8.5 KiB
Item Pipeline
After an item has been scraped by a spider, it is sent to the Item Pipeline which processes it through several components that are executed sequentially.
Each item pipeline component (sometimes referred as just "Item Pipeline") is a Python class that implements a simple method. They receive an item and perform an action over it, also deciding if the item should continue through the pipeline or be dropped and no longer processed.
Typical uses of item pipelines are:
- cleansing HTML data
- validating scraped data (checking that the items contain certain fields)
- checking for duplicates (and dropping them)
- storing the scraped item in a database
Writing your own item pipeline
Each item pipeline component is a Python class that must implement the following method:
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.. method:: process_item(self, item, spider) This method is called for every item pipeline component. `item` is an :ref:`item object <item-types>`, see :ref:`supporting-item-types`. :meth:`process_item` must either: return an :ref:`item object <item-types>`, return a :class:`~twisted.internet.defer.Deferred` or raise a :exc:`~scrapy.exceptions.DropItem` exception. Dropped items are no longer processed by further pipeline components. :param item: the scraped item :type item: :ref:`item object <item-types>` :param spider: the spider which scraped the item :type spider: :class:`~scrapy.Spider` object
Additionally, they may also implement the following methods:
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.. method:: open_spider(self, spider) This method is called when the spider is opened. :param spider: the spider which was opened :type spider: :class:`~scrapy.Spider` object
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.. method:: close_spider(self, spider) This method is called when the spider is closed. :param spider: the spider which was closed :type spider: :class:`~scrapy.Spider` object
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.. classmethod:: from_crawler(cls, crawler) If present, this class method is called to create a pipeline instance from a :class:`~scrapy.crawler.Crawler`. It must return a new instance of the pipeline. Crawler object provides access to all Scrapy core components like settings and signals; it is a way for pipeline to access them and hook its functionality into Scrapy. :param crawler: crawler that uses this pipeline :type crawler: :class:`~scrapy.crawler.Crawler` object
Item pipeline example
Price validation and dropping items with no prices
Let's take a look at the following hypothetical pipeline that adjusts the price attribute for those items that do not include VAT (price_excludes_vat attribute), and drops those items which don't contain a price:
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.. code-block:: python
from itemadapter import ItemAdapter
from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem
class PricePipeline:
vat_factor = 1.15
def process_item(self, item, spider):
adapter = ItemAdapter(item)
if adapter.get("price"):
if adapter.