@@ -67,6 +69,8 @@ class Contract:
             def wrapper(response: Response, **cb_kwargs: Any) -> list[Any]:
                 cb_result = cb(response, **cb_kwargs)
                 if isinstance(cb_result, (AsyncGenerator, CoroutineType)):
+                    if isinstance(cb_result, CoroutineType):
+                        cb_result.close()
                     raise TypeError("Contracts don't support async callbacks")
                 output = list(cast("Iterable[Any]", iterate_spider_output(cb_result)))
                 try:
@@ -105,7 +109,7 @@ class ContractsManager:
 
         return methods
 
-    def extract_contracts(self, method: Callable) -> list[Contract]:
+    def extract_contracts(self, method: Callable[..., Any]) -> list[Contract]:
         contracts: list[Contract] = []
         assert method.__doc__ is not None
         for line_ in method.__doc__.split("\n"):
@@ -125,7 +129,7 @@ class ContractsManager:
     def from_spider(self, spider: Spider, results: TestResult) -> list[Request | None]:
         requests: list[Request | None] = []
         for method in self.tested_methods_from_spidercls(type(spider)):
-            bound_method = spider.__getattribute__(method)
+            bound_method = getattr(spider, method)
             try:
                 requests.append(self.from_method(bound_method, results))
             except Exception:
@@ -134,7 +138,9 @@ class ContractsManager:
 
         return requests
 
-    def from_method(self, method: Callable, results: TestResult) -> Request | None:
+    def from_method(
+        self, method: Callable[..., Any], results: TestResult
+    ) -> Request | None:
         contracts = self.extract_contracts(method)
         if contracts:
             request_cls = Request
@@ -170,7 +176,7 @@ class ContractsManager:
         return None
 
     def _clean_req(
-        self, request: Request, method: Callable, results: TestResult
+        self, request: Request, method: Callable[..., Any], results: TestResult
     ) -> None:
         """stop the request from returning objects and records any errors"""
 
@@ -195,7 +201,7 @@ class ContractsManager:
         request.errback = eb_wrapper
 
 
-def _create_testcase(method: Callable, desc: str) -> TestCase:
+def _create_testcase(method: Callable[..., Any], desc: str) -> TestCase:
     spider = method.__self__.name  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
     class ContractTestCase(TestCase):

scrapy/core/downloader/__init__.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import random
 from collections import deque
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from datetime import datetime
-from time import time
+from time import monotonic
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred, inlineCallbacks
@@ -128,11 +128,12 @@ class Downloader:
     ) -> Generator[Deferred[Any], Any, Response | Request]:
         self.active.add(request)
         try:
-            return (
+            result: Response | Request = yield (
-                yield deferred_from_coro(
+                deferred_from_coro(
                     self.middleware.download_async(self._enqueue_request, request)
                 )
             )
+            return result
         finally:
             self.active.remove(request)
 
@@ -163,7 +164,8 @@ class Downloader:
         return key, self.slots[key]
 
     def get_slot_key(self, request: Request) -> str:
-        if (meta_slot := request.meta.get(self.DOWNLOAD_SLOT)) is not None:
+        meta_slot: str | None = request.meta.get(self.DOWNLOAD_SLOT)
+        if meta_slot is not None:
             return meta_slot
 
         key = urlparse_cached(request).hostname or ""
@@ -196,7 +198,7 @@ class Downloader:
             return
 
         # Delay queue processing if a download_delay is configured
-        now = time()
+        now = monotonic()
         delay = slot.download_delay()
         if delay:
             penalty = delay - now + slot.lastseen
@@ -265,7 +267,7 @@ class Downloader:
             slot.close()
 
     def _slot_gc(self, age: float = 60) -> None:
-        mintime = time() - age
+        mintime = monotonic() - age
         for key, slot in list(self.slots.items()):
             if not slot.active and slot.lastseen + slot.delay < mintime:
                 self.slots.pop(key).close()

scrapy/core/downloader/contextfactory.py

@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import warnings
-from contextlib import contextmanager
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, cast
 
 from OpenSSL import SSL
-from twisted.internet._sslverify import _setAcceptableProtocols
 from twisted.internet.ssl import (
     AcceptableCiphers,
     CertificateOptions,
+    TLSVersion,
     optionsForClientTLS,
 )
 from twisted.web.client import BrowserLikePolicyForHTTPS
@@ -17,17 +16,18 @@ from zope.interface.declarations import implementer
 from zope.interface.verify import verifyObject
 
 from scrapy.core.downloader.tls import (
-    DEFAULT_CIPHERS,
+    _TWISTED_VERSION_MAP,
+    _openssl_methods,
     _ScrapyClientTLSOptions,
-    openssl_methods,
+    _ScrapyClientTLSOptions26,
 )
 from scrapy.exceptions import ScrapyDeprecationWarning
+from scrapy.utils._deps_compat import TWISTED_TLS_NEW_IMPL
 from scrapy.utils.deprecate import create_deprecated_class
 from scrapy.utils.misc import build_from_crawler, load_object
+from scrapy.utils.ssl import _get_cert_options_version_kwargs, _get_tls_version_limits
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from collections.abc import Generator
-
     from twisted.internet._sslverify import ClientTLSOptions
 
     # typing.Self requires Python 3.11
@@ -37,61 +37,53 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from scrapy.settings import BaseSettings
 
 
-@contextmanager
-def _filter_method_warning() -> Generator[None]:
-    with warnings.catch_warnings():
-        # Twisted deprecation, https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy/issues/3288
-        warnings.filterwarnings(
-            "ignore",
-            message=r"Passing method to twisted\.internet\.ssl\.CertificateOptions",
-            category=DeprecationWarning,
-        )
-        yield
-
-
 @implementer(IPolicyForHTTPS)
 class _ScrapyClientContextFactory(BrowserLikePolicyForHTTPS):
     """Non-peer-certificate verifying HTTPS context factory.
 
-    Default OpenSSL method is ``TLS_METHOD`` (also called ``SSLv23_METHOD``)
+    Uses :setting:`DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_CIPHERS`,
-    which allows TLS protocol negotiation.
+    :setting:`DOWNLOAD_TLS_MIN_VERSION` and :setting:`DOWNLOAD_TLS_MAX_VERSION`
+    to configure the :class:`~twisted.internet.ssl.CertificateOptions`
+    instance.
 
     The purpose of this custom class is to provide a ``creatorForNetloc()``
-    method that returns a ``_ScrapyClientTLSOptions`` instance configured based
+    method that returns:
-    on TLS settings provided to the factory.
+
+    - a ``_ScrapyClientTLSOptions26`` or ``_ScrapyClientTLSOptions`` instance
+      configured based on TLS settings provided to the factory (when the
+      certificate verification is disabled);
+    - a result of ``optionsForClientTLS()`` called with those TLS settings
+      (when the certificate verification is enabled).
     """
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        method: int = SSL.SSLv23_METHOD,  # noqa: S503
+        method: int | None = SSL.SSLv23_METHOD,  # noqa: S503
         tls_verbose_logging: bool = False,
         tls_ciphers: str | None = None,
         *args: Any,
         verify_certificates: bool = False,
+        tls_min_version: TLSVersion | None = None,
+        tls_max_version: TLSVersion | None = None,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
-        self._ssl_method: int = method
+        self._ssl_method: int | None = method
+        self.tls_min_version: TLSVersion | None = tls_min_version
+        self.tls_max_version: TLSVersion | None = tls_max_version
         self.tls_verbose_logging: bool = tls_verbose_logging  # unused
-        self.tls_ciphers: AcceptableCiphers
+        self.tls_ciphers: AcceptableCiphers | None = (
-        if tls_ciphers:
+            AcceptableCiphers.fromOpenSSLCipherString(tls_ciphers)
-            self.tls_ciphers = AcceptableCiphers.fromOpenSSLCipherString(tls_ciphers)
+            if tls_ciphers
-        else:
+            else None
-            self.tls_ciphers = DEFAULT_CIPHERS
+        )
-        with _filter_method_warning():
-            self._certificate_options = CertificateOptions(
-                method=self._ssl_method,
-                fixBrokenPeers=True,
-                acceptableCiphers=self.tls_ciphers,
-            )
-        self._ctx = self._get_context()
         self._verify_certificates = verify_certificates
 
     @classmethod
     def from_crawler(
         cls,
         crawler: Crawler,
-        method: int = SSL.SSLv23_METHOD,  # noqa: S503
+        method: int | None = SSL.SSLv23_METHOD,  # noqa: S503
         *args: Any,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> Self:
@@ -99,41 +91,74 @@ class _ScrapyClientContextFactory(BrowserLikePolicyForHTTPS):
             "DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_VERBOSE_LOGGING"
         )
         tls_ciphers: str | None = crawler.settings["DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_CIPHERS"]
+        # DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_METHOD reading and handling should be also moved here
+        # when the deprecated load_context_factory_from_settings() is removed
+        tls_min_ver, tls_max_ver = _get_tls_version_limits(
+            crawler.settings, _TWISTED_VERSION_MAP.__getitem__
+        )
+        if tls_min_ver or tls_max_ver:
+            method = None
         verify_certificates = crawler.settings.getbool("DOWNLOAD_VERIFY_CERTIFICATES")
         return cls(  # type: ignore[misc]
             *args,
             method=method,
             tls_verbose_logging=tls_verbose_logging,
             tls_ciphers=tls_ciphers,
+            tls_min_version=tls_min_ver,
+            tls_max_version=tls_max_ver,
             verify_certificates=verify_certificates,
             **kwargs,
         )
 
+    # should be removed together with ScrapyClientContextFactory
     def getCertificateOptions(self) -> CertificateOptions:  # pragma: no cover
-        return self._certificate_options
+        return self._get_cert_options()
 
-    # kept for old-style HTTP/1.0 downloader context twisted calls,
+    def _get_cert_options(self) -> CertificateOptions:
-    # e.g. connectSSL()
+        return _ScrapyCertificateOptions(**self._get_cert_options_kwargs())
-    def getContext(self, hostname: Any = None, port: Any = None) -> SSL.Context:
+
-        return self._ctx
+    def _get_cert_options_kwargs(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "fixBrokenPeers": True,
+            "acceptableCiphers": self.tls_ciphers,
+        }
+        if self.tls_min_version or self.tls_max_version:
+            kwargs.update(
+                _get_cert_options_version_kwargs(
+                    self.tls_min_version, self.tls_max_version
+                )
+            )
+        # when ScrapyClientContextFactory is removed self._ssl_method can just be None by default
+        elif self._ssl_method != SSL.SSLv23_METHOD:
+            kwargs["method"] = self._ssl_method
+        return kwargs
+
+    # should be removed together with ScrapyClientContextFactory
+    def getContext(
+        self, hostname: Any = None, port: Any = None
+    ) -> SSL.Context:  # pragma: no cover
+        return self._get_context()
 
     def _get_context(self) -> SSL.Context:
-        ctx = self._certificate_options.getContext()
+        return self._get_cert_options().getContext()
-        ctx.set_options(0x4)  # OP_LEGACY_SERVER_CONNECT
-        return ctx
 
     def creatorForNetloc(self, hostname: bytes, port: int) -> ClientTLSOptions:
         if not self._verify_certificates:
-            return _ScrapyClientTLSOptions(hostname.decode("ascii"), self._ctx)  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+            # Our options class is needed to skip verification errors
-        # Note that this doesn't use self._ctx
+            if TWISTED_TLS_NEW_IMPL:
-        with _filter_method_warning():
+                return _ScrapyClientTLSOptions26(
-            return optionsForClientTLS(
+                    self._get_cert_options()._makeTLSConnection,
-                hostname=hostname.decode("ascii"),
+                    hostname.decode("ascii"),
-                extraCertificateOptions={
+                )
-                    "method": self._ssl_method,
+            return _ScrapyClientTLSOptions(
-                    "acceptableCiphers": self.tls_ciphers,
+                hostname.decode("ascii"),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
-                },
+                self._get_context(),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
             )
+        # Otherwise use the normal Twisted function.
+        return optionsForClientTLS(  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+            hostname=hostname.decode("ascii"),
+            extraCertificateOptions=self._get_cert_options_kwargs(),
+        )
 
 
 ScrapyClientContextFactory = create_deprecated_class(
@@ -158,12 +183,6 @@ class BrowserLikeContextFactory(_ScrapyClientContextFactory):
     :meth:`creatorForNetloc` is the same as
     :class:`~twisted.web.client.BrowserLikePolicyForHTTPS` except this context
     factory allows setting the TLS/SSL method to use.
-
-    The default OpenSSL method is ``TLS_METHOD`` (also called
-    ``SSLv23_METHOD``) which allows TLS protocol negotiation.
-
-    As this overrides the parent ``creatorForNetloc()`` method, only
-    ``self._ssl_method`` is used from the parent class.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any):
@@ -177,11 +196,10 @@ class BrowserLikeContextFactory(_ScrapyClientContextFactory):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def creatorForNetloc(self, hostname: bytes, port: int) -> ClientTLSOptions:
-        with _filter_method_warning():
+        return optionsForClientTLS(  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
-            return optionsForClientTLS(
+            hostname=hostname.decode("ascii"),
-                hostname=hostname.decode("ascii"),
+            extraCertificateOptions=self._get_cert_options_kwargs(),
-                extraCertificateOptions={"method": self._ssl_method},
+        )
-            )
 
 
 @implementer(IPolicyForHTTPS)
@@ -194,8 +212,25 @@ class _AcceptableProtocolsContextFactory:
     the acceptable protocols on the :class:`.ClientTLSOptions` instance
     returned by it. It's only needed because we support custom factories via
     :setting:`DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY`.
+
+    It's a no-op on Twisted 26.4.0+, though using it with custom
+    factories on those Twisted versions may be not enough for HTTP/2 support.
     """
 
+    # Something needs to call set_alpn_protos() for ALPN to work.
+    #
+    # Twisted < 26.4.0 does it in OpenSSLCertificateOptions._makeContext()
+    # (requires passing acceptableProtocols from the factory to
+    # OpenSSLCertificateOptions) and in TLSMemoryBIOFactory._createConnection()
+    # based on H2ClientFactory.acceptableProtocols (too late, it seems).
+    #
+    # Newer Twisted does it in OpenSSLCertificateOptions._makeContext() as
+    # well, and in OpenSSLCertificateOptions._makeTLSConnection() based on
+    # H2ClientFactory.acceptableProtocols (which now works).
+    #
+    # When we drop DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY it looks like we can replace
+    # all of this with _ScrapyClientContextFactory.acceptableProtocols.
+
     def __init__(self, context_factory: Any, acceptable_protocols: list[bytes]):
         verifyObject(IPolicyForHTTPS, context_factory)
         self._wrapped_context_factory: Any = context_factory
@@ -205,7 +240,12 @@ class _AcceptableProtocolsContextFactory:
         options: ClientTLSOptions = self._wrapped_context_factory.creatorForNetloc(
             hostname, port
         )
-        _setAcceptableProtocols(options._ctx, self._acceptable_protocols)
+        if not TWISTED_TLS_NEW_IMPL:
+            from twisted.internet._sslverify import (  # type: ignore[attr-defined]  # noqa: PLC0415  # pylint: disable=no-name-in-module
+                _setAcceptableProtocols,
+            )
+
+            _setAcceptableProtocols(options._ctx, self._acceptable_protocols)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
         return options
 
 
@@ -217,11 +257,33 @@ AcceptableProtocolsContextFactory = create_deprecated_class(
 )
 
 
+class _ScrapyCertificateOptions(CertificateOptions):
+    """A wrapper needed to add flags to the SSL context before it's used."""
+
+    def _makeContext(self, skipCiphers: bool = False) -> SSL.Context:
+        if TWISTED_TLS_NEW_IMPL:
+            ctx = super()._makeContext(skipCiphers)
+        else:
+            ctx = super()._makeContext()
+        ctx.set_options(0x4)  # OP_LEGACY_SERVER_CONNECT
+        return ctx
+
+
 def _load_context_factory_from_settings(crawler: Crawler) -> IPolicyForHTTPS:
     """Create an instance of :setting:`DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY`.
 
     Also passes values of other relevant settings to the factory class.
     """
+    tls_method_setting: str = crawler.settings["DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_METHOD"]
+    if tls_method_setting != "TLS":
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Setting DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_METHOD to a non-default value is"
+            " deprecated, please use DOWNLOAD_TLS_MIN_VERSION and/or"
+            " DOWNLOAD_TLS_MAX_VERSION instead.",
+            ScrapyDeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+    tls_method = _openssl_methods[tls_method_setting]
     if crawler.settings["DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY"] == "SENTINEL":
         context_factory_cls = _ScrapyClientContextFactory
     else:  # pragma: no cover
@@ -233,13 +295,12 @@ def _load_context_factory_from_settings(crawler: Crawler) -> IPolicyForHTTPS:
         context_factory_cls = load_object(
             crawler.settings["DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY"]
         )
-    ssl_method = openssl_methods[crawler.settings.get("DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_METHOD")]
     return cast(
         "IPolicyForHTTPS",
         build_from_crawler(
             context_factory_cls,
             crawler,
-            method=ssl_method,
+            method=tls_method,
         ),
     )
 

scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/_base_http.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from .base import BaseDownloadHandler
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from scrapy.crawler import Crawler
+
+
+class BaseHttpDownloadHandler(BaseDownloadHandler, ABC):
+    """Base class for built-in HTTP download handlers."""
+
+    def __init__(self, crawler: Crawler):
+        super().__init__(crawler)
+        self._default_maxsize: int = crawler.settings.getint("DOWNLOAD_MAXSIZE")
+        self._default_warnsize: int = crawler.settings.getint("DOWNLOAD_WARNSIZE")
+        self._fail_on_dataloss: bool = crawler.settings.getbool(
+            "DOWNLOAD_FAIL_ON_DATALOSS"
+        )
+        self._tls_verbose_logging: bool = crawler.settings.getbool(
+            "DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_VERBOSE_LOGGING"
+        )
+        self._fail_on_dataloss_warned: bool = False

scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/_base_streaming.py

@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import base64
+import logging
+import time
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from io import BytesIO
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, ClassVar, Generic, NoReturn, TypedDict, TypeVar
+from urllib.parse import quote, urlsplit
+
+from scrapy import Request, signals
+from scrapy.exceptions import (
+    DownloadCancelledError,
+    NotConfigured,
+    ResponseDataLossError,
+)
+from scrapy.utils._download_handlers import (
+    check_stop_download,
+    get_dataloss_msg,
+    get_maxsize_msg,
+    get_warnsize_msg,
+    make_response,
+    normalize_bind_address,
+)
+from scrapy.utils.asyncio import is_asyncio_available
+from scrapy.utils.url import add_http_if_no_scheme
+
+from ._base_http import BaseHttpDownloadHandler
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import AsyncIterable
+    from contextlib import AbstractAsyncContextManager
+    from ipaddress import IPv4Address, IPv6Address
+
+    from _typeshed import SizedBuffer
+
+    # typing.NotRequired requires Python 3.11
+    from typing_extensions import NotRequired
+
+    from scrapy.crawler import Crawler
+    from scrapy.http import Headers, Response
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+_ResponseT = TypeVar("_ResponseT")
+
+
+class _BaseResponseArgs(TypedDict):
+    status: int
+    url: str
+    headers: Headers
+    certificate: NotRequired[Any]
+    ip_address: NotRequired[IPv4Address | IPv6Address | None]
+    protocol: str | None
+
+
+class BaseStreamingDownloadHandler(BaseHttpDownloadHandler, ABC, Generic[_ResponseT]):
+    """A base class for HTTP download handlers that follow the streaming logic flow."""
+
+    _DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT: ClassVar[float] = 10
+    experimental: ClassVar[bool] = False
+    requires_asyncio: ClassVar[bool] = True
+    # require subclasses to disable proxies explicitly with an explanation
+    supports_proxies: ClassVar[bool] = True
+    supports_per_request_bindaddress: ClassVar[bool] = False
+
+    def __init__(self, crawler: Crawler):
+        if self.requires_asyncio and not is_asyncio_available():  # pragma: no cover
+            raise NotConfigured(
+                f"{type(self).__name__} requires the asyncio support. Make"
+                f" sure that you have either enabled the asyncio Twisted"
+                f" reactor in the TWISTED_REACTOR setting or disabled the"
+                f" TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED setting. See the asyncio documentation"
+                f" of Scrapy for more information."
+            )
+        self._check_deps_installed()
+        super().__init__(crawler)
+        if self.experimental:
+            logger.warning(
+                f"{type(self).__name__} is experimental and is not recommended for production use."
+            )
+        self._bind_address = normalize_bind_address(
+            crawler.settings.get("DOWNLOAD_BIND_ADDRESS")
+        )
+        self._proxy_auth_encoding: str = crawler.settings.get("HTTPPROXY_AUTH_ENCODING")
+        # these are useful for many handlers but used in different ways by them
+        self._pool_size_total: int = crawler.settings.getint("CONCURRENT_REQUESTS")
+        self._pool_size_per_host: int = crawler.settings.getint(
+            "CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN"
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _check_deps_installed() -> None:
+        """Raise NotConfigured if the required deps are not installed."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _make_request(
+        self, request: Request, timeout: float
+    ) -> AbstractAsyncContextManager[_ResponseT]:
+        """Return an async context manager yielding the library-specific response.
+
+        Exceptions raised by the library should be reraised as Scrapy-specific ones.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _extract_headers(response: _ResponseT) -> Headers:
+        """Convert library-specific response headers to a
+        :class:`~scrapy.http.headers.Headers` object."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _build_base_response_args(
+        response: _ResponseT, request: Request, headers: Headers
+    ) -> _BaseResponseArgs:
+        """Build kwargs for :func:`scrapy.utils._download_handlers.make_response`."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _iter_body_chunks(response: _ResponseT) -> AsyncIterable[SizedBuffer]:
+        """Return an async iterable yielding body chunks from the response."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _is_dataloss_exception(exc: Exception) -> bool:
+        """Return True if ``exc`` represents dataloss."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def _log_tls_info(self, response: _ResponseT, request: Request) -> None:
+        """Log TLS connection details, if possible."""
+
+    async def download_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        if not self.supports_proxies and request.meta.get("proxy"):
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"{type(self).__name__} doesn't support proxies.")
+        if not self.supports_per_request_bindaddress and request.meta.get(
+            "bindaddress"
+        ):
+            logger.error(
+                f"The 'bindaddress' request meta key is not supported by"
+                f" {type(self).__name__} and will be ignored."
+            )
+        timeout: float = request.meta.get(
+            "download_timeout", self._DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT
+        )
+        start_time = time.monotonic()
+        async with self._make_request(request, timeout) as response:
+            request.meta["download_latency"] = time.monotonic() - start_time
+            return await self._read_response(response, request)
+
+    async def _read_response(self, response: _ResponseT, request: Request) -> Response:
+        maxsize: int = request.meta.get("download_maxsize", self._default_maxsize)
+        warnsize: int = request.meta.get("download_warnsize", self._default_warnsize)
+
+        headers = self._extract_headers(response)
+        content_length = headers.get("Content-Length")
+        expected_size = int(content_length) if content_length is not None else None
+        if maxsize and expected_size and expected_size > maxsize:
+            self._cancel_maxsize(expected_size, maxsize, request, expected=True)
+
+        reached_warnsize = False
+        if warnsize and expected_size and expected_size > warnsize:
+            reached_warnsize = True
+            logger.warning(
+                get_warnsize_msg(expected_size, warnsize, request, expected=True)
+            )
+
+        make_response_base_args = self._build_base_response_args(
+            response, request, headers
+        )
+
+        if self._tls_verbose_logging:
+            self._log_tls_info(response, request)
+
+        if stop_download := check_stop_download(
+            signals.headers_received,
+            self.crawler,
+            request,
+            headers=headers,
+            body_length=expected_size,
+        ):
+            return make_response(
+                **make_response_base_args,
+                stop_download=stop_download,
+            )
+
+        response_body = BytesIO()
+        bytes_received = 0
+        try:
+            async for chunk in self._iter_body_chunks(response):
+                response_body.write(chunk)
+                bytes_received += len(chunk)
+
+                if stop_download := check_stop_download(
+                    signals.bytes_received, self.crawler, request, data=chunk
+                ):
+                    return make_response(
+                        **make_response_base_args,
+                        body=response_body.getvalue(),
+                        stop_download=stop_download,
+                    )
+
+                if maxsize and bytes_received > maxsize:
+                    response_body.truncate(0)
+                    self._cancel_maxsize(
+                        bytes_received, maxsize, request, expected=False
+                    )
+
+                if warnsize and bytes_received > warnsize and not reached_warnsize:
+                    reached_warnsize = True
+                    logger.warning(
+                        get_warnsize_msg(
+                            bytes_received, warnsize, request, expected=False
+                        )
+                    )
+        except Exception as e:
+            if not self._is_dataloss_exception(e):
+                raise
+            fail_on_dataloss: bool = request.meta.get(
+                "download_fail_on_dataloss", self._fail_on_dataloss
+            )
+            if not fail_on_dataloss:
+                return make_response(
+                    **make_response_base_args,
+                    body=response_body.getvalue(),
+                    flags=["dataloss"],
+                )
+            if not self._fail_on_dataloss_warned:
+                logger.warning(get_dataloss_msg(request.url))
+                self._fail_on_dataloss_warned = True
+            raise ResponseDataLossError(str(e)) from e
+
+        return make_response(
+            **make_response_base_args,
+            body=response_body.getvalue(),
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _request_headers(request: Request) -> Headers:
+        """Get a prepared copy of the request headers.
+
+        This removes the Proxy-Authorization header.
+        """
+        headers = request.headers.copy()
+        headers.pop(b"Proxy-Authorization", None)
+        return headers
+
+    def _get_bind_address_host(self) -> str | None:
+        """Return the host portion of the bind address.
+
+        Needed for handlers that don't support the bind port.
+        """
+        if self._bind_address is None:
+            return None
+        host, port = self._bind_address
+        if port != 0:
+            logger.warning(
+                "DOWNLOAD_BIND_ADDRESS specifies a port (%s), but %s does not "
+                "support binding to a specific local port. Ignoring the port "
+                "and binding only to %r.",
+                port,
+                type(self).__name__,
+                host,
+            )
+        return host
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _cancel_maxsize(
+        size: int, limit: int, request: Request, *, expected: bool
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        warning_msg = get_maxsize_msg(size, limit, request, expected=expected)
+        logger.warning(warning_msg)
+        raise DownloadCancelledError(warning_msg)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_proxy(request: Request) -> tuple[str | None, str | None]:
+        """Return a tuple of the proxy URL with a scheme and the value of the
+        Proxy-Authorization header.
+
+        This is useful for handlers that take the proxy headers separately.
+        """
+        proxy: str | None = request.meta.get("proxy")
+        if not proxy:
+            return None, None
+        proxy = add_http_if_no_scheme(proxy)
+        auth_header: bytes | None = request.headers.get(b"Proxy-Authorization")
+        return proxy, auth_header.decode("ascii") if auth_header else None
+
+    def _extract_proxy_url_with_creds(self, request: Request) -> str | None:
+        """Return the proxy URL with the userinfo added based on the
+        Proxy-Authorization header.
+
+        This is useful for handlers that cannot take the proxy headers
+        separately.
+        """
+        proxy_url, auth_header = self._extract_proxy(request)
+        if proxy_url is None or auth_header is None:
+            return proxy_url
+        scheme, token = auth_header.split(" ", 1)
+        if scheme != "Basic":
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Expected Basic auth in Proxy-Authorization, got {scheme}"
+            )
+        user, password = (
+            base64.b64decode(token).decode(self._proxy_auth_encoding).split(":", 1)
+        )
+        parts = urlsplit(proxy_url)
+        netloc = f"{quote(user)}:{quote(password)}@{parts.netloc}"
+        return parts._replace(netloc=netloc).geturl()

scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/_httpx.py

@@ -3,131 +3,166 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import ipaddress
-import logging
 import ssl
-from http.cookiejar import Cookie, CookieJar
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
-from io import BytesIO
+from socket import gaierror
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, NoReturn, TypedDict
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, ClassVar
 
-from scrapy import Request, signals
 from scrapy.exceptions import (
     CannotResolveHostError,
-    DownloadCancelledError,
     DownloadConnectionRefusedError,
     DownloadFailedError,
     DownloadTimeoutError,
     NotConfigured,
-    ResponseDataLossError,
     UnsupportedURLSchemeError,
 )
-from scrapy.http import Headers, Response
+from scrapy.http import Headers
-from scrapy.utils._download_handlers import (
+from scrapy.utils._download_handlers import NullCookieJar
-    BaseHttpDownloadHandler,
+from scrapy.utils.python import _iter_exc_causes
-    check_stop_download,
+from scrapy.utils.ssl import (
-    get_dataloss_msg,
+    _log_sslobj_debug_info,
-    get_maxsize_msg,
+    _make_insecure_ssl_ctx,
-    get_warnsize_msg,
+    _make_ssl_context,
-    make_response,
-    normalize_bind_address,
 )
-from scrapy.utils.asyncio import is_asyncio_available
+
-from scrapy.utils.ssl import _log_sslobj_debug_info, _make_ssl_context
+from ._base_streaming import BaseStreamingDownloadHandler, _BaseResponseArgs
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from contextlib import AbstractAsyncContextManager
+    from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
-    from http.client import HTTPResponse
-    from ipaddress import IPv4Address, IPv6Address
-    from urllib.request import Request as ULRequest
 
     from httpcore import AsyncNetworkStream
 
+    from scrapy import Request
     from scrapy.crawler import Crawler
 
 
+HAS_SOCKS = HAS_HTTP2 = False
+
 try:
     import httpx
 except ImportError:
     httpx = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+else:
+    # a small hack to avoid importing these optional extras unconditionally
 
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+    DOWNLOAD_FAILED_EXCEPTIONS: tuple[type[BaseException], ...] = (
+        httpx.RequestError,
+        httpx.InvalidURL,
+    )
 
+    try:
+        import h2.exceptions
 
-class _BaseResponseArgs(TypedDict):
+        HAS_HTTP2 = True
-    status: int
+        DOWNLOAD_FAILED_EXCEPTIONS += (h2.exceptions.InvalidBodyLengthError,)
-    url: str
+    except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
-    headers: Headers
-    ip_address: IPv4Address | IPv6Address
-    protocol: str
-
-
-# workaround for (and from) https://github.com/encode/httpx/issues/2992
-class _NullCookieJar(CookieJar):  # pragma: no cover
-    """A CookieJar that rejects all cookies."""
-
-    def extract_cookies(self, response: HTTPResponse, request: ULRequest) -> None:
         pass
 
-    def set_cookie(self, cookie: Cookie) -> None:
+    try:
+        import socksio.exceptions
+
+        HAS_SOCKS = True
+        DOWNLOAD_FAILED_EXCEPTIONS += (socksio.exceptions.ProtocolError,)
+    except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
         pass
 
 
-class HttpxDownloadHandler(BaseHttpDownloadHandler):
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    _DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT = 10
+    _Base = BaseStreamingDownloadHandler[httpx.Response]
+else:
+    _Base = BaseStreamingDownloadHandler
+
+
+class HttpxDownloadHandler(_Base):
+    experimental: ClassVar[bool] = True
 
     def __init__(self, crawler: Crawler):
-        # we skip HttpxDownloadHandler tests with the non-asyncio reactor
+        super().__init__(crawler)
-        if not is_asyncio_available():  # pragma: no cover
+        self._verify_certificates: bool = crawler.settings.getbool(
+            "DOWNLOAD_VERIFY_CERTIFICATES"
+        )
+        self._enable_h2: bool = crawler.settings.getbool("HTTPX_HTTP2_ENABLED")
+        if self._enable_h2 and not HAS_HTTP2:  # pragma: no cover
             raise NotConfigured(
-                f"{type(self).__name__} requires the asyncio support. Make"
+                f"HTTP/2 support in {type(self).__name__} requires the 'httpx[http2]' extra to be installed."
-                f" sure that you have either enabled the asyncio Twisted"
-                f" reactor in the TWISTED_REACTOR setting or disabled the"
-                f" TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED setting. See the asyncio"
-                f" documentation of Scrapy for more information."
             )
+        self._ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext = _make_ssl_context(crawler.settings)
+        self._bind_host: str | None = self._get_bind_address_host()
+        self._limits: httpx.Limits = httpx.Limits(
+            # hard limit on simultaneous connections
+            max_connections=self._pool_size_total,
+            # total number of idle connections in the pool (extra ones are closed)
+            max_keepalive_connections=self._pool_size_total,
+        )
+
+        self._default_client: httpx.AsyncClient = self._make_client()
+        # httpx doesn't support per-request proxies: https://github.com/encode/httpx/discussions/3183,
+        # so we keep a pool of clients per proxy URL. LRU eviction can be added here if needed.
+        self._proxy_clients: dict[str, httpx.AsyncClient] = {}
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _check_deps_installed() -> None:
         if httpx is None:  # pragma: no cover
             raise NotConfigured(
-                f"{type(self).__name__} requires the httpx library to be installed."
+                "HttpxDownloadHandler requires the httpx library to be installed."
             )
-        super().__init__(crawler)
-        logger.warning(
-            "HttpxDownloadHandler is experimental and is not recommended for production use."
-        )
-        bind_address = crawler.settings.get("DOWNLOAD_BIND_ADDRESS")
-        bind_address = normalize_bind_address(bind_address)
 
-        self._bind_address: str | None = None
+    def _make_client(self, proxy_url: str | None = None) -> httpx.AsyncClient:
+        if proxy_url:
+            if proxy_url.startswith("https:") and not self._verify_certificates:
+                proxy_ssl_context = _make_insecure_ssl_ctx()
+            else:
+                proxy_ssl_context = None
+            proxy = httpx.Proxy(proxy_url, ssl_context=proxy_ssl_context)
+        else:
+            proxy = None
 
-        if bind_address is not None:
+        client = httpx.AsyncClient(
-            host, port = bind_address
+            cookies=NullCookieJar(),
-            if port != 0:
-                logger.warning(
-                    "DOWNLOAD_BIND_ADDRESS specifies a port (%s), but %s does not "
-                    "support binding to a specific local port. Ignoring the port "
-                    "and binding only to %r.",
-                    port,
-                    type(self).__name__,
-                    host,
-                )
-            self._bind_address = host
-
-        self._client = httpx.AsyncClient(
-            cookies=_NullCookieJar(),
             transport=httpx.AsyncHTTPTransport(
-                verify=_make_ssl_context(crawler.settings),
+                verify=self._ssl_context,
-                local_address=self._bind_address,
+                local_address=self._bind_host,
+                http2=self._enable_h2,
+                limits=self._limits,
+                trust_env=False,
+                proxy=proxy,
             ),
         )
+        # https://github.com/encode/httpx/discussions/1566
+        for header_name in ("accept", "accept-encoding", "user-agent"):
+            client.headers.pop(header_name, None)
+        return client
 
-    async def download_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+    def _get_client(self, proxy_url: str | None) -> httpx.AsyncClient:
-        self._warn_unsupported_meta(request.meta)
+        if proxy_url is None:
+            return self._default_client
+        if cached := self._proxy_clients.get(proxy_url):
+            return cached
+        client = self._make_client(proxy_url)
+        self._proxy_clients[proxy_url] = client
+        return client
 
-        timeout: float = request.meta.get(
+    @asynccontextmanager
-            "download_timeout", self._DEFAULT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT
+    async def _make_request(
-        )
+        self, request: Request, timeout: float
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[httpx.Response]:
+        proxy = self._extract_proxy_url_with_creds(request)
+        if proxy and proxy.startswith("socks") and not HAS_SOCKS:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"SOCKS proxy support in {type(self).__name__} requires the 'httpx[socks]' extra to be installed."
+            )
+        client = self._get_client(proxy)
+        headers = self._request_headers(request).to_tuple_list()
 
         try:
-            async with self._get_httpx_response(request, timeout) as httpx_response:
+            async with client.stream(
-                return await self._read_response(httpx_response, request)
+                request.method,
+                request.url,
+                content=request.body,
+                headers=headers,
+                timeout=timeout,
+            ) as response:
+                yield response
         except httpx.TimeoutException as e:
             raise DownloadTimeoutError(
                 f"Getting {request.url} took longer than {timeout} seconds."
@@ -135,168 +170,58 @@ class HttpxDownloadHandler(BaseHttpDownloadHandler):
         except httpx.UnsupportedProtocol as e:
             raise UnsupportedURLSchemeError(str(e)) from e
         except httpx.ConnectError as e:
-            error_message = str(e)
+            if any(isinstance(c, gaierror) for c in _iter_exc_causes(e)):
-            if (
+                raise CannotResolveHostError(str(e)) from e
-                "Name or service not known" in error_message
-                or "getaddrinfo failed" in error_message
-                or "nodename nor servname" in error_message
-                or "Temporary failure in name resolution" in error_message
-            ):
-                raise CannotResolveHostError(error_message) from e
             raise DownloadConnectionRefusedError(str(e)) from e
-        except httpx.NetworkError as e:
+        except httpx.ProxyError as e:
+            raise DownloadConnectionRefusedError(str(e)) from e
+        except DOWNLOAD_FAILED_EXCEPTIONS as e:
             raise DownloadFailedError(str(e)) from e
-        except httpx.RemoteProtocolError as e:
-            raise DownloadFailedError(str(e)) from e
-
-    def _warn_unsupported_meta(self, meta: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
-        if meta.get("bindaddress"):
-            # configurable only per-client:
-            # https://github.com/encode/httpx/issues/755#issuecomment-2746121794
-            logger.error(
-                f"The 'bindaddress' request meta key is not supported by"
-                f" {type(self).__name__} and will be ignored."
-            )
-        if meta.get("proxy"):
-            # configurable only per-client:
-            # https://github.com/encode/httpx/issues/486
-            logger.error(
-                f"The 'proxy' request meta key is not supported by"
-                f" {type(self).__name__} and will be ignored."
-            )
-
-    def _get_httpx_response(
-        self, request: Request, timeout: float
-    ) -> AbstractAsyncContextManager[httpx.Response]:
-        return self._client.stream(
-            request.method,
-            request.url,
-            content=request.body,
-            headers=request.headers.to_tuple_list(),
-            timeout=timeout,
-        )
-
-    async def _read_response(
-        self, httpx_response: httpx.Response, request: Request
-    ) -> Response:
-        maxsize: int = request.meta.get("download_maxsize", self._default_maxsize)
-        warnsize: int = request.meta.get("download_warnsize", self._default_warnsize)
-
-        content_length = httpx_response.headers.get("Content-Length")
-        expected_size = int(content_length) if content_length is not None else None
-        if maxsize and expected_size and expected_size > maxsize:
-            self._cancel_maxsize(expected_size, maxsize, request, expected=True)
-
-        reached_warnsize = False
-        if warnsize and expected_size and expected_size > warnsize:
-            reached_warnsize = True
-            logger.warning(
-                get_warnsize_msg(expected_size, warnsize, request, expected=True)
-            )
-
-        headers = Headers(httpx_response.headers.multi_items())
-        network_stream: AsyncNetworkStream = httpx_response.extensions["network_stream"]
-
-        make_response_base_args: _BaseResponseArgs = {
-            "status": httpx_response.status_code,
-            "url": request.url,
-            "headers": headers,
-            "ip_address": self._get_server_ip(network_stream),
-            "protocol": httpx_response.http_version,
-        }
-
-        self._log_tls_info(network_stream)
-
-        if stop_download := check_stop_download(
-            signals.headers_received,
-            self.crawler,
-            request,
-            headers=headers,
-            body_length=expected_size,
-        ):
-            return make_response(
-                **make_response_base_args,
-                stop_download=stop_download,
-            )
-
-        response_body = BytesIO()
-        bytes_received = 0
-        try:
-            async for chunk in httpx_response.aiter_raw():
-                response_body.write(chunk)
-                bytes_received += len(chunk)
-
-                if stop_download := check_stop_download(
-                    signals.bytes_received, self.crawler, request, data=chunk
-                ):
-                    return make_response(
-                        **make_response_base_args,
-                        body=response_body.getvalue(),
-                        stop_download=stop_download,
-                    )
-
-                if maxsize and bytes_received > maxsize:
-                    response_body.truncate(0)
-                    self._cancel_maxsize(
-                        bytes_received, maxsize, request, expected=False
-                    )
-
-                if warnsize and bytes_received > warnsize and not reached_warnsize:
-                    reached_warnsize = True
-                    logger.warning(
-                        get_warnsize_msg(
-                            bytes_received, warnsize, request, expected=False
-                        )
-                    )
-        except httpx.RemoteProtocolError as e:
-            # special handling of the dataloss case
-            if (
-                "peer closed connection without sending complete message body"
-                not in str(e)
-            ):
-                raise
-            fail_on_dataloss: bool = request.meta.get(
-                "download_fail_on_dataloss", self._fail_on_dataloss
-            )
-            if not fail_on_dataloss:
-                return make_response(
-                    **make_response_base_args,
-                    body=response_body.getvalue(),
-                    flags=["dataloss"],
-                )
-            self._log_dataloss_warning(request.url)
-            raise ResponseDataLossError(str(e)) from e
-
-        return make_response(
-            **make_response_base_args,
-            body=response_body.getvalue(),
-        )
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _get_server_ip(network_stream: AsyncNetworkStream) -> IPv4Address | IPv6Address:
+    def _extract_headers(response: httpx.Response) -> Headers:
-        extra_server_addr = network_stream.get_extra_info("server_addr")
+        return Headers(response.headers.multi_items())
-        return ipaddress.ip_address(extra_server_addr[0])
 
-    def _log_tls_info(self, network_stream: AsyncNetworkStream) -> None:
+    @staticmethod
-        if not self._tls_verbose_logging:
+    def _build_base_response_args(
-            return
+        response: httpx.Response,
+        request: Request,
+        headers: Headers,
+    ) -> _BaseResponseArgs:
+        network_stream: AsyncNetworkStream = response.extensions["network_stream"]
+        server_addr = network_stream.get_extra_info("server_addr")
+        ip_address = ipaddress.ip_address(server_addr[0])
+        ssl_object = network_stream.get_extra_info("ssl_object")
+        if isinstance(ssl_object, ssl.SSLObject):
+            cert = ssl_object.getpeercert(binary_form=True)
+        else:
+            cert = None
+        return {
+            "status": response.status_code,
+            "url": request.url,
+            "headers": headers,
+            "certificate": cert,
+            "ip_address": ip_address,
+            "protocol": response.http_version,
+        }
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _iter_body_chunks(response: httpx.Response) -> AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        return response.aiter_raw()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _is_dataloss_exception(exc: Exception) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(
+            exc, httpx.RemoteProtocolError
+        ) and "peer closed connection without sending complete message body" in str(exc)
+
+    def _log_tls_info(self, response: httpx.Response, request: Request) -> None:
+        network_stream: AsyncNetworkStream = response.extensions["network_stream"]
         extra_ssl_object = network_stream.get_extra_info("ssl_object")
         if isinstance(extra_ssl_object, ssl.SSLObject):
             _log_sslobj_debug_info(extra_ssl_object)
 
-    def _log_dataloss_warning(self, url: str) -> None:
-        if self._fail_on_dataloss_warned:
-            return
-        logger.warning(get_dataloss_msg(url))
-        self._fail_on_dataloss_warned = True
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _cancel_maxsize(
-        size: int, limit: int, request: Request, *, expected: bool
-    ) -> NoReturn:
-        warning_msg = get_maxsize_msg(size, limit, request, expected=expected)
-        logger.warning(warning_msg)
-        raise DownloadCancelledError(warning_msg)
-
     async def close(self) -> None:
-        await self._client.aclose()
+        await self._default_client.aclose()
+        for client in self._proxy_clients.values():
+            await client.aclose()

scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/ftp.py

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 An asynchronous FTP file download handler for scrapy which somehow emulates an http response.
 
 FTP connection parameters are passed using the request meta field:
-- ftp_user (required)
+- ftp_user (optional, falls back to FTP_USER)
-- ftp_password (required)
+- ftp_password (optional, falls back to FTP_PASSWORD)
-- ftp_passive (by default, enabled) sets FTP connection passive mode
+- ftp_passive (optional, falls back to FTP_PASSIVE_MODE) sets FTP connection passive mode
 - ftp_local_filename
         - If not given, file data will come in the response.body, as a normal scrapy Response,
         which will imply that the entire file will be on memory.
@@ -119,7 +119,10 @@ class FTPDownloadHandler(BaseDownloadHandler):
                 httpcode = self.CODE_MAPPING.get(ftpcode, self.CODE_MAPPING["default"])
                 return Response(url=request.url, status=httpcode, body=message.encode())
             raise
-        protocol.close()
+        finally:
+            protocol.close()
+            assert client.transport
+            client.transport.loseConnection()
         headers = {"local filename": protocol.filename or b"", "size": protocol.size}
         body = protocol.filename or protocol.body.read()
         respcls = responsetypes.from_args(url=request.url, body=body)

scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/http.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 # pragma: no file cover
 import warnings
 
-from scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http10 import HTTP10DownloadHandler
 from scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http11 import (
     HTTP11DownloadHandler as HTTPDownloadHandler,
 )
@@ -16,6 +15,5 @@ warnings.warn(
 )
 
 __all__ = [
-    "HTTP10DownloadHandler",
     "HTTPDownloadHandler",
 ]

scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/http10.py

@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-"""Download handlers for http and https schemes"""
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import warnings
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-
-from scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory import _ScrapyClientContextFactory
-from scrapy.exceptions import NotConfigured, ScrapyDeprecationWarning
-from scrapy.utils.defer import maybe_deferred_to_future
-from scrapy.utils.misc import build_from_crawler, load_object
-from scrapy.utils.python import to_unicode
-
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from twisted.internet.interfaces import IConnector
-
-    # typing.Self requires Python 3.11
-    from typing_extensions import Self
-
-    from scrapy import Request
-    from scrapy.core.downloader.webclient import ScrapyHTTPClientFactory
-    from scrapy.crawler import Crawler
-    from scrapy.http import Response
-    from scrapy.settings import BaseSettings
-
-
-class HTTP10DownloadHandler:
-    lazy = False
-
-    def __init__(self, settings: BaseSettings, crawler: Crawler):
-        warnings.warn(
-            "HTTP10DownloadHandler is deprecated and will be removed in a future Scrapy version.",
-            category=ScrapyDeprecationWarning,
-            stacklevel=2,
-        )
-        if not crawler.settings.getbool("TWISTED_REACTOR_ENABLED"):  # pragma: no cover
-            raise NotConfigured(f"{type(self).__name__} requires a Twisted reactor.")
-        self.HTTPClientFactory: type[ScrapyHTTPClientFactory] = load_object(
-            settings["DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY"]
-        )
-        if settings["DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY"] == "SENTINEL":
-            self.ClientContextFactory: type[_ScrapyClientContextFactory] = (
-                _ScrapyClientContextFactory
-            )
-        else:  # pragma: no cover
-            warnings.warn(
-                "The 'DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY' setting is deprecated.",
-                category=ScrapyDeprecationWarning,
-                stacklevel=2,
-            )
-            self.ClientContextFactory = load_object(
-                settings["DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY"]
-            )
-        self._settings: BaseSettings = settings
-        self._crawler: Crawler = crawler
-
-    @classmethod
-    def from_crawler(cls, crawler: Crawler) -> Self:
-        return cls(crawler.settings, crawler)
-
-    async def download_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
-        factory = self.HTTPClientFactory(request)
-        self._connect(factory)
-        return await maybe_deferred_to_future(factory.deferred)
-
-    def _connect(self, factory: ScrapyHTTPClientFactory) -> IConnector:
-        from twisted.internet import reactor
-
-        host, port = to_unicode(factory.host), factory.port
-        if factory.scheme == b"https":
-            client_context_factory = build_from_crawler(
-                self.ClientContextFactory,
-                self._crawler,
-            )
-            return reactor.connectSSL(host, port, factory, client_context_factory)
-        return reactor.connectTCP(host, port, factory)
-
-    async def close(self) -> None:
-        pass

scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/http11.py

@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@ import ipaddress
 import logging
 import re
 from contextlib import suppress
+from functools import partial
 from io import BytesIO
-from time import time
+from time import monotonic
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, TypedDict, TypeVar, cast
 from urllib.parse import urldefrag, urlparse
 
@@ -40,7 +41,6 @@ from scrapy.exceptions import (
 )
 from scrapy.http import Headers, Response
 from scrapy.utils._download_handlers import (
-    BaseHttpDownloadHandler,
     check_stop_download,
     get_dataloss_msg,
     get_maxsize_msg,
@@ -56,6 +56,8 @@ from scrapy.utils.python import to_bytes, to_unicode
 from scrapy.utils.ssl import _log_ssl_conn_debug_info
 from scrapy.utils.url import add_http_if_no_scheme
 
+from ._base_http import BaseHttpDownloadHandler
+
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from twisted.internet.base import ReactorBase
     from twisted.internet.interfaces import IConsumer
@@ -102,7 +104,6 @@ class HTTP11DownloadHandler(BaseHttpDownloadHandler):
         self._disconnect_timeout: int = 1
 
     async def download_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
-        """Return a deferred for the HTTP download"""
         if hasattr(self._crawler.spider, "download_maxsize"):  # pragma: no cover
             warn_on_deprecated_spider_attribute("download_maxsize", "DOWNLOAD_MAXSIZE")
         if hasattr(self._crawler.spider, "download_warnsize"):  # pragma: no cover
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ class HTTP11DownloadHandler(BaseHttpDownloadHandler):
                 "download_warnsize", "DOWNLOAD_WARNSIZE"
             )
 
-        agent = ScrapyAgent(
+        agent = _ScrapyAgent(
             contextFactory=self._contextFactory,
             bindAddress=self._bind_address,
             pool=self._pool,
@@ -160,7 +161,7 @@ class TunnelError(Exception):
     """An HTTP CONNECT tunnel could not be established by the proxy."""
 
 
-class TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint(TCP4ClientEndpoint):
+class _TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint(TCP4ClientEndpoint):
     """An endpoint that tunnels through proxies to allow HTTPS downloads. To
     accomplish that, this endpoint sends an HTTP CONNECT to the proxy.
     The HTTP CONNECT is always sent when using this endpoint, I think this could
@@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ class TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint(TCP4ClientEndpoint):
     def requestTunnel(self, protocol: Protocol) -> Protocol:
         """Asks the proxy to open a tunnel."""
         assert protocol.transport
-        tunnelReq = tunnel_request_data(
+        tunnelReq = _tunnel_request_data(
             self._tunneledHost, self._tunneledPort, self._proxyAuthHeader
         )
         protocol.transport.write(tunnelReq)
@@ -220,11 +221,12 @@ class TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint(TCP4ClientEndpoint):
         if b"\r\n\r\n" not in self._connectBuffer:
             return
         self._protocol.dataReceived = self._protocolDataReceived  # type: ignore[method-assign]
-        respm = TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint._responseMatcher.match(self._connectBuffer)
+        respm = _TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint._responseMatcher.match(self._connectBuffer)
         if respm and int(respm.group("status")) == 200:
             # set proper Server Name Indication extension
             sslOptions = self._contextFactory.creatorForNetloc(  # type: ignore[call-arg,misc]
-                self._tunneledHost, self._tunneledPort
+                self._tunneledHost,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                self._tunneledPort,
             )
             self._protocol.transport.startTLS(sslOptions, self._protocolFactory)
             self._tunnelReadyDeferred.callback(self._protocol)
@@ -256,18 +258,18 @@ class TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint(TCP4ClientEndpoint):
         return self._tunnelReadyDeferred
 
 
-def tunnel_request_data(
+def _tunnel_request_data(
     host: str, port: int, proxy_auth_header: bytes | None = None
 ) -> bytes:
     r"""
     Return binary content of a CONNECT request.
 
     >>> from scrapy.utils.python import to_unicode as s
-    >>> s(tunnel_request_data("example.com", 8080))
+    >>> s(_tunnel_request_data("example.com", 8080))
     'CONNECT example.com:8080 HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: example.com:8080\r\n\r\n'
-    >>> s(tunnel_request_data("example.com", 8080, b"123"))
+    >>> s(_tunnel_request_data("example.com", 8080, b"123"))
     'CONNECT example.com:8080 HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: example.com:8080\r\nProxy-Authorization: 123\r\n\r\n'
-    >>> s(tunnel_request_data(b"example.com", "8090"))
+    >>> s(_tunnel_request_data(b"example.com", "8090"))
     'CONNECT example.com:8090 HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: example.com:8090\r\n\r\n'
     """
     host_value = to_bytes(host, encoding="ascii") + b":" + to_bytes(str(port))
@@ -279,8 +281,8 @@ def tunnel_request_data(
     return tunnel_req
 
 
-class TunnelingAgent(Agent):
+class _TunnelingAgent(Agent):
-    """An agent that uses a L{TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint} to make HTTPS
+    """An agent that uses a ``_TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint`` to make HTTPS
     downloads. It may look strange that we have chosen to subclass Agent and not
     ProxyAgent but consider that after the tunnel is opened the proxy is
     transparent to the client; thus the agent should behave like there is no
@@ -301,8 +303,8 @@ class TunnelingAgent(Agent):
         self._proxyConf: tuple[str, int, bytes | None] = proxyConf
         self._contextFactory: IPolicyForHTTPS = contextFactory
 
-    def _getEndpoint(self, uri: URI) -> TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint:
+    def _getEndpoint(self, uri: URI) -> _TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint:
-        return TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint(
+        return _TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint(
             reactor=self._reactor,
             host=uri.host,
             port=uri.port,
@@ -337,17 +339,19 @@ class TunnelingAgent(Agent):
         )
 
 
-class ScrapyProxyAgent(Agent):
+class _ScrapyProxyAgent(Agent):
     def __init__(
         self,
         reactor: ReactorBase,
         proxyURI: bytes,
+        contextFactory: IPolicyForHTTPS,
         connectTimeout: float | None = None,
         bindAddress: tuple[str, int] | None = None,
         pool: HTTPConnectionPool | None = None,
     ):
         super().__init__(  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
             reactor=reactor,
+            contextFactory=contextFactory,
             connectTimeout=connectTimeout,
             bindAddress=bindAddress,
             pool=pool,
@@ -377,11 +381,7 @@ class ScrapyProxyAgent(Agent):
         )
 
 
-class ScrapyAgent:
+class _ScrapyAgent:
-    _Agent = Agent
-    _ProxyAgent = ScrapyProxyAgent
-    _TunnelingAgent = TunnelingAgent
-
     def __init__(
         self,
         *,
@@ -420,10 +420,14 @@ class ScrapyAgent:
             if not proxy_port:
                 proxy_port = 443 if proxy_parsed.scheme == "https" else 80
             if urlparse_cached(request).scheme == "https":
+                if proxy_parsed.scheme == "https":  # pragma: no cover
+                    raise NotImplementedError(
+                        "HTTPS proxies for HTTPS destinations are not supported"
+                    )
                 assert proxy_host is not None
                 proxyAuth = request.headers.get(b"Proxy-Authorization", None)
                 proxyConf = (proxy_host, proxy_port, proxyAuth)
-                return self._TunnelingAgent(
+                return _TunnelingAgent(
                     reactor=reactor,
                     proxyConf=proxyConf,
                     contextFactory=self._contextFactory,
@@ -431,15 +435,16 @@ class ScrapyAgent:
                     bindAddress=bindaddress,
                     pool=self._pool,
                 )
-            return self._ProxyAgent(
+            return _ScrapyProxyAgent(
                 reactor=reactor,
                 proxyURI=to_bytes(proxy, encoding="ascii"),
+                contextFactory=self._contextFactory,
                 connectTimeout=timeout,
                 bindAddress=bindaddress,
                 pool=self._pool,
             )
 
-        return self._Agent(  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+        return Agent(
             reactor=reactor,
             contextFactory=self._contextFactory,
             connectTimeout=timeout,
@@ -457,10 +462,10 @@ class ScrapyAgent:
         url = urldefrag(request.url)[0]
         method = to_bytes(request.method)
         headers = TxHeaders(request.headers)
-        if isinstance(agent, self._TunnelingAgent):
+        if isinstance(agent, _TunnelingAgent):
             headers.removeHeader(b"Proxy-Authorization")
         bodyproducer = _RequestBodyProducer(request.body) if request.body else None
-        start_time = time()
+        start_time = monotonic()
         d: Deferred[IResponse] = agent.request(
             method,
             to_bytes(url, encoding="ascii"),
@@ -489,7 +494,7 @@ class ScrapyAgent:
         raise DownloadTimeoutError(f"Getting {url} took longer than {timeout} seconds.")
 
     def _cb_latency(self, result: _T, request: Request, start_time: float) -> _T:
-        request.meta["download_latency"] = time() - start_time
+        request.meta["download_latency"] = monotonic() - start_time
         return result
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -539,7 +544,8 @@ class ScrapyAgent:
                 expected_size, maxsize, request, expected=True
             )
             logger.warning(warning_msg)
-            txresponse._transport.loseConnection()
+            # Abort connection immediately.
+            txresponse._transport._producer.abortConnection()
             raise DownloadCancelledError(warning_msg)
 
         if warnsize and expected_size > warnsize:
@@ -547,11 +553,7 @@ class ScrapyAgent:
                 get_warnsize_msg(expected_size, warnsize, request, expected=True)
             )
 
-        def _cancel(_: Any) -> None:
+        d: Deferred[_ResultT] = Deferred(partial(self._cancel, txresponse=txresponse))
-            # Abort connection immediately.
-            txresponse._transport._producer.abortConnection()
-
-        d: Deferred[_ResultT] = Deferred(_cancel)
         txresponse.deliverBody(
             _ResponseReader(
                 finished=d,
@@ -570,6 +572,11 @@ class ScrapyAgent:
 
         return d
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def _cancel(_: Any, txresponse: TxResponse) -> None:
+        # Abort connection immediately.
+        txresponse._transport._producer.abortConnection()
+
     def _cb_bodydone(self, result: _ResultT, url: str) -> Response:
         headers = self._headers_from_twisted_response(result["txresponse"])
         try:
@@ -667,17 +674,17 @@ class _ResponseReader(Protocol):
             assert hostname is not None
             _log_ssl_conn_debug_info(hostname, connection)
 
-    def dataReceived(self, bodyBytes: bytes) -> None:
+    def dataReceived(self, data: bytes) -> None:
         # This maybe called several times after cancel was called with buffered data.
         if self._finished.called:
             return
 
         assert self.transport
-        self._bodybuf.write(bodyBytes)
+        self._bodybuf.write(data)
-        self._bytes_received += len(bodyBytes)
+        self._bytes_received += len(data)
 
         if stop_download := check_stop_download(
-            signals.bytes_received, self._crawler, self._request, data=bodyBytes
+            signals.bytes_received, self._crawler, self._request, data=data
         ):
             self.transport.stopProducing()
             self.transport.loseConnection()

scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/http2.py

@@ -1,22 +1,23 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from time import time
+from time import monotonic
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 from urllib.parse import urldefrag
 
-from twisted.web.client import URI
-
 from scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory import _load_context_factory_from_settings
 from scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.base import BaseDownloadHandler
-from scrapy.core.http2.agent import H2Agent, H2ConnectionPool, ScrapyProxyH2Agent
+from scrapy.core.http2.agent import H2Agent, H2ConnectionPool
-from scrapy.exceptions import DownloadTimeoutError, NotConfigured
+from scrapy.exceptions import (
+    DownloadTimeoutError,
+    NotConfigured,
+    UnsupportedURLSchemeError,
+)
 from scrapy.utils._download_handlers import (
     normalize_bind_address,
     wrap_twisted_exceptions,
 )
 from scrapy.utils.defer import maybe_deferred_to_future
 from scrapy.utils.httpobj import urlparse_cached
-from scrapy.utils.python import to_bytes
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from twisted.internet.base import DelayedCall
@@ -44,7 +45,11 @@ class H2DownloadHandler(BaseDownloadHandler):
         self._bind_address = crawler.settings.get("DOWNLOAD_BIND_ADDRESS")
 
     async def download_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
-        agent = ScrapyH2Agent(
+        if urlparse_cached(request).scheme == "http":  # pragma: no cover
+            raise UnsupportedURLSchemeError(
+                f"{type(self).__name__} doesn't support plain HTTP."
+            )
+        agent = _ScrapyH2Agent(
             context_factory=self._context_factory,
             pool=self._pool,
             bind_address=self._bind_address,
@@ -60,10 +65,7 @@ class H2DownloadHandler(BaseDownloadHandler):
         self._pool.close_connections()
 
 
-class ScrapyH2Agent:
+class _ScrapyH2Agent:
-    _Agent = H2Agent
-    _ProxyAgent = ScrapyProxyH2Agent
-
     def __init__(
         self,
         context_factory: IPolicyForHTTPS,
@@ -81,25 +83,11 @@ class ScrapyH2Agent:
     def _get_agent(self, request: Request, timeout: float | None) -> H2Agent:
         from twisted.internet import reactor
 
+        if request.meta.get("proxy"):  # pragma: no cover
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"{type(self).__name__} doesn't support proxies.")
         bind_address = request.meta.get("bindaddress") or self._bind_address
         bind_address = normalize_bind_address(bind_address)
-        proxy = request.meta.get("proxy")
+        return H2Agent(
-        if proxy:
-            if urlparse_cached(request).scheme == "https":
-                # ToDo
-                raise NotImplementedError(
-                    "Tunneling via CONNECT method using HTTP/2.0 is not yet supported"
-                )
-            return self._ProxyAgent(
-                reactor=reactor,
-                context_factory=self._context_factory,
-                proxy_uri=URI.fromBytes(to_bytes(proxy, encoding="ascii")),
-                connect_timeout=timeout,
-                bind_address=bind_address,
-                pool=self._pool,
-            )
-
-        return self._Agent(
             reactor=reactor,
             context_factory=self._context_factory,
             connect_timeout=timeout,
@@ -113,7 +101,7 @@ class ScrapyH2Agent:
         timeout = request.meta.get("download_timeout") or self._connect_timeout
         agent = self._get_agent(request, timeout)
 
-        start_time = time()
+        start_time = monotonic()
         d = agent.request(request, spider)
         d.addCallback(self._cb_latency, request, start_time)
 
@@ -125,7 +113,7 @@ class ScrapyH2Agent:
     def _cb_latency(
         response: Response, request: Request, start_time: float
     ) -> Response:
-        request.meta["download_latency"] = time() - start_time
+        request.meta["download_latency"] = monotonic() - start_time
         return response
 
     @staticmethod

scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/s3.py

@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+import warnings
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, cast
 
 from scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.base import BaseDownloadHandler
-from scrapy.exceptions import NotConfigured
+from scrapy.exceptions import NotConfigured, ScrapyDeprecationWarning
 from scrapy.utils.boto import is_botocore_available
 from scrapy.utils.httpobj import urlparse_cached
 from scrapy.utils.misc import build_from_crawler, load_object
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Mapping
+
     from scrapy import Request
     from scrapy.crawler import Crawler
     from scrapy.http import Response
@@ -39,7 +42,7 @@ class S3DownloadHandler(BaseDownloadHandler):
                 )
             )
 
-        _http_handler = build_from_crawler(
+        _http_handler: BaseDownloadHandler = build_from_crawler(
             load_object(crawler.settings.getwithbase("DOWNLOAD_HANDLERS")["https"]),
             crawler,
         )
@@ -47,7 +50,16 @@ class S3DownloadHandler(BaseDownloadHandler):
 
     async def download_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
         p = urlparse_cached(request)
-        scheme = "https" if request.meta.get("is_secure") else "http"
+        if request.meta.get("is_secure") is False:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Passing is_secure=False for s3:// requests is deprecated."
+                " In future Scrapy releases this flag will be ignored.",
+                ScrapyDeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+            scheme = "http"
+        else:
+            scheme = "https"
         bucket = p.hostname
         path = p.path + "?" + p.query if p.query else p.path
         url = f"{scheme}://{bucket}.s3.amazonaws.com{path}"
@@ -59,7 +71,7 @@ class S3DownloadHandler(BaseDownloadHandler):
             awsrequest = botocore.awsrequest.AWSRequest(
                 method=request.method,
                 url=f"{scheme}://s3.amazonaws.com/{bucket}{path}",
-                headers=request.headers.to_unicode_dict(),
+                headers=cast("Mapping[str, Any]", request.headers.to_unicode_dict()),
                 data=request.body,
             )
             assert self._signer

scrapy/core/downloader/middleware.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import warnings
 from functools import wraps
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 from scrapy.exceptions import ScrapyDeprecationWarning, _InvalidOutput
 from scrapy.http import Request, Response
@@ -36,7 +36,9 @@ class DownloaderMiddlewareManager(MiddlewareManager):
 
     @classmethod
     def _get_mwlist_from_settings(cls, settings: BaseSettings) -> list[Any]:
-        return build_component_list(settings.getwithbase("DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES"))
+        return build_component_list(
+            settings.get_component_priority_dict_with_base("DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES")
+        )
 
     def _add_middleware(self, mw: Any) -> None:
         if hasattr(mw, "process_request"):
@@ -73,87 +75,82 @@ class DownloaderMiddlewareManager(MiddlewareManager):
         download_func: Callable[[Request], Coroutine[Any, Any, Response]],
         request: Request,
     ) -> Response | Request:
-        async def process_request(request: Request) -> Response | Request:
-            for method in self.methods["process_request"]:
-                method = cast("Callable", method)
-                if method in self._mw_methods_requiring_spider:
-                    response = await ensure_awaitable(
-                        method(request=request, spider=self._spider),
-                        _warn=global_object_name(method),
-                    )
-                else:
-                    response = await ensure_awaitable(
-                        method(request=request), _warn=global_object_name(method)
-                    )
-                if response is not None and not isinstance(
-                    response, (Response, Request)
-                ):
-                    raise _InvalidOutput(
-                        f"Middleware {method.__qualname__} must return None, Response or "
-                        f"Request, got {response.__class__.__name__}"
-                    )
-                if response:
-                    return response
-            return await download_func(request)
-
-        async def process_response(response: Response | Request) -> Response | Request:
-            if response is None:
-                raise TypeError("Received None in process_response")
-            if isinstance(response, Request):
-                return response
-
-            for method in self.methods["process_response"]:
-                method = cast("Callable", method)
-                if method in self._mw_methods_requiring_spider:
-                    response = await ensure_awaitable(
-                        method(request=request, response=response, spider=self._spider),
-                        _warn=global_object_name(method),
-                    )
-                else:
-                    response = await ensure_awaitable(
-                        method(request=request, response=response),
-                        _warn=global_object_name(method),
-                    )
-                if not isinstance(response, (Response, Request)):
-                    raise _InvalidOutput(
-                        f"Middleware {method.__qualname__} must return Response or Request, "
-                        f"got {type(response)}"
-                    )
-                if isinstance(response, Request):
-                    return response
-            return response
-
-        async def process_exception(exception: Exception) -> Response | Request:
-            for method in self.methods["process_exception"]:
-                method = cast("Callable", method)
-                if method in self._mw_methods_requiring_spider:
-                    response = await ensure_awaitable(
-                        method(
-                            request=request, exception=exception, spider=self._spider
-                        ),
-                        _warn=global_object_name(method),
-                    )
-                else:
-                    response = await ensure_awaitable(
-                        method(request=request, exception=exception),
-                        _warn=global_object_name(method),
-                    )
-                if response is not None and not isinstance(
-                    response, (Response, Request)
-                ):
-                    raise _InvalidOutput(
-                        f"Middleware {method.__qualname__} must return None, Response or "
-                        f"Request, got {type(response)}"
-                    )
-                if response:
-                    return response
-            raise exception
 
         try:
-            result: Response | Request = await process_request(request)
+            result: Response | Request = await self._process_request(
+                request, download_func
+            )
         except Exception as ex:
             await _defer_sleep_async()
             # either returns a request or response (which we pass to process_response())
             # or reraises the exception
-            result = await process_exception(ex)
+            result = await self._process_exception(ex, request)
-        return await process_response(result)
+        return await self._process_response(result, request)
+
+    def _handle_mw_method(self, method: Callable[..., Any], **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        if method in self._mw_methods_requiring_spider:
+            kwargs["spider"] = self._spider
+
+        return method(**kwargs)
+
+    async def _process_request(
+        self,
+        request: Request,
+        download_func: Callable[[Request], Coroutine[Any, Any, Response]],
+    ) -> Response | Request:
+        for method in self.methods["process_request"]:
+            assert method is not None
+            response = await ensure_awaitable(
+                self._handle_mw_method(method, request=request),
+                _warn=global_object_name(method),
+            )
+            if response is not None and not isinstance(response, (Response, Request)):
+                raise _InvalidOutput(
+                    f"Middleware {method.__qualname__} must return None, Response or "
+                    f"Request, got {response.__class__.__name__}"
+                )
+            if response:
+                return response
+        return await download_func(request)
+
+    async def _process_response(
+        self, response: Response | Request, request: Request
+    ) -> Response | Request:
+        if response is None:
+            raise TypeError("Received None in process_response")
+        if isinstance(response, Request):
+            return response
+
+        for method in self.methods["process_response"]:
+            assert method is not None
+            response = await ensure_awaitable(
+                self._handle_mw_method(method, request=request, response=response),
+                _warn=global_object_name(method),
+            )
+
+            if not isinstance(response, (Response, Request)):
+                raise _InvalidOutput(
+                    f"Middleware {method.__qualname__} must return Response or Request, "
+                    f"got {type(response)}"
+                )
+            if isinstance(response, Request):
+                return response
+        return response
+
+    async def _process_exception(
+        self, exception: Exception, request: Request | Response
+    ) -> Response | Request:
+        for method in self.methods["process_exception"]:
+            assert method is not None
+            response = await ensure_awaitable(
+                self._handle_mw_method(method, request=request, exception=exception),
+                _warn=global_object_name(method),
+            )
+            if response is not None and not isinstance(response, (Response, Request)):
+                raise _InvalidOutput(
+                    f"Middleware {method.__qualname__} must return None, Response or "
+                    f"Request, got {type(response)}"
+                )
+            if response:
+                return response
+        raise exception

scrapy/core/downloader/tls.py

@@ -1,29 +1,77 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import logging
-from typing import Any
+import warnings
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 from OpenSSL import SSL
 from service_identity import VerificationError
 from service_identity.exceptions import CertificateError
-from service_identity.pyopenssl import verify_hostname, verify_ip_address
+from service_identity.hazmat import (
+    DNS_ID,
+    IPAddress_ID,
+    ServiceID,
+    verify_service_identity,
+)
+from service_identity.pyopenssl import (
+    extract_patterns,
+    verify_hostname,
+    verify_ip_address,
+)
 from twisted.internet._sslverify import ClientTLSOptions
-from twisted.internet.ssl import AcceptableCiphers
+from twisted.internet.ssl import AcceptableCiphers, TLSVersion
 
+from scrapy.exceptions import ScrapyDeprecationWarning
 from scrapy.utils.deprecate import create_deprecated_class
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+
+    from OpenSSL.crypto import X509
+    from twisted.protocols.tls import TLSMemoryBIOProtocol
+
+
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-METHOD_TLS = "TLS"
+_openssl_methods: dict[str, int] = {
-METHOD_TLSv10 = "TLSv1.0"
+    "TLS": SSL.SSLv23_METHOD,  # protocol negotiation (recommended)
-METHOD_TLSv11 = "TLSv1.1"
+    "TLSv1.0": SSL.TLSv1_METHOD,  # TLS 1.0 only
-METHOD_TLSv12 = "TLSv1.2"
+    "TLSv1.1": SSL.TLSv1_1_METHOD,  # TLS 1.1 only
+    "TLSv1.2": SSL.TLSv1_2_METHOD,  # TLS 1.2 only
+}
 
 
-openssl_methods: dict[str, int] = {
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
-    METHOD_TLS: SSL.SSLv23_METHOD,  # protocol negotiation (recommended)
+    if name == "DEFAULT_CIPHERS":
-    METHOD_TLSv10: SSL.TLSv1_METHOD,  # TLS 1.0 only
+        warnings.warn(
-    METHOD_TLSv11: SSL.TLSv1_1_METHOD,  # TLS 1.1 only
+            "scrapy.core.downloader.tls.DEFAULT_CIPHERS is deprecated.",
-    METHOD_TLSv12: SSL.TLSv1_2_METHOD,  # TLS 1.2 only
+            ScrapyDeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return AcceptableCiphers.fromOpenSSLCipherString("DEFAULT")
+    deprecated = {
+        "METHOD_TLS": "TLS",
+        "METHOD_TLSv10": "TLSv1.0",
+        "METHOD_TLSv11": "TLSv1.1",
+        "METHOD_TLSv12": "TLSv1.2",
+        "openssl_methods": _openssl_methods,
+    }
+    if name in deprecated:
+        warnings.warn(
+            f"scrapy.core.downloader.tls.{name} is deprecated.",
+            ScrapyDeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return deprecated[name]
+    raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}")
+
+
+_TWISTED_VERSION_MAP: dict[str, TLSVersion] = {
+    "TLSv1.0": TLSVersion.TLSv1_0,
+    "TLSv1.1": TLSVersion.TLSv1_1,
+    "TLSv1.2": TLSVersion.TLSv1_2,
+    "TLSv1.3": TLSVersion.TLSv1_3,
 }
 
 
@@ -39,6 +87,8 @@ class _ScrapyClientTLSOptions(ClientTLSOptions):
 
     Instances of this class are returned from
     :class:`._ScrapyClientContextFactory`.
+
+    This class is used on Twisted older than 26.4.0.
     """
 
     def _identityVerifyingInfoCallback(
@@ -64,7 +114,7 @@ class _ScrapyClientTLSOptions(ClientTLSOptions):
                     e,
                 )
         else:
-            super()._identityVerifyingInfoCallback(connection, where, ret)  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+            super()._identityVerifyingInfoCallback(connection, where, ret)  # type: ignore[misc]
 
 
 ScrapyClientTLSOptions = create_deprecated_class(
@@ -75,6 +125,62 @@ ScrapyClientTLSOptions = create_deprecated_class(
 )
 
 
-DEFAULT_CIPHERS: AcceptableCiphers = AcceptableCiphers.fromOpenSSLCipherString(
+class _ScrapyClientTLSOptions26(ClientTLSOptions):
-    "DEFAULT"
+    """
-)
+    SSL Client connection creator ignoring certificate verification errors
+    (for genuinely invalid certificates or bugs in verification code).
+
+    Same as Twisted's private _sslverify.ClientTLSOptions,
+    except that VerificationError, CertificateError and ValueError
+    exceptions are caught, so that the connection is not closed, only
+    logging warnings.
+
+    Instances of this class are returned from
+    :class:`._ScrapyClientContextFactory`.
+
+    This class is used on Twisted 26.4.0 and newer.
+    """
+
+    def clientConnectionForTLS(
+        self, tlsProtocol: TLSMemoryBIOProtocol
+    ) -> SSL.Connection:
+        """This method is needed to override the verify callback."""
+        conn = super().clientConnectionForTLS(tlsProtocol)
+        callback = self._verifyCB(self._hostnameIsDnsName, self._hostnameASCII)
+        conn.set_verify(SSL.VERIFY_PEER | SSL.VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT, callback)
+        return conn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _verifyCB(
+        hostIsDNS: bool, hostnameASCII: str
+    ) -> Callable[[SSL.Connection, X509, int, int, int], bool]:
+        svcid: ServiceID = (
+            DNS_ID(hostnameASCII) if hostIsDNS else IPAddress_ID(hostnameASCII)
+        )
+
+        def verifyCallback(
+            conn: SSL.Connection, cert: X509, err: int, depth: int, ok: int
+        ) -> bool:
+            if depth != 0:
+                # We are only verifying the leaf certificate.
+                return True
+
+            try:
+                verify_service_identity(extract_patterns(cert), [svcid], [])
+            except (CertificateError, VerificationError) as e:
+                logger.warning(
+                    'Remote certificate is not valid for hostname "%s"; %s',
+                    hostnameASCII,
+                    e,
+                )
+            except ValueError as e:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Ignoring error while verifying certificate "
+                    'from host "%s" (exception: %r)',
+                    hostnameASCII,
+                    e,
+                )
+
+            return True
+
+        return verifyCallback

scrapy/core/downloader/webclient.py

@@ -1,239 +0,0 @@
-"""Deprecated HTTP/1.0 helper classes used by HTTP10DownloadHandler."""
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import warnings
-from time import time
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from urllib.parse import urldefrag, urlparse, urlunparse
-
-from twisted.internet import defer
-from twisted.internet.protocol import ClientFactory
-from twisted.web.http import HTTPClient
-
-from scrapy.exceptions import DownloadTimeoutError, ScrapyDeprecationWarning
-from scrapy.http import Headers, Response
-from scrapy.responsetypes import responsetypes
-from scrapy.utils.httpobj import urlparse_cached
-from scrapy.utils.python import to_bytes, to_unicode
-
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from scrapy import Request
-
-
-class ScrapyHTTPPageGetter(HTTPClient):
-    delimiter = b"\n"
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        warnings.warn(
-            "ScrapyHTTPPageGetter is deprecated and will be removed in a future Scrapy version.",
-            category=ScrapyDeprecationWarning,
-            stacklevel=2,
-        )
-        super().__init__()
-
-    def connectionMade(self):
-        self.headers = Headers()  # bucket for response headers
-
-        # Method command
-        self.sendCommand(self.factory.method, self.factory.path)
-        # Headers
-        for key, values in self.factory.headers.items():
-            for value in values:
-                self.sendHeader(key, value)
-        self.endHeaders()
-        # Body
-        if self.factory.body is not None:
-            self.transport.write(self.factory.body)
-
-    def lineReceived(self, line):
-        return HTTPClient.lineReceived(self, line.rstrip())
-
-    def handleHeader(self, key, value):
-        self.headers.appendlist(key, value)
-
-    def handleStatus(self, version, status, message):
-        self.factory.gotStatus(version, status, message)
-
-    def handleEndHeaders(self):
-        self.factory.gotHeaders(self.headers)
-
-    def connectionLost(self, reason):
-        self._connection_lost_reason = reason
-        HTTPClient.connectionLost(self, reason)
-        self.factory.noPage(reason)
-
-    def handleResponse(self, response):
-        if self.factory.method.upper() == b"HEAD":
-            self.factory.page(b"")
-        elif self.length is not None and self.length > 0:
-            self.factory.noPage(self._connection_lost_reason)
-        else:
-            self.factory.page(response)
-        self.transport.loseConnection()
-
-    def timeout(self):
-        self.transport.loseConnection()
-
-        # transport cleanup needed for HTTPS connections
-        if self.factory.url.startswith(b"https"):
-            self.transport.stopProducing()
-
-        self.factory.noPage(
-            DownloadTimeoutError(
-                f"Getting {self.factory.url} took longer "
-                f"than {self.factory.timeout} seconds."
-            )
-        )
-
-
-# This class used to inherit from Twisted’s
-# twisted.web.client.HTTPClientFactory. When that class was deprecated in
-# Twisted (https://github.com/twisted/twisted/pull/643), we merged its
-# non-overridden code into this class.
-class ScrapyHTTPClientFactory(ClientFactory):
-    protocol = ScrapyHTTPPageGetter
-
-    waiting = 1
-    noisy = False
-    followRedirect = False
-    afterFoundGet = False
-
-    def _build_response(self, body, request):
-        request.meta["download_latency"] = self.headers_time - self.start_time
-        status = int(self.status)
-        headers = Headers(self.response_headers)
-        respcls = responsetypes.from_args(headers=headers, url=self._url, body=body)
-        return respcls(
-            url=self._url,
-            status=status,
-            headers=headers,
-            body=body,
-            protocol=to_unicode(self.version),
-        )
-
-    def _set_connection_attributes(self, request):
-        proxy = request.meta.get("proxy")
-        if proxy:
-            proxy_parsed = urlparse(to_bytes(proxy, encoding="ascii"))
-            self.scheme = proxy_parsed.scheme
-            self.host = proxy_parsed.hostname
-            self.port = proxy_parsed.port
-            self.netloc = proxy_parsed.netloc
-            if self.port is None:
-                self.port = 443 if proxy_parsed.scheme == b"https" else 80
-            self.path = self.url
-        else:
-            parsed = urlparse_cached(request)
-            path_str = urlunparse(
-                ("", "", parsed.path or "/", parsed.params, parsed.query, "")
-            )
-            self.path = to_bytes(path_str, encoding="ascii")
-            assert parsed.hostname is not None
-            self.host = to_bytes(parsed.hostname, encoding="ascii")
-            self.port = parsed.port
-            self.scheme = to_bytes(parsed.scheme, encoding="ascii")
-            self.netloc = to_bytes(parsed.netloc, encoding="ascii")
-            if self.port is None:
-                self.port = 443 if self.scheme == b"https" else 80
-
-    def __init__(self, request: Request, timeout: float = 180):
-        warnings.warn(
-            "ScrapyHTTPClientFactory is deprecated and will be removed in a future Scrapy version.",
-            category=ScrapyDeprecationWarning,
-            stacklevel=2,
-        )
-
-        self._url: str = urldefrag(request.url)[0]
-        # converting to bytes to comply to Twisted interface
-        self.url: bytes = to_bytes(self._url, encoding="ascii")
-        self.method: bytes = to_bytes(request.method, encoding="ascii")
-        self.body: bytes | None = request.body or None
-        self.headers: Headers = Headers(request.headers)
-        self.response_headers: Headers | None = None
-        self.timeout: float = request.meta.get("download_timeout") or timeout
-        self.start_time: float = time()
-        self.deferred: defer.Deferred[Response] = defer.Deferred().addCallback(
-            self._build_response, request
-        )
-
-        # Fixes Twisted 11.1.0+ support as HTTPClientFactory is expected
-        # to have _disconnectedDeferred. See Twisted r32329.
-        # As Scrapy implements it's own logic to handle redirects is not
-        # needed to add the callback _waitForDisconnect.
-        # Specifically this avoids the AttributeError exception when
-        # clientConnectionFailed method is called.
-        self._disconnectedDeferred: defer.Deferred[None] = defer.Deferred()
-
-        self._set_connection_attributes(request)
-
-        # set Host header based on url
-        self.headers.setdefault("Host", self.netloc)
-
-        # set Content-Length based len of body
-        if self.body is not None:
-            self.headers["Content-Length"] = len(self.body)
-            # just in case a broken http/1.1 decides to keep connection alive
-            self.headers.setdefault("Connection", "close")
-        # Content-Length must be specified in POST method even with no body
-        elif self.method == b"POST":
-            self.headers["Content-Length"] = 0
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__}: {self._url}>"
-
-    def _cancelTimeout(self, result, timeoutCall):
-        if timeoutCall.active():
-            timeoutCall.cancel()
-        return result
-
-    def buildProtocol(self, addr):
-        p = ClientFactory.buildProtocol(self, addr)
-        p.followRedirect = self.followRedirect
-        p.afterFoundGet = self.afterFoundGet
-        if self.timeout:
-            from twisted.internet import reactor
-
-            timeoutCall = reactor.callLater(self.timeout, p.timeout)
-            self.deferred.addBoth(self._cancelTimeout, timeoutCall)
-        return p
-
-    def gotHeaders(self, headers):
-        self.headers_time = time()
-        self.response_headers = headers
-
-    def gotStatus(self, version, status, message):
-        """
-        Set the status of the request on us.
-        @param version: The HTTP version.
-        @type version: L{bytes}
-        @param status: The HTTP status code, an integer represented as a
-        bytestring.
-        @type status: L{bytes}
-        @param message: The HTTP status message.
-        @type message: L{bytes}
-        """
-        self.version, self.status, self.message = version, status, message
-
-    def page(self, page):
-        if self.waiting:
-            self.waiting = 0
-            self.deferred.callback(page)
-
-    def noPage(self, reason):
-        if self.waiting:
-            self.waiting = 0
-            self.deferred.errback(reason)
-
-    def clientConnectionFailed(self, _, reason):
-        """
-        When a connection attempt fails, the request cannot be issued.  If no
-        result has yet been provided to the result Deferred, provide the
-        connection failure reason as an error result.
-        """
-        if self.waiting:
-            self.waiting = 0
-            # If the connection attempt failed, there is nothing more to
-            # disconnect, so just fire that Deferred now.
-            self._disconnectedDeferred.callback(None)
-            self.deferred.errback(reason)

scrapy/core/engine.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import asyncio
 import contextlib
 import logging
 import warnings
+from functools import partial
 from time import time
 from traceback import format_exc
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
@@ -273,7 +274,7 @@ class ExecutionEngine:
         """
         assert self._start is not None
         try:
-            item_or_request = await self._start.__anext__()
+            item_or_request = await anext(self._start)
         except StopAsyncIteration:
             self._start = None
         except Exception as exception:
@@ -352,6 +353,10 @@ class ExecutionEngine:
             or self.scraper.slot.needs_backout()
         )
 
+    def _remove_request(self, _: Any, request: Request) -> None:
+        assert self._slot
+        self._slot.remove_request(request)
+
     def _start_scheduled_request(self) -> bool:
         assert self._slot is not None  # typing
         assert self.spider is not None  # typing
@@ -371,11 +376,7 @@ class ExecutionEngine:
             )
         )
 
-        def _remove_request(_: Any) -> None:
+        d2: Deferred[None] = d.addBoth(partial(self._remove_request, request=request))
-            assert self._slot
-            self._slot.remove_request(request)
-
-        d2: Deferred[None] = d.addBoth(_remove_request)
         d2.addErrback(
             lambda f: logger.info(
                 "Error while removing request from slot",
@@ -612,30 +613,33 @@ class ExecutionEngine:
             "Closing spider (%(reason)s)", {"reason": reason}, extra={"spider": spider}
         )
 
-        def log_failure(msg: str) -> None:
-            logger.error(msg, exc_info=True, extra={"spider": spider})  # noqa: LOG014
-
         try:
             await self._slot.close()
         except Exception:
-            log_failure("Slot close failure")
+            logger.error("Slot close failure", exc_info=True, extra={"spider": spider})
 
         try:
             self.downloader.close()
         except Exception:
-            log_failure("Downloader close failure")
+            logger.error(
+                "Downloader close failure", exc_info=True, extra={"spider": spider}
+            )
 
         try:
             await self.scraper.close_spider_async()
         except Exception:
-            log_failure("Scraper close failure")
+            logger.error(
+                "Scraper close failure", exc_info=True, extra={"spider": spider}
+            )
 
         if hasattr(self._slot.scheduler, "close"):
             try:
                 if (d := self._slot.scheduler.close(reason)) is not None:
                     await maybe_deferred_to_future(d)
             except Exception:
-                log_failure("Scheduler close failure")
+                logger.error(
+                    "Scheduler close failure", exc_info=True, extra={"spider": spider}
+                )
 
         try:
             await self.signals.send_catch_log_async(
@@ -644,7 +648,11 @@ class ExecutionEngine:
                 reason=reason,
             )
         except Exception:
-            log_failure("Error while sending spider_close signal")
+            logger.error(
+                "Error while sending spider_close signal",
+                exc_info=True,
+                extra={"spider": spider},
+            )
 
         assert self.crawler.stats
         try:
@@ -661,7 +669,7 @@ class ExecutionEngine:
             else:
                 self.crawler.stats.close_spider(reason=reason)
         except Exception:
-            log_failure("Stats close failure")
+            logger.error("Stats close failure")
 
         logger.info(
             "Spider closed (%(reason)s)",
@@ -675,4 +683,4 @@ class ExecutionEngine:
         try:
             await ensure_awaitable(self._spider_closed_callback(spider))
         except Exception:
-            log_failure("Error running spider_closed_callback")
+            logger.error("Error running spider_closed_callback")

scrapy/core/http2/agent.py

@@ -114,11 +114,7 @@ class H2ConnectionPool:
             d.errback(ResponseFailed(errors))
 
     def close_connections(self) -> None:
-        """Close all the HTTP/2 connections and remove them from pool
+        """Close all the HTTP/2 connections and remove them from pool."""
-
-        Returns:
-            Deferred that fires when all connections have been closed
-        """
         for conn in self._connections.values():
             assert conn.transport is not None  # typing
             conn.transport.abortConnection()
@@ -143,7 +139,7 @@ class H2Agent:
         )
 
     def get_endpoint(self, uri: URI) -> HostnameEndpoint:
-        return self.endpoint_factory.endpointForURI(uri)
+        return self.endpoint_factory.endpointForURI(uri)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
 
     def get_key(self, uri: URI) -> ConnectionKeyT:
         """
@@ -165,30 +161,3 @@ class H2Agent:
             lambda conn: conn.request(request, spider)
         )
         return d2
-
-
-class ScrapyProxyH2Agent(H2Agent):
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        reactor: ReactorBase,
-        proxy_uri: URI,
-        pool: H2ConnectionPool,
-        context_factory: BrowserLikePolicyForHTTPS = BrowserLikePolicyForHTTPS(),  # noqa: B008
-        connect_timeout: float | None = None,
-        bind_address: tuple[str, int] | None = None,
-    ) -> None:
-        super().__init__(
-            reactor=reactor,
-            pool=pool,
-            context_factory=context_factory,
-            connect_timeout=connect_timeout,
-            bind_address=bind_address,
-        )
-        self._proxy_uri = proxy_uri
-
-    def get_endpoint(self, uri: URI) -> HostnameEndpoint:
-        return self.endpoint_factory.endpointForURI(self._proxy_uri)
-
-    def get_key(self, uri: URI) -> ConnectionKeyT:
-        """We use the proxy uri instead of uri obtained from request url"""
-        return b"http-proxy", self._proxy_uri.host, self._proxy_uri.port

scrapy/core/http2/protocol.py

@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ from scrapy.utils.ssl import _log_ssl_conn_debug_info
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from ipaddress import IPv4Address, IPv6Address
 
-    from hpack import HeaderTuple
     from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred
     from twisted.python.failure import Failure
     from twisted.web.client import URI
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ class H2ClientProtocol(Protocol, TimeoutMixin):
                 uri is used to verify that incoming client requests have correct
                 base URL.
             settings -- Scrapy project settings
-            conn_lost_deferred -- Deferred fires with the reason: Failure to notify
+            conn_lost_deferred -- Deferred that fires with the list of underlying exceptions to notify
                 that connection was lost
             tls_verbose_logging -- Whether to log TLS details
         """
@@ -376,7 +375,7 @@ class H2ClientProtocol(Protocol, TimeoutMixin):
 
     def _handle_events(self, events: list[Event]) -> None:
         """Private method which acts as a bridge between the events
-        received from the HTTP/2 data and IH2EventsHandler
+        received from the HTTP/2 data and the handlers in this class.
 
         Arguments:
             events -- A list of events that the remote peer triggered by sending data
@@ -419,7 +418,7 @@ class H2ClientProtocol(Protocol, TimeoutMixin):
         except KeyError:
             pass  # We ignore server-initiated events
         else:
-            stream.receive_headers(cast("list[HeaderTuple]", event.headers))
+            stream.receive_headers(cast("list[tuple[str, str]]", event.headers))
 
     def settings_acknowledged(self, event: SettingsAcknowledged) -> None:
         self.metadata["settings_acknowledged"] = True

scrapy/core/http2/stream.py

@@ -24,8 +24,6 @@ from scrapy.utils.httpobj import urlparse_cached
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from collections.abc import Sequence
 
-    from hpack import HeaderTuple
-
     from scrapy.core.http2.protocol import H2ClientProtocol
     from scrapy.http import Request, Response
 
@@ -153,18 +151,20 @@ class Stream:
             "flow_controlled_size": 0,
             # Headers received after sending the request
             "headers": Headers(),
+            # Response status code
+            "status": None,
         }
 
-        def _cancel(_: Any) -> None:
+        self._deferred_response: Deferred[Response] = Deferred(self._cancel)
-            # Close this stream as gracefully as possible
-            # If the associated request is initiated we reset this stream
-            # else we directly call close() method
-            if self.metadata["request_sent"]:
-                self.reset_stream(StreamCloseReason.CANCELLED)
-            else:
-                self.close(StreamCloseReason.CANCELLED)
 
-        self._deferred_response: Deferred[Response] = Deferred(_cancel)
+    def _cancel(self, _: Any) -> None:
+        # Close this stream as gracefully as possible
+        # If the associated request is initiated we reset this stream
+        # else we directly call close() method
+        if self.metadata["request_sent"]:
+            self.reset_stream(StreamCloseReason.CANCELLED)
+        else:
+            self.close(StreamCloseReason.CANCELLED)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"Stream(id={self.stream_id!r})"
@@ -361,9 +361,13 @@ class Stream:
             self._response["flow_controlled_size"], self.stream_id
         )
 
-    def receive_headers(self, headers: list[HeaderTuple]) -> None:
+    def receive_headers(self, headers: list[tuple[str, str]]) -> None:
         for name, value in headers:
-            self._response["headers"].appendlist(name, value)
+            if name == ":status":
+                # it's a pseudo-header
+                self._response["status"] = int(value)
+            else:
+                self._response["headers"].appendlist(name, value)
 
         # Check if we exceed the allowed max data size which can be received
         expected_size = int(self._response["headers"].get(b"Content-Length", -1))
@@ -453,7 +457,8 @@ class Stream:
 
             # There maybe no :status in headers, we make
             # HTTP Status Code: 499 - Client Closed Request
-            self._response["headers"][":status"] = "499"
+            if self._response["status"] is None:
+                self._response["status"] = 499
             self._fire_response_deferred()
 
         elif reason is StreamCloseReason.RESET:
@@ -492,7 +497,7 @@ class Stream:
 
         response = make_response(
             url=self._request.url,
-            status=int(self._response["headers"][":status"]),
+            status=self._response["status"],
             headers=self._response["headers"],
             body=self._response["body"].getvalue(),
             certificate=self._protocol.metadata["certificate"],

scrapy/core/scheduler.py

@@ -4,17 +4,14 @@ import json
 import logging
 from abc import abstractmethod
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, cast
-from warnings import warn
 
 # working around https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx/issues/10400
 from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred  # noqa: TC002
 
-from scrapy.exceptions import ScrapyDeprecationWarning
 from scrapy.spiders import Spider  # noqa: TC001
 from scrapy.utils.job import job_dir
 from scrapy.utils.misc import build_from_crawler, load_object
-from scrapy.utils.python import global_object_name
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     # requires queuelib >= 1.6.2
@@ -134,10 +131,10 @@ class Scheduler(BaseScheduler):
     (:setting:`SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_QUEUE`) that sort requests by
     :attr:`~scrapy.http.Request.priority`.
 
-    By default, a single, memory-based priority queue is used for all requests.
+    By default, memory-based priority queues are used for all requests.
-    When using :setting:`JOBDIR`, a disk-based priority queue is also created,
+    When using :setting:`JOBDIR`, disk-based priority queues are also created,
     and only unserializable requests are stored in the memory-based priority
-    queue. For a given priority value, requests in memory take precedence over
+    queues. For a given priority value, requests in memory take precedence over
     requests in disk.
 
     Each priority queue stores requests in separate internal queues, one per
@@ -212,8 +209,8 @@ class Scheduler(BaseScheduler):
     -------------------------
 
     While pending requests are below the configured values of
-    :setting:`CONCURRENT_REQUESTS`, :setting:`CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN`
+    :setting:`CONCURRENT_REQUESTS` or
-    or :setting:`CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP`, those requests are sent
+    :setting:`CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN`, those requests are sent
     concurrently.
 
     As a result, the first few requests of a crawl may not follow the desired
@@ -292,11 +289,11 @@ class Scheduler(BaseScheduler):
 
         :param dqclass: A class to be used as persistent request queue.
                         The value for the :setting:`SCHEDULER_DISK_QUEUE` setting is used by default.
-        :type dqclass: class
+        :type dqclass: type
 
         :param mqclass: A class to be used as non-persistent request queue.
                         The value for the :setting:`SCHEDULER_MEMORY_QUEUE` setting is used by default.
-        :type mqclass: class
+        :type mqclass: type
 
         :param logunser: A boolean that indicates whether or not unserializable requests should be logged.
                         The value for the :setting:`SCHEDULER_DEBUG` setting is used by default.
@@ -309,7 +306,7 @@ class Scheduler(BaseScheduler):
 
         :param pqclass: A class to be used as priority queue for requests.
                         The value for the :setting:`SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_QUEUE` setting is used by default.
-        :type pqclass: class
+        :type pqclass: type
 
         :param crawler: The crawler object corresponding to the current crawl.
         :type crawler: :class:`scrapy.crawler.Crawler`
@@ -337,7 +334,7 @@ class Scheduler(BaseScheduler):
         cls = crawler.settings[f"SCHEDULER_START_{queue}_QUEUE"]
         if not cls:
             return None
-        return load_object(cls)
+        return cast("type[BaseQueue]", load_object(cls))
 
     def has_pending_requests(self) -> bool:
         return len(self) > 0
@@ -345,7 +342,7 @@ class Scheduler(BaseScheduler):
     def open(self, spider: Spider) -> Deferred[None] | None:
         """
         (1) initialize the memory queue
-        (2) initialize the disk queue if the ``jobdir`` attribute is a valid directory
+        (2) initialize the disk queue if the ``jobdir`` argument wasn't empty
         (3) return the result of the dupefilter's ``open`` method
         """
         self.spider: Spider = spider
@@ -450,28 +447,13 @@ class Scheduler(BaseScheduler):
         """Create a new priority queue instance, with in-memory storage"""
         assert self.crawler
         assert self.pqclass
-        try:
+        return build_from_crawler(
-            return build_from_crawler(
+            self.pqclass,
-                self.pqclass,
+            self.crawler,
-                self.crawler,
+            downstream_queue_cls=self.mqclass,
-                downstream_queue_cls=self.mqclass,
+            key="",
-                key="",
+            start_queue_cls=self._smqclass,
-                start_queue_cls=self._smqclass,
+        )
-            )
-        except TypeError:  # pragma: no cover
-            warn(
-                f"The __init__ method of {global_object_name(self.pqclass)} "
-                "does not support a `start_queue_cls` keyword-only "
-                "parameter.",
-                ScrapyDeprecationWarning,
-                stacklevel=2,
-            )
-            return build_from_crawler(
-                self.pqclass,
-                self.crawler,
-                downstream_queue_cls=self.mqclass,
-                key="",
-            )
 
     def _dq(self) -> ScrapyPriorityQueue:
         """Create a new priority queue instance, with disk storage"""
@@ -479,30 +461,14 @@ class Scheduler(BaseScheduler):
         assert self.dqdir
         assert self.pqclass
         state = self._read_dqs_state(self.dqdir)
-        try:
+        q = build_from_crawler(
-            q = build_from_crawler(
+            self.pqclass,
-                self.pqclass,
+            self.crawler,
-                self.crawler,
+            downstream_queue_cls=self.dqclass,
-                downstream_queue_cls=self.dqclass,
+            key=self.dqdir,
-                key=self.dqdir,
+            startprios=state,
-                startprios=state,
+            start_queue_cls=self._sdqclass,
-                start_queue_cls=self._sdqclass,
+        )
-            )
-        except TypeError:  # pragma: no cover
-            warn(
-                f"The __init__ method of {global_object_name(self.pqclass)} "
-                "does not support a `start_queue_cls` keyword-only "
-                "parameter.",
-                ScrapyDeprecationWarning,
-                stacklevel=2,
-            )
-            q = build_from_crawler(
-                self.pqclass,
-                self.crawler,
-                downstream_queue_cls=self.dqclass,
-                key=self.dqdir,
-                startprios=state,
-            )
         if q:
             logger.info(
                 "Resuming crawl (%(queuesize)d requests scheduled)",

scrapy/core/scraper.py

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ from scrapy.exceptions import (
 from scrapy.http import Request, Response
 from scrapy.pipelines import ItemPipelineManager
 from scrapy.utils.asyncio import _parallel_asyncio, is_asyncio_available
-from scrapy.utils.decorators import _warn_spider_arg
 from scrapy.utils.defer import (
     _defer_sleep_async,
     _schedule_coro,
@@ -126,7 +125,7 @@ class Scraper:
 
     def _check_deprecated_itemproc_method(self, method: str) -> None:
         itemproc_cls = type(self.itemproc)
-        if not hasattr(self.itemproc, "process_item_async"):
+        if not hasattr(self.itemproc, f"{method}_async"):
             warnings.warn(
                 f"{global_object_name(itemproc_cls)} doesn't define a {method}_async() method,"
                 f" this is deprecated and the method will be required in future Scrapy versions.",
@@ -178,9 +177,7 @@ class Scraper:
                 self.itemproc.open_spider(self.crawler.spider)
             )
 
-    def close_spider(
+    def close_spider(self) -> Deferred[None]:  # pragma: no cover
-        self, spider: Spider | None = None
-    ) -> Deferred[None]:  # pragma: no cover
         warnings.warn(
             "Scraper.close_spider() is deprecated, use close_spider_async() instead",
             ScrapyDeprecationWarning,
@@ -217,9 +214,8 @@ class Scraper:
             self.slot.closing.callback(self.crawler.spider)
 
     @inlineCallbacks
-    @_warn_spider_arg
     def enqueue_scrape(
-        self, result: Response | Failure, request: Request, spider: Spider | None = None
+        self, result: Response | Failure, request: Request
     ) -> Generator[Deferred[Any], Any, None]:
         if self.slot is None:
             raise RuntimeError("Scraper slot not assigned")
@@ -349,13 +345,11 @@ class Scraper:
                 )
         return await ensure_awaitable(iterate_spider_output(output))
 
-    @_warn_spider_arg
     def handle_spider_error(
         self,
         _failure: Failure,
         request: Request,
         response: Response | Failure,
-        spider: Spider | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Handle an exception raised by a spider callback or errback."""
         assert self.crawler.spider
@@ -391,7 +385,6 @@ class Scraper:
         result: Iterable[_T] | AsyncIterator[_T],
         request: Request,
         response: Response | Failure,
-        spider: Spider | None = None,
     ) -> Deferred[None]:  # pragma: no cover
         """Pass items/requests produced by a callback to ``_process_spidermw_output()`` in parallel."""
         warnings.warn(
@@ -448,7 +441,7 @@ class Scraper:
         self, output: Any, response: Response | Failure
     ) -> Deferred[None]:
         """Process each Request/Item (given in the output parameter) returned
-        from the given spider.
+        from the spider.
 
         Items are sent to the item pipelines, requests are scheduled.
         """
@@ -458,7 +451,7 @@ class Scraper:
         self, output: Any, response: Response | Failure
     ) -> None:
         """Process each Request/Item (given in the output parameter) returned
-        from the given spider.
+        from the spider.
 
         Items are sent to the item pipelines, requests are scheduled.
         """

scrapy/core/spidermw.py

@@ -9,31 +9,29 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import logging
 from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Callable, Coroutine, Iterable
 from functools import wraps
-from inspect import isasyncgenfunction, iscoroutine
+from inspect import isasyncgenfunction
 from itertools import islice
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, TypeAlias, TypeVar, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, TypeAlias, TypeVar
 from warnings import warn
 
-from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred, inlineCallbacks
 from twisted.python.failure import Failure
 
 from scrapy import Request, Spider
 from scrapy.exceptions import ScrapyDeprecationWarning, _InvalidOutput
 from scrapy.http import Response
 from scrapy.middleware import MiddlewareManager
-from scrapy.utils.asyncgen import as_async_generator, collect_asyncgen
+from scrapy.utils.asyncgen import as_async_generator
 from scrapy.utils.conf import build_component_list
 from scrapy.utils.defer import (
     _defer_sleep_async,
     deferred_from_coro,
     maybe_deferred_to_future,
 )
-from scrapy.utils.python import MutableAsyncChain, MutableChain, global_object_name
+from scrapy.utils.python import MutableAsyncChain, global_object_name
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from collections.abc import Generator
+    from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred
 
-    from scrapy.crawler import Crawler
     from scrapy.settings import BaseSettings
 
 
@@ -47,96 +45,27 @@ ScrapeFunc: TypeAlias = Callable[
 ]
 
 
-def _isiterable(o: Any) -> bool:
-    return isinstance(o, (Iterable, AsyncIterator))
-
-
 class SpiderMiddlewareManager(MiddlewareManager):
     component_name = "spider middleware"
 
     @classmethod
     def _get_mwlist_from_settings(cls, settings: BaseSettings) -> list[Any]:
-        return build_component_list(settings.getwithbase("SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES"))
+        return build_component_list(
-
+            settings.get_component_priority_dict_with_base("SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES")
-    def __init__(self, *middlewares: Any, crawler: Crawler | None = None) -> None:
+        )
-        self._check_deprecated_process_start_requests_use(middlewares)
-        super().__init__(*middlewares, crawler=crawler)
-
-    def _check_deprecated_process_start_requests_use(
-        self, middlewares: tuple[Any, ...]
-    ) -> None:
-        deprecated_middlewares = [
-            middleware
-            for middleware in middlewares
-            if hasattr(middleware, "process_start_requests")
-            and not hasattr(middleware, "process_start")
-        ]
-        modern_middlewares = [
-            middleware
-            for middleware in middlewares
-            if not hasattr(middleware, "process_start_requests")
-            and hasattr(middleware, "process_start")
-        ]
-        if deprecated_middlewares and modern_middlewares:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "You are trying to combine spider middlewares that only "
-                "define the deprecated process_start_requests() method () "
-                "with spider middlewares that only define the "
-                "process_start() method (). This is not possible. You must "
-                "either disable or make universal 1 of those 2 sets of "
-                "spider middlewares. Making a spider middleware universal "
-                "means having it define both methods. See the release notes "
-                "of Scrapy 2.13 for details: "
-                "https://docs.scrapy.org/en/2.13/news.html"
-            )
-
-        self._use_start_requests = bool(deprecated_middlewares)
-        if self._use_start_requests:
-            deprecated_middleware_list = ", ".join(
-                global_object_name(middleware.__class__)
-                for middleware in deprecated_middlewares
-            )
-            warn(
-                f"The following enabled spider middlewares, directly or "
-                f"through their parent classes, define the deprecated "
-                f"process_start_requests() method: "
-                f"{deprecated_middleware_list}. process_start_requests() has "
-                f"been deprecated in favor of a new method, process_start(), "
-                f"to support asynchronous code execution. "
-                f"process_start_requests() will stop being called in a future "
-                f"version of Scrapy. If you use Scrapy 2.13 or higher "
-                f"only, replace process_start_requests() with "
-                f"process_start(); note that process_start() is a coroutine "
-                f"(async def). If you need to maintain compatibility with "
-                f"lower Scrapy versions, when defining "
-                f"process_start_requests() in a spider middleware class, "
-                f"define process_start() as well. See the release notes of "
-                f"Scrapy 2.13 for details: "
-                f"https://docs.scrapy.org/en/2.13/news.html",
-                ScrapyDeprecationWarning,
-                stacklevel=2,
-            )
 
     def _add_middleware(self, mw: Any) -> None:
         if hasattr(mw, "process_spider_input"):
             self.methods["process_spider_input"].append(mw.process_spider_input)
             self._check_mw_method_spider_arg(mw.process_spider_input)
 
-        if self._use_start_requests:
+        if hasattr(mw, "process_start"):
-            if hasattr(mw, "process_start_requests"):
-                self.methods["process_start_requests"].appendleft(
-                    mw.process_start_requests
-                )
-        elif hasattr(mw, "process_start"):
             self.methods["process_start"].appendleft(mw.process_start)
 
-        process_spider_output = self._get_async_method_pair(mw, "process_spider_output")
+        process_spider_output = self._get_process_spider_output(mw)
         self.methods["process_spider_output"].appendleft(process_spider_output)
-        if callable(process_spider_output):
+        if process_spider_output is not None:
             self._check_mw_method_spider_arg(process_spider_output)
-        elif isinstance(process_spider_output, tuple):
-            for m in process_spider_output:
-                self._check_mw_method_spider_arg(m)
 
         process_spider_exception = getattr(mw, "process_spider_exception", None)
         self.methods["process_spider_exception"].appendleft(process_spider_exception)
@@ -150,7 +79,7 @@ class SpiderMiddlewareManager(MiddlewareManager):
         request: Request,
     ) -> Iterable[_T] | AsyncIterator[_T]:
         for method in self.methods["process_spider_input"]:
-            method = cast("Callable", method)
+            assert method is not None
             try:
                 if method in self._mw_methods_requiring_spider:
                     result = method(response=response, spider=self._spider)
@@ -168,54 +97,28 @@ class SpiderMiddlewareManager(MiddlewareManager):
                 return await scrape_func(Failure(), request)
         return await scrape_func(response, request)
 
-    def _evaluate_iterable(
+    async def _evaluate_iterable(
         self,
         response: Response,
-        iterable: Iterable[_T] | AsyncIterator[_T],
+        iterable: AsyncIterator[_T],
         exception_processor_index: int,
-        recover_to: MutableChain[_T] | MutableAsyncChain[_T],
+        recover_to: MutableAsyncChain[_T],
-    ) -> Iterable[_T] | AsyncIterator[_T]:
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[_T]:
-        def process_sync(iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> Iterable[_T]:
+        try:
-            try:
+            async for r in iterable:
-                yield from iterable
+                yield r
-            except Exception as ex:
+        except Exception as ex:
-                exception_result = cast(
+            exception_result: MutableAsyncChain[_T] = self._process_spider_exception(
-                    "Failure | MutableChain[_T]",
+                response, ex, exception_processor_index
-                    self._process_spider_exception(
+            )
-                        response, ex, exception_processor_index
+            recover_to.extend(exception_result)
-                    ),
-                )
-                if isinstance(exception_result, Failure):
-                    raise
-                assert isinstance(recover_to, MutableChain)
-                recover_to.extend(exception_result)
-
-        async def process_async(iterable: AsyncIterator[_T]) -> AsyncIterator[_T]:
-            try:
-                async for r in iterable:
-                    yield r
-            except Exception as ex:
-                exception_result = cast(
-                    "Failure | MutableAsyncChain[_T]",
-                    self._process_spider_exception(
-                        response, ex, exception_processor_index
-                    ),
-                )
-                if isinstance(exception_result, Failure):
-                    raise
-                assert isinstance(recover_to, MutableAsyncChain)
-                recover_to.extend(exception_result)
-
-        if isinstance(iterable, AsyncIterator):
-            return process_async(iterable)
-        return process_sync(iterable)
 
     def _process_spider_exception(
         self,
         response: Response,
         exception: Exception,
         start_index: int = 0,
-    ) -> MutableChain[_T] | MutableAsyncChain[_T]:
+    ) -> MutableAsyncChain[_T]:
         # don't handle _InvalidOutput exception
         if isinstance(exception, _InvalidOutput):
             raise exception
@@ -225,28 +128,18 @@ class SpiderMiddlewareManager(MiddlewareManager):
         for method_index, method in enumerate(method_list, start=start_index):
             if method is None:
                 continue
-            method = cast("Callable", method)
             if method in self._mw_methods_requiring_spider:
                 result = method(
                     response=response, exception=exception, spider=self._spider
                 )
             else:
                 result = method(response=response, exception=exception)
-            if _isiterable(result):
+            if isinstance(result, (Iterable, AsyncIterator)):
                 # stop exception handling by handing control over to the
                 # process_spider_output chain if an iterable has been returned
-                dfd: Deferred[MutableChain[_T] | MutableAsyncChain[_T]] = (
+                if isinstance(result, Iterable):
-                    self._process_spider_output(response, result, method_index + 1)
+                    result = as_async_generator(result)
-                )
+                return self._process_spider_output(response, result, method_index + 1)
-                # _process_spider_output() returns a Deferred only because of downgrading so this can be
-                # simplified when downgrading is removed.
-                if dfd.called:
-                    # the result is available immediately if _process_spider_output didn't do downgrading
-                    return cast("MutableChain[_T] | MutableAsyncChain[_T]", dfd.result)
-                # we forbid waiting here because otherwise we would need to return a deferred from
-                # _process_spider_exception too, which complicates the architecture
-                msg = f"Async iterable returned from {global_object_name(method)} cannot be downgraded"
-                raise _InvalidOutput(msg)
             if result is None:
                 continue
             msg = (
@@ -256,124 +149,35 @@ class SpiderMiddlewareManager(MiddlewareManager):
             raise _InvalidOutput(msg)
         raise exception
 
-    # This method cannot be made async def, as _process_spider_exception relies on the Deferred result
+    def _process_spider_output(
-    # being available immediately which doesn't work when it's a wrapped coroutine.
-    # It also needs @inlineCallbacks only because of downgrading so it can be removed when downgrading is removed.
-    @inlineCallbacks
-    def _process_spider_output(  # noqa: PLR0912
         self,
         response: Response,
-        result: Iterable[_T] | AsyncIterator[_T],
+        result: AsyncIterator[_T],
         start_index: int = 0,
-    ) -> Generator[Deferred[Any], Any, MutableChain[_T] | MutableAsyncChain[_T]]:
+    ) -> MutableAsyncChain[_T]:
         # items in this iterable do not need to go through the process_spider_output
         # chain, they went through it already from the process_spider_exception method
-        recovered: MutableChain[_T] | MutableAsyncChain[_T]
+        recovered: MutableAsyncChain[_T] = MutableAsyncChain()
-        last_result_is_async = isinstance(result, AsyncIterator)
-        recovered = MutableAsyncChain() if last_result_is_async else MutableChain()
-
-        # There are three cases for the middleware: def foo, async def foo, def foo + async def foo_async.
-        # 1. def foo. Sync iterables are passed as is, async ones are downgraded.
-        # 2. async def foo. Sync iterables are upgraded, async ones are passed as is.
-        # 3. def foo + async def foo_async. Iterables are passed to the respective method.
-        # Storing methods and method tuples in the same list is weird but we should be able to roll this back
-        # when we drop this compatibility feature.
-
         method_list = islice(self.methods["process_spider_output"], start_index, None)
-        for method_index, method_pair in enumerate(method_list, start=start_index):
+        for method_index, method in enumerate(method_list, start=start_index):
-            if method_pair is None:
+            if method is None:
                 continue
-            need_upgrade = need_downgrade = False
+            if method in self._mw_methods_requiring_spider:
-            if isinstance(method_pair, tuple):
+                result = method(response=response, result=result, spider=self._spider)
-                # This tuple handling is only needed until _async compatibility methods are removed.
-                method_sync, method_async = method_pair
-                method = method_async if last_result_is_async else method_sync
             else:
-                method = method_pair
+                result = method(response=response, result=result)
-                if not last_result_is_async and isasyncgenfunction(method):
+            result = self._evaluate_iterable(
-                    need_upgrade = True
+                response, result, method_index + 1, recovered
-                elif last_result_is_async and not isasyncgenfunction(method):
+            )
-                    need_downgrade = True
+        return MutableAsyncChain(result, recovered)
-            try:
-                if need_upgrade:
-                    # Iterable -> AsyncIterator
-                    result = as_async_generator(result)
-                elif need_downgrade:
-                    logger.warning(
-                        f"Async iterable passed to {global_object_name(method)} was"
-                        f" downgraded to a non-async one. This is deprecated and will"
-                        f" stop working in a future version of Scrapy. Please see"
-                        f" https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/coroutines.html#for-middleware-users"
-                        f" for more information."
-                    )
-                    assert isinstance(result, AsyncIterator)
-                    # AsyncIterator -> Iterable
-                    result = yield deferred_from_coro(collect_asyncgen(result))
-                    if isinstance(recovered, AsyncIterator):
-                        recovered_collected = yield deferred_from_coro(
-                            collect_asyncgen(recovered)
-                        )
-                        recovered = MutableChain(recovered_collected)
-                # might fail directly if the output value is not a generator
-                if method in self._mw_methods_requiring_spider:
-                    result = method(
-                        response=response, result=result, spider=self._spider
-                    )
-                else:
-                    result = method(response=response, result=result)
-            except Exception as ex:
-                exception_result: Failure | MutableChain[_T] | MutableAsyncChain[_T] = (
-                    self._process_spider_exception(response, ex, method_index + 1)
-                )
-                if isinstance(exception_result, Failure):
-                    raise
-                return exception_result
-            if _isiterable(result):
-                result = self._evaluate_iterable(
-                    response, result, method_index + 1, recovered
-                )
-            else:
-                if iscoroutine(result):
-                    result.close()  # Silence warning about not awaiting
-                    msg = (
-                        f"{global_object_name(method)} must be an asynchronous "
-                        f"generator (i.e. use yield)"
-                    )
-                else:
-                    msg = (
-                        f"{global_object_name(method)} must return an iterable, got "
-                        f"{type(result)}"
-                    )
-                raise _InvalidOutput(msg)
-            last_result_is_async = isinstance(result, AsyncIterator)
-
-        if last_result_is_async:
-            return MutableAsyncChain(result, recovered)
-        return MutableChain(result, recovered)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
     async def _process_callback_output(
-        self,
+        self, response: Response, result: AsyncIterator[_T]
-        response: Response,
+    ) -> MutableAsyncChain[_T]:
-        result: Iterable[_T] | AsyncIterator[_T],
+        recovered: MutableAsyncChain[_T] = MutableAsyncChain()
-    ) -> MutableChain[_T] | MutableAsyncChain[_T]:
-        recovered: MutableChain[_T] | MutableAsyncChain[_T]
-        if isinstance(result, AsyncIterator):
-            recovered = MutableAsyncChain()
-        else:
-            recovered = MutableChain()
         result = self._evaluate_iterable(response, result, 0, recovered)
-        result = await maybe_deferred_to_future(
+        result = self._process_spider_output(response, result)
-            cast(
+        return MutableAsyncChain(result, recovered)
-                "Deferred[Iterable[_T] | AsyncIterator[_T]]",
-                self._process_spider_output(response, result),
-            )
-        )
-        if isinstance(result, AsyncIterator):
-            return MutableAsyncChain(result, recovered)
-        if isinstance(recovered, AsyncIterator):
-            recovered_collected = await collect_asyncgen(recovered)
-            recovered = MutableChain(recovered_collected)
-        return MutableChain(result, recovered)
 
     def scrape_response(
         self,
@@ -384,7 +188,7 @@ class SpiderMiddlewareManager(MiddlewareManager):
         response: Response,
         request: Request,
         spider: Spider,
-    ) -> Deferred[MutableChain[_T] | MutableAsyncChain[_T]]:  # pragma: no cover
+    ) -> Deferred[MutableAsyncChain[_T]]:  # pragma: no cover
         warn(
             "SpiderMiddlewareManager.scrape_response() is deprecated, use scrape_response_async() instead",
             ScrapyDeprecationWarning,
@@ -407,31 +211,21 @@ class SpiderMiddlewareManager(MiddlewareManager):
         scrape_func: ScrapeFunc[_T],
         response: Response,
         request: Request,
-    ) -> MutableChain[_T] | MutableAsyncChain[_T]:
+    ) -> MutableAsyncChain[_T]:
         if not self.crawler:
             raise RuntimeError(
                 "scrape_response_async() called on a SpiderMiddlewareManager"
                 " instance created without a crawler."
             )
-
-        async def process_callback_output(
-            result: Iterable[_T] | AsyncIterator[_T],
-        ) -> MutableChain[_T] | MutableAsyncChain[_T]:
-            return await self._process_callback_output(response, result)
-
-        def process_spider_exception(
-            exception: Exception,
-        ) -> MutableChain[_T] | MutableAsyncChain[_T]:
-            return self._process_spider_exception(response, exception)
-
         try:
             it: Iterable[_T] | AsyncIterator[_T] = await self._process_spider_input(
                 scrape_func, response, request
             )
-            return await process_callback_output(it)
+            ait = it if isinstance(it, AsyncIterator) else as_async_generator(it)
+            return await self._process_callback_output(response, ait)
         except Exception as ex:
             await _defer_sleep_async()
-            return process_spider_exception(ex)
+            return self._process_spider_exception(response, ex)
 
     async def process_start(
         self, spider: Spider | None = None
@@ -449,112 +243,32 @@ class SpiderMiddlewareManager(MiddlewareManager):
                 )
             warn(msg, category=ScrapyDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
             self._set_compat_spider(spider)
-        self._check_deprecated_start_requests_use()
+        start = self._spider.start()
-        if self._use_start_requests:
+        return await self._process_chain("process_start", start)
-            sync_start = iter(self._spider.start_requests())
-            sync_start = await self._process_chain(
-                "process_start_requests", sync_start, always_add_spider=True
-            )
-            start: AsyncIterator[Any] = as_async_generator(sync_start)
-        else:
-            start = self._spider.start()
-            start = await self._process_chain("process_start", start)
-        return start
-
-    def _check_deprecated_start_requests_use(self) -> None:
-        start_requests_cls = None
-        start_cls = None
-        spidercls = self._spider.__class__
-        mro = spidercls.__mro__
-
-        for cls in mro:
-            cls_dict = cls.__dict__
-            if start_requests_cls is None and "start_requests" in cls_dict:
-                start_requests_cls = cls
-            if start_cls is None and "start" in cls_dict:
-                start_cls = cls
-            if start_requests_cls is not None and start_cls is not None:
-                break
-
-        # Spider defines both, start_requests and start.
-        assert start_requests_cls is not None
-        assert start_cls is not None
-
-        if (
-            start_requests_cls is not Spider
-            and start_cls is not start_requests_cls
-            and mro.index(start_requests_cls) < mro.index(start_cls)
-        ):
-            src = global_object_name(start_requests_cls)
-            if start_requests_cls is not spidercls:
-                src += f" (inherited by {global_object_name(spidercls)})"
-            warn(
-                f"{src} defines the deprecated start_requests() method. "
-                f"start_requests() has been deprecated in favor of a new "
-                f"method, start(), to support asynchronous code "
-                f"execution. start_requests() will stop being called in a "
-                f"future version of Scrapy. If you use Scrapy 2.13 or "
-                f"higher only, replace start_requests() with start(); "
-                f"note that start() is a coroutine (async def). If you "
-                f"need to maintain compatibility with lower Scrapy versions, "
-                f"when overriding start_requests() in a spider class, "
-                f"override start() as well; you can use super() to "
-                f"reuse the inherited start() implementation without "
-                f"copy-pasting. See the release notes of Scrapy 2.13 for "
-                f"details: https://docs.scrapy.org/en/2.13/news.html",
-                ScrapyDeprecationWarning,
-                stacklevel=2,
-            )
-
-        if (
-            self._use_start_requests
-            and start_cls is not Spider
-            and start_requests_cls is not start_cls
-            and mro.index(start_cls) < mro.index(start_requests_cls)
-        ):
-            src = global_object_name(start_cls)
-            if start_cls is not spidercls:
-                src += f" (inherited by {global_object_name(spidercls)})"
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"{src} does not define the deprecated start_requests() "
-                f"method. However, one or more of your enabled spider "
-                f"middlewares (reported in an earlier deprecation warning) "
-                f"define the process_start_requests() method, and not the "
-                f"process_start() method, making them only compatible with "
-                f"(deprecated) spiders that define the start_requests() "
-                f"method. To solve this issue, disable the offending spider "
-                f"middlewares, upgrade them as described in that earlier "
-                f"deprecation warning, or make your spider compatible with "
-                f"deprecated spider middlewares (and earlier Scrapy versions) "
-                f"by defining a sync start_requests() method that works "
-                f"similarly to its existing start() method. See the "
-                f"release notes of Scrapy 2.13 for details: "
-                f"https://docs.scrapy.org/en/2.13/news.html"
-            )
 
     # This method is only needed until _async compatibility methods are removed.
     @staticmethod
-    def _get_async_method_pair(
+    def _get_process_spider_output(mw: Any) -> Callable[..., Any] | None:
-        mw: Any, methodname: str
+        normal_method: Callable[..., Any] | None = getattr(
-    ) -> Callable | tuple[Callable, Callable] | None:
+            mw, "process_spider_output", None
-        normal_method: Callable | None = getattr(mw, methodname, None)
+        )
-        methodname_async = methodname + "_async"
+        async_method: Callable[..., Any] | None = getattr(
-        async_method: Callable | None = getattr(mw, methodname_async, None)
+            mw, "process_spider_output_async", None
+        )
         if not async_method:
             if normal_method and not isasyncgenfunction(normal_method):
-                logger.warning(
+                raise TypeError(
                     f"Middleware {global_object_name(mw.__class__)} doesn't support"
-                    f" asynchronous spider output, this is deprecated and will stop"
+                    f" asynchronous spider output. Its process_spider_output() method"
-                    f" working in a future version of Scrapy. The middleware should"
+                    f" should be an async generator function or it should additionally"
-                    f" be updated to support it. Please see"
+                    f" define a process_spider_output_async() method."
-                    f" https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/coroutines.html#for-middleware-users"
-                    f" for more information."
                 )
             return normal_method
         if not normal_method:
             logger.error(
-                f"Middleware {global_object_name(mw.__class__)} has {methodname_async} "
+                f"Middleware {global_object_name(mw.__class__)} has"
-                f"without {methodname}, skipping this method."
+                f" process_spider_output_async() without process_spider_output(),"
+                f" skipping this method. Please rename it to process_spider_output()."
             )
             return None
         if not isasyncgenfunction(async_method):
@@ -566,8 +280,8 @@ class SpiderMiddlewareManager(MiddlewareManager):
         if isasyncgenfunction(normal_method):
             logger.error(
                 f"{global_object_name(normal_method)} is an async "
-                f"generator function while {methodname_async} exists, "
+                f"generator function while process_spider_output_async() exists, "
-                f"skipping both methods."
+                f"skipping both methods. Please remove process_spider_output_async()."
             )
             return None
-        return normal_method, async_method
+        return async_method

scrapy/crawler.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import pprint
 import signal
 import warnings
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from functools import partial
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, TypeVar
 
 from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred, DeferredList, inlineCallbacks
@@ -362,9 +363,12 @@ class CrawlerRunnerBase(ABC):
         """
         Return a :class:`~scrapy.crawler.Crawler` object.
 
-        * If ``crawler_or_spidercls`` is a Crawler, it is returned as-is.
+        * If ``crawler_or_spidercls`` is a Crawler, the runner's settings are
+          merged into it as defaults: for each setting, the runner's value
+          is applied only if the Crawler does not already have that setting at
+          an equal or higher priority. The Crawler is then returned.
         * If ``crawler_or_spidercls`` is a Spider subclass, a new Crawler
-          is constructed for it.
+          is constructed for it using this runner's settings.
         * If ``crawler_or_spidercls`` is a string, this function finds
           a spider with this name in a Scrapy project (using spider loader),
           then creates a Crawler instance for it.
@@ -375,6 +379,7 @@ class CrawlerRunnerBase(ABC):
                 "it must be a spider class (or a Crawler object)"
             )
         if isinstance(crawler_or_spidercls, Crawler):
+            crawler_or_spidercls.settings.update(self.settings)
             return crawler_or_spidercls
         return self._create_crawler(crawler_or_spidercls)
 
@@ -526,8 +531,8 @@ class AsyncCrawlerRunner(CrawlerRunnerBase):
         """
         Run a crawler with the provided arguments.
 
-        It will call the given Crawler's :meth:`~Crawler.crawl` method, while
+        It will call the given Crawler's :meth:`~Crawler.crawl_async` method,
-        keeping track of it so it can be stopped later.
+        while keeping track of it so it can be stopped later.
 
         If ``crawler_or_spidercls`` isn't a :class:`~scrapy.crawler.Crawler`
         instance, this method will try to create one using this parameter as
@@ -568,28 +573,30 @@ class AsyncCrawlerRunner(CrawlerRunnerBase):
         crawler = self.create_crawler(crawler_or_spidercls)
         return self._crawl(crawler, *args, **kwargs)
 
+    async def _crawl_and_track(
+        self, crawler: Crawler, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        try:
+            await crawler.crawl_async(*args, **kwargs)
+        except Exception:
+            self.bootstrap_failed = True
+            raise  # re-raise so asyncio still logs it to stderr naturally
+
+    def _done(self, task: asyncio.Task[None], crawler: Crawler) -> None:
+        self._active.discard(task)
+        self.crawlers.discard(crawler)
+        self.bootstrap_failed |= not getattr(crawler, "spider", None)
+
     def _crawl(self, crawler: Crawler, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> asyncio.Task[None]:
         # At this point the asyncio loop has been installed either by the user
         # or by AsyncCrawlerProcess (but it isn't running yet, so no asyncio.create_task()).
         loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
         self.crawlers.add(crawler)
 
-        async def _crawl_and_track() -> None:
+        task = loop.create_task(self._crawl_and_track(crawler, *args, **kwargs))
-            try:
-                await crawler.crawl_async(*args, **kwargs)
-            except Exception:
-                self.bootstrap_failed = True
-                raise  # re-raise so asyncio still logs it to stderr naturally
-
-        task = loop.create_task(_crawl_and_track())
         self._active.add(task)
+        task.add_done_callback(partial(self._done, crawler=crawler))
 
-        def _done(_: asyncio.Task[None]) -> None:
-            self.crawlers.discard(crawler)
-            self._active.discard(task)
-            self.bootstrap_failed |= not getattr(crawler, "spider", None)
-
-        task.add_done_callback(_done)
         return task
 
     async def stop(self) -> None:
@@ -766,7 +773,7 @@ class CrawlerProcess(CrawlerProcessBase, CrawlerRunner):
         """
         This method starts a :mod:`~twisted.internet.reactor`, adjusts its pool
         size to :setting:`REACTOR_THREADPOOL_MAXSIZE`, and installs a DNS
-        resolver based on :setting:`DNSCACHE_ENABLED`.
+        resolver based on :setting:`TWISTED_DNS_RESOLVER`.
 
         If ``stop_after_crawl`` is True, the reactor will be stopped after all
         crawlers have finished, using :meth:`join`.
@@ -868,10 +875,10 @@ class AsyncCrawlerProcess(CrawlerProcessBase, AsyncCrawlerRunner):
 
         When using a reactor it adjusts its pool size to
         :setting:`REACTOR_THREADPOOL_MAXSIZE` and installs a DNS resolver based
-        on :setting:`DNSCACHE_ENABLED`.
+        on :setting:`TWISTED_DNS_RESOLVER`.
 
-        If ``stop_after_crawl`` is True, the reactor will be stopped after all
+        If ``stop_after_crawl`` is True, the reactor/event loop will be stopped
-        crawlers have finished, using :meth:`join`.
+        after all crawlers have finished, using :meth:`join`.
 
         :param bool stop_after_crawl: stop or not the reactor when all
             crawlers have finished
@@ -1007,14 +1014,15 @@ class AsyncCrawlerProcess(CrawlerProcessBase, AsyncCrawlerRunner):
         if (loop := self._reactorless_loop) is None:
             return
 
-        def _create_shutdown_task() -> None:
+        loop.call_soon_threadsafe(self._create_shutdown_task)
-            coro = self._shutdown_graceful_reactorless()
-            try:
-                loop.create_task(coro)
-            except RuntimeError:
-                coro.close()
 
-        loop.call_soon_threadsafe(_create_shutdown_task)
+    def _create_shutdown_task(self) -> None:
+        assert self._reactorless_loop
+        coro = self._shutdown_graceful_reactorless()
+        try:
+            self._reactorless_loop.create_task(coro)
+        except RuntimeError:
+            coro.close()
 
     async def _shutdown_graceful_reactorless(self) -> None:
         await self.stop()

scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/ajaxcrawl.py

@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import logging
-import re
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from warnings import warn
-
-from w3lib import html
-
-from scrapy.exceptions import NotConfigured, ScrapyDeprecationWarning
-from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse, Response
-from scrapy.utils.url import escape_ajax
-
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    # typing.Self requires Python 3.11
-    from typing_extensions import Self
-
-    from scrapy import Request, Spider
-    from scrapy.crawler import Crawler
-    from scrapy.settings import BaseSettings
-
-
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-
-class AjaxCrawlMiddleware:
-    """
-    Handle 'AJAX crawlable' pages marked as crawlable via meta tag.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, settings: BaseSettings):
-        if not settings.getbool("AJAXCRAWL_ENABLED"):
-            raise NotConfigured
-
-        warn(
-            "scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.ajaxcrawl.AjaxCrawlMiddleware is deprecated"
-            " and will be removed in a future Scrapy version.",
-            ScrapyDeprecationWarning,
-            stacklevel=2,
-        )
-
-        # XXX: Google parses at least first 100k bytes; scrapy's redirect
-        # middleware parses first 4k. 4k turns out to be insufficient
-        # for this middleware, and parsing 100k could be slow.
-        # We use something in between (32K) by default.
-        self.lookup_bytes: int = settings.getint("AJAXCRAWL_MAXSIZE")
-
-    @classmethod
-    def from_crawler(cls, crawler: Crawler) -> Self:
-        return cls(crawler.settings)
-
-    def process_response(
-        self, request: Request, response: Response, spider: Spider
-    ) -> Request | Response:
-        if not isinstance(response, HtmlResponse) or response.status != 200:
-            return response
-
-        if request.method != "GET":
-            # other HTTP methods are either not safe or don't have a body
-            return response
-
-        if "ajax_crawlable" in request.meta:  # prevent loops
-            return response
-
-        if not self._has_ajax_crawlable_variant(response):
-            return response
-
-        ajax_crawl_request = request.replace(url=escape_ajax(request.url + "#!"))
-        logger.debug(
-            "Downloading AJAX crawlable %(ajax_crawl_request)s instead of %(request)s",
-            {"ajax_crawl_request": ajax_crawl_request, "request": request},
-            extra={"spider": spider},
-        )
-
-        ajax_crawl_request.meta["ajax_crawlable"] = True
-        return ajax_crawl_request
-
-    def _has_ajax_crawlable_variant(self, response: Response) -> bool:
-        """
-        Return True if a page without hash fragment could be "AJAX crawlable".
-        """
-        body = response.text[: self.lookup_bytes]
-        return _has_ajaxcrawlable_meta(body)
-
-
-_ajax_crawlable_re: re.Pattern[str] = re.compile(
-    r'<meta\s+name=["\']fragment["\']\s+content=["\']!["\']/?>'
-)
-
-
-def _has_ajaxcrawlable_meta(text: str) -> bool:
-    """
-    >>> _has_ajaxcrawlable_meta('<html><head><meta name="fragment"  content="!"/></head><body></body></html>')
-    True
-    >>> _has_ajaxcrawlable_meta("<html><head><meta name='fragment' content='!'></head></html>")
-    True
-    >>> _has_ajaxcrawlable_meta('<html><head><!--<meta name="fragment"  content="!"/>--></head><body></body></html>')
-    False
-    >>> _has_ajaxcrawlable_meta('<html></html>')
-    False
-    """
-
-    # Stripping scripts and comments is slow (about 20x slower than
-    # just checking if a string is in text); this is a quick fail-fast
-    # path that should work for most pages.
-    if "fragment" not in text:
-        return False
-    if "content" not in text:
-        return False
-
-    text = html.remove_tags_with_content(text, ("script", "noscript"))
-    text = html.replace_entities(text)
-    text = html.remove_comments(text)
-    return _ajax_crawlable_re.search(text) is not None

scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/cookies.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ from scrapy.http.cookies import CookieJar
 from scrapy.utils.decorators import _warn_spider_arg
 from scrapy.utils.httpobj import urlparse_cached
 from scrapy.utils.python import to_unicode
+from scrapy.utils.request import _decode_cookie, _to_verbose_cookies
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
@@ -134,29 +135,10 @@ class CookiesMiddleware:
         Given a dict consisting of cookie components, return its string representation.
         Decode from bytes if necessary.
         """
-        decoded = {}
+        decoded = _decode_cookie(cookie, request)
+        if decoded is None:
+            return None
         flags = set()
-        for key in ("name", "value", "path", "domain"):
-            value = cookie.get(key)
-            if value is None:
-                if key in {"name", "value"}:
-                    msg = f"Invalid cookie found in request {request}: {cookie} ('{key}' is missing)"
-                    logger.warning(msg)
-                    return None
-                continue
-            if isinstance(value, (bool, float, int, str)):
-                decoded[key] = str(value)
-            else:
-                assert isinstance(value, bytes)
-                try:
-                    decoded[key] = value.decode("utf8")
-                except UnicodeDecodeError:
-                    logger.warning(
-                        "Non UTF-8 encoded cookie found in request %s: %s",
-                        request,
-                        cookie,
-                    )
-                    decoded[key] = value.decode("latin1", errors="replace")
         for flag in ("secure",):
             value = cookie.get(flag, _UNSET)
             if value is _UNSET or not value:
@@ -177,11 +159,7 @@ class CookiesMiddleware:
         """
         if not request.cookies:
             return ()
-        cookies: Iterable[VerboseCookie]
+        cookies: Iterable[VerboseCookie] = _to_verbose_cookies(request.cookies)
-        if isinstance(request.cookies, dict):
-            cookies = tuple({"name": k, "value": v} for k, v in request.cookies.items())
-        else:
-            cookies = request.cookies
         for cookie in cookies:
             cookie.setdefault("secure", urlparse_cached(request).scheme == "https")
         formatted = filter(None, (self._format_cookie(c, request) for c in cookies))

scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/httpauth.py

@@ -6,11 +6,14 @@ See documentation in docs/topics/downloader-middleware.rst
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import warnings
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from w3lib.http import basic_auth_header
 
 from scrapy import Request, Spider, signals
+from scrapy.exceptions import ScrapyDeprecationWarning
+from scrapy.settings import SETTINGS_PRIORITIES
 from scrapy.utils.decorators import _warn_spider_arg
 from scrapy.utils.url import url_is_from_any_domain
 
@@ -23,12 +26,28 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 
 class HttpAuthMiddleware:
-    """Set Basic HTTP Authorization header
+    """Set Basic HTTP Authorization header."""
-    (http_user and http_pass spider class attributes)"""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._auth: bytes | None = None
+        self._domain: str | None = None
 
     @classmethod
     def from_crawler(cls, crawler: Crawler) -> Self:
         o = cls()
+        usr = crawler.settings.get("HTTPAUTH_USER", "")
+        pwd = crawler.settings.get("HTTPAUTH_PASS", "")
+        if usr or pwd:
+            domain_priority = crawler.settings.getpriority("HTTPAUTH_DOMAIN") or 0
+            if domain_priority <= SETTINGS_PRIORITIES["default"]:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "HTTPAUTH_DOMAIN must be set when HTTPAUTH_USER or HTTPAUTH_PASS "
+                    "is configured. Set it to a domain (e.g. 'example.com') to restrict "
+                    "credentials to that domain, or set it to None to send credentials "
+                    "with all requests."
+                )
+            o._auth = basic_auth_header(usr, pwd)
+            o._domain = crawler.settings.get("HTTPAUTH_DOMAIN")
         crawler.signals.connect(o.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
         return o
 
@@ -36,18 +55,34 @@ class HttpAuthMiddleware:
         usr = getattr(spider, "http_user", "")
         pwd = getattr(spider, "http_pass", "")
         if usr or pwd:
-            self.auth = basic_auth_header(usr, pwd)
+            warnings.warn(
-            self.domain = spider.http_auth_domain  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                "Use the HTTPAUTH_USER, HTTPAUTH_PASS, and HTTPAUTH_DOMAIN settings "
+                "instead of the http_user, http_pass, and http_auth_domain spider "
+                "attributes. Support for the spider attributes will be removed in a "
+                "future version of Scrapy.",
+                category=ScrapyDeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+            self._auth = basic_auth_header(usr, pwd)
+            self._domain = spider.http_auth_domain  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
     @_warn_spider_arg
     def process_request(
         self, request: Request, spider: Spider | None = None
     ) -> Request | Response | None:
-        auth = getattr(self, "auth", None)
+        if b"Authorization" in request.headers:
-        if (
+            return None
-            auth
+        # Per-request meta overrides
-            and b"Authorization" not in request.headers
+        usr = request.meta.get("http_user", "")
-            and (not self.domain or url_is_from_any_domain(request.url, [self.domain]))
+        pwd = request.meta.get("http_pass", "")
+        if usr or pwd:
+            domain = request.meta.get("http_auth_domain")
+            if not domain or url_is_from_any_domain(request.url, [domain]):
+                request.headers[b"Authorization"] = basic_auth_header(usr, pwd)
+            return None
+        # Middleware-level auth
+        if self._auth and (
+            not self._domain or url_is_from_any_domain(request.url, [self._domain])
         ):
-            request.headers[b"Authorization"] = auth
+            request.headers[b"Authorization"] = self._auth
         return None

scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/httpcompression.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from logging import getLogger
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 from scrapy import Request, Spider, signals
-from scrapy.exceptions import IgnoreRequest, NotConfigured
+from scrapy.exceptions import IgnoreRequest, NotConfigured, ScrapyDeprecationWarning
 from scrapy.http import Response, TextResponse
 from scrapy.responsetypes import responsetypes
 from scrapy.utils._compression import (
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ else:
 
 
 class HttpCompressionMiddleware:
-    """This middleware allows compressed (gzip, deflate) traffic to be
+    """This middleware allows compressed (gzip, deflate etc.) traffic to be
     sent/received from websites"""
 
     def __init__(
@@ -70,6 +70,12 @@ class HttpCompressionMiddleware:
         crawler: Crawler | None = None,
     ):
         if not crawler:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Instantiating HttpCompressionMiddleware without a 'crawler' "
+                "argument is deprecated.",
+                category=ScrapyDeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
             self.stats = stats
             self._max_size = 1073741824
             self._warn_size = 33554432
@@ -108,49 +114,47 @@ class HttpCompressionMiddleware:
     ) -> Request | Response:
         if request.method == "HEAD":
             return response
-        if isinstance(response, Response):
+        content_encoding = response.headers.getlist("Content-Encoding")
-            content_encoding = response.headers.getlist("Content-Encoding")
+        if content_encoding:
-            if content_encoding:
+            max_size = request.meta.get("download_maxsize", self._max_size)
-                max_size = request.meta.get("download_maxsize", self._max_size)
+            warn_size = request.meta.get("download_warnsize", self._warn_size)
-                warn_size = request.meta.get("download_warnsize", self._warn_size)
+            try:
-                try:
+                decoded_body, content_encoding = self._handle_encoding(
-                    decoded_body, content_encoding = self._handle_encoding(
+                    response.body, content_encoding, max_size
-                        response.body, content_encoding, max_size
-                    )
-                except _DecompressionMaxSizeExceeded as e:
-                    raise IgnoreRequest(
-                        f"Ignored response {response} because its body "
-                        f"({len(response.body)} B compressed, "
-                        f"{e.decompressed_size} B decompressed so far) exceeded "
-                        f"DOWNLOAD_MAXSIZE ({max_size} B) during decompression."
-                    ) from e
-                if len(response.body) < warn_size <= len(decoded_body):
-                    logger.warning(
-                        f"{response} body size after decompression "
-                        f"({len(decoded_body)} B) is larger than the "
-                        f"download warning size ({warn_size} B)."
-                    )
-                if content_encoding:
-                    self._warn_unknown_encoding(response, content_encoding)
-                response.headers["Content-Encoding"] = content_encoding
-                if self.stats:
-                    self.stats.inc_value(
-                        "httpcompression/response_bytes",
-                        len(decoded_body),
-                    )
-                    self.stats.inc_value("httpcompression/response_count")
-                respcls = responsetypes.from_args(
-                    headers=response.headers, url=response.url, body=decoded_body
                 )
-                kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {"body": decoded_body}
+            except _DecompressionMaxSizeExceeded as e:
-                if issubclass(respcls, TextResponse):
+                raise IgnoreRequest(
-                    # force recalculating the encoding until we make sure the
+                    f"Ignored response {response} because its body "
-                    # responsetypes guessing is reliable
+                    f"({len(response.body)} B compressed, "
-                    kwargs["encoding"] = None
+                    f"{e.decompressed_size} B decompressed so far) exceeded "
-                response = response.replace(cls=respcls, **kwargs)
+                    f"DOWNLOAD_MAXSIZE ({max_size} B) during decompression."
-                if not content_encoding:
+                ) from e
-                    del response.headers["Content-Encoding"]
+            if len(response.body) < warn_size <= len(decoded_body):
-
+                logger.warning(
+                    f"{response} body size after decompression "
+                    f"({len(decoded_body)} B) is larger than the "
+                    f"download warning size ({warn_size} B)."
+                )
+            if content_encoding:
+                self._warn_unknown_encoding(response, content_encoding)
+            response.headers["Content-Encoding"] = content_encoding
+            if self.stats:
+                self.stats.inc_value(
+                    "httpcompression/response_bytes",
+                    len(decoded_body),
+                )
+                self.stats.inc_value("httpcompression/response_count")
+            respcls = responsetypes.from_args(
+                headers=response.headers, url=response.url, body=decoded_body
+            )
+            kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {"body": decoded_body}
+            if issubclass(respcls, TextResponse):
+                # force recalculating the encoding until we make sure the
+                # responsetypes guessing is reliable
+                kwargs["encoding"] = None
+            response = response.replace(cls=respcls, **kwargs)
+            if not content_encoding:
+                del response.headers["Content-Encoding"]
         return response
 
     def _handle_encoding(

scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/offsite.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import logging
 import re
-import warnings
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from scrapy import Request, Spider, signals
@@ -75,25 +74,10 @@ class OffsiteMiddleware:
         allowed_domains = getattr(spider, "allowed_domains", None)
         if not allowed_domains:
             return re.compile("")  # allow all by default
-        url_pattern = re.compile(r"^https?://.*$")
-        port_pattern = re.compile(r":\d+$")
         domains = []
         for domain in allowed_domains:
             if domain is None:
                 continue
-            if url_pattern.match(domain):
+            domains.append(re.escape(domain))
-                message = (
-                    "allowed_domains accepts only domains, not URLs. "
-                    f"Ignoring URL entry {domain} in allowed_domains."
-                )
-                warnings.warn(message, stacklevel=2)
-            elif port_pattern.search(domain):
-                message = (
-                    "allowed_domains accepts only domains without ports. "
-                    f"Ignoring entry {domain} in allowed_domains."
-                )
-                warnings.warn(message, stacklevel=2)
-            else:
-                domains.append(re.escape(domain))
         regex = rf"^(.*\.)?({'|'.join(domains)})$"
         return re.compile(regex)

scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/redirect.py

@@ -196,10 +196,7 @@ class BaseRedirectMiddleware:
 
 
 class RedirectMiddleware(BaseRedirectMiddleware):
-    """
+    """Handle redirection of requests based on response status."""
-    Handle redirection of requests based on response status
-    and meta-refresh html tag.
-    """
 
     @_warn_spider_arg
     def process_response(
@@ -251,6 +248,8 @@ class RedirectMiddleware(BaseRedirectMiddleware):
 
 
 class MetaRefreshMiddleware(BaseRedirectMiddleware):
+    """Handle redirection of requests based on meta-refresh html tag."""
+
     enabled_setting = "METAREFRESH_ENABLED"
 
     def __init__(self, settings: BaseSettings):

scrapy/downloadermiddlewares/retry.py

@@ -5,14 +5,11 @@ problems such as a connection timeout or HTTP 500 error.
 You can change the behaviour of this middleware by modifying the scraping settings:
 RETRY_TIMES - how many times to retry a failed page
 RETRY_HTTP_CODES - which HTTP response codes to retry
-
-Failed pages are collected on the scraping process and rescheduled at the end,
-once the spider has finished crawling all regular (non-failed) pages.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from logging import Logger, getLogger
+from logging import Logger, getLevelName, getLogger
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from scrapy.exceptions import NotConfigured
@@ -43,6 +40,7 @@ def get_retry_request(
     max_retry_times: int | None = None,
     priority_adjust: int | None = None,
     logger: Logger = retry_logger,
+    give_up_log_level: int | str | None = None,
     stats_base_key: str = "retry",
 ) -> Request | None:
     """
@@ -51,14 +49,16 @@ def get_retry_request(
     exhausted.
 
     For example, in a :class:`~scrapy.Spider` callback, you could use it as
-    follows::
+    follows:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
 
         def parse(self, response):
             if not response.text:
                 new_request_or_none = get_retry_request(
                     response.request,
                     spider=self,
-                    reason='empty',
+                    reason="empty",
                 )
                 return new_request_or_none
 
@@ -67,8 +67,9 @@ def get_retry_request(
     and :ref:`stats <topics-stats>`, and to provide extra logging context (see
     :func:`logging.debug`).
 
-    *reason* is a string or an :class:`Exception` object that indicates the
+    *reason* is a string, an :class:`Exception` subclass or an
-    reason why the request needs to be retried. It is used to name retry stats.
+    :class:`Exception` object that indicates the reason why the request needs
+    to be retried. It is used to name retry stats.
 
     *max_retry_times* is a number that determines the maximum number of times
     that *request* can be retried. If not specified or ``None``, the number is
@@ -82,6 +83,13 @@ def get_retry_request(
 
     *logger* is the logging.Logger object to be used when logging messages
 
+    *give_up_log_level* is the :ref:`logging level <levels>` used for the
+    message logged when a request exceeds its retries. See
+    :setting:`RETRY_GIVE_UP_LOG_LEVEL` for details.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.17.0
+       The *give_up_log_level* parameter.
+
     *stats_base_key* is a string to be used as the base key for the
     retry-related job stats
     """
@@ -114,8 +122,16 @@ def get_retry_request(
         stats.inc_value(f"{stats_base_key}/count")
         stats.inc_value(f"{stats_base_key}/reason_count/{reason}")
         return new_request
+    if give_up_log_level is None:
+        give_up_log_level = settings["RETRY_GIVE_UP_LOG_LEVEL"]
+    if isinstance(give_up_log_level, str):
+        level = getLevelName(give_up_log_level)
+        if not isinstance(level, int):
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid give-up log level: {give_up_log_level!r}")
+        give_up_log_level = level
     stats.inc_value(f"{stats_base_key}/max_reached")
-    logger.error(
+    logger.log(
+        give_up_log_level,
         "Gave up retrying %(request)s (failed %(retry_times)d times): %(reason)s",
         {"request": request, "retry_times": retry_times, "reason": reason},
         extra={"spider": spider},
@@ -132,6 +148,7 @@ class RetryMiddleware:
         self.max_retry_times = settings.getint("RETRY_TIMES")
         self.retry_http_codes = {int(x) for x in settings.getlist("RETRY_HTTP_CODES")}
         self.priority_adjust = settings.getint("RETRY_PRIORITY_ADJUST")
+        self.give_up_log_level = settings["RETRY_GIVE_UP_LOG_LEVEL"]
         self.exceptions_to_retry = tuple(
             load_object(x) if isinstance(x, str) else x
             for x in settings.getlist("RETRY_EXCEPTIONS")
@@ -175,6 +192,9 @@ class RetryMiddleware:
     ) -> Request | None:
         max_retry_times = request.meta.get("max_retry_times", self.max_retry_times)
         priority_adjust = request.meta.get("priority_adjust", self.priority_adjust)
+        give_up_log_level = request.meta.get(
+            "give_up_log_level", self.give_up_log_level
+        )
         assert self.crawler.spider
         return get_retry_request(
             request,
@@ -182,4 +202,5 @@ class RetryMiddleware:
             spider=self.crawler.spider,
             max_retry_times=max_retry_times,
             priority_adjust=priority_adjust,
+            give_up_log_level=give_up_log_level,
         )

scrapy/exceptions.py

@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class UsageError(Exception):
 
 class ScrapyDeprecationWarning(Warning):
     """Warning category for deprecated features, since the default
-    DeprecationWarning is silenced on Python 2.7+
+    :exc:`DeprecationWarning` is silenced.
     """
 
 

scrapy/exporters.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Item Exporters are used to export/serialize items into different formats.
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import csv
+import logging
 import marshal
 import pickle
 import pprint
@@ -24,6 +25,8 @@ from scrapy.utils.serialize import ScrapyJSONEncoder
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from json import JSONEncoder
 
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
 __all__ = [
     "BaseItemExporter",
     "CsvItemExporter",
@@ -171,7 +174,15 @@ class XmlItemExporter(BaseItemExporter):
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
         if not self.encoding:
             self.encoding = "utf-8"
-        self.xg = XMLGenerator(file, encoding=self.encoding)
+        # copied from xml.sax.saxutils._gettextwriter()
+        self.stream = TextIOWrapper(
+            file,
+            encoding=self.encoding,
+            errors="xmlcharrefreplace",
+            newline="\n",
+            write_through=True,
+        )
+        self.xg = XMLGenerator(self.stream, encoding=self.encoding)
 
     def _beautify_newline(self, new_item: bool = False) -> None:
         if self.indent is not None and (self.indent > 0 or new_item):
@@ -199,6 +210,7 @@ class XmlItemExporter(BaseItemExporter):
     def finish_exporting(self) -> None:
         self.xg.endElement(self.root_element)
         self.xg.endDocument()
+        self.stream.detach()  # Avoid closing the wrapped file.
 
     def _export_xml_field(self, name: str, serialized_value: Any, depth: int) -> None:
         self._beautify_indent(depth=depth)
@@ -245,6 +257,8 @@ class CsvItemExporter(BaseItemExporter):
         self.csv_writer = csv.writer(self.stream, **self._kwargs)
         self._headers_not_written = True
         self._join_multivalued = join_multivalued
+        self._autodetected_fields = False
+        self._data_loss_warned = False
 
     def serialize_field(
         self, field: Mapping[str, Any] | Field, name: str, value: Any
@@ -265,6 +279,22 @@ class CsvItemExporter(BaseItemExporter):
             self._headers_not_written = False
             self._write_headers_and_set_fields_to_export(item)
 
+        if (
+            self._autodetected_fields
+            and self.fields_to_export is not None
+            and not self._data_loss_warned
+        ):
+            item_fields = ItemAdapter(item).field_names()
+            dropped_fields = set(item_fields) - set(self.fields_to_export)
+
+            if dropped_fields:
+                dropped_fields_display = sorted(dropped_fields)
+                logger.warning(
+                    f"CSVExporter dropped fields {dropped_fields_display}. "
+                    f"To avoid this, fully configure your FEED_EXPORT_FIELDS setting. "
+                    f"See: https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/feed-exports.html#feed-export-fields",
+                )
+                self._data_loss_warned = True
         fields = self._get_serialized_fields(item, default_value="", include_empty=True)
         values = list(self._build_row(x for _, x in fields))
         self.csv_writer.writerow(values)
@@ -284,6 +314,7 @@ class CsvItemExporter(BaseItemExporter):
             if not self.fields_to_export:
                 # use declared field names, or keys if the item is a dict
                 self.fields_to_export = ItemAdapter(item).field_names()
+                self._autodetected_fields = True
             fields: Iterable[str]
             if isinstance(self.fields_to_export, Mapping):
                 fields = self.fields_to_export.values()

scrapy/extension.py

@@ -20,4 +20,6 @@ class ExtensionManager(MiddlewareManager):
 
     @classmethod
     def _get_mwlist_from_settings(cls, settings: Settings) -> list[Any]:
-        return build_component_list(settings.getwithbase("EXTENSIONS"))
+        return build_component_list(
+            settings.get_component_priority_dict_with_base("EXTENSIONS")
+        )

scrapy/extensions/corestats.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Extension for collecting core stats like items scraped and start/finish times
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from time import monotonic
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 from scrapy import Spider, signals
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ class CoreStats:
     def __init__(self, stats: StatsCollector):
         self.stats: StatsCollector = stats
         self.start_time: datetime | None = None
+        self._start_time_mono: float | None = None
 
     @classmethod
     def from_crawler(cls, crawler: Crawler) -> Self:
@@ -35,13 +37,14 @@ class CoreStats:
 
     def spider_opened(self, spider: Spider) -> None:
         self.start_time = datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc)
+        self._start_time_mono = monotonic()
         self.stats.set_value("start_time", self.start_time)
 
     def spider_closed(self, spider: Spider, reason: str) -> None:
         assert self.start_time is not None
-        finish_time = datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc)
+        assert self._start_time_mono is not None
-        elapsed_time = finish_time - self.start_time
+        finish_time, finish_time_mono = datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc), monotonic()
-        elapsed_time_seconds = elapsed_time.total_seconds()
+        elapsed_time_seconds = finish_time_mono - self._start_time_mono
         self.stats.set_value("elapsed_time_seconds", elapsed_time_seconds)
         self.stats.set_value("finish_time", finish_time)
         self.stats.set_value("finish_reason", reason)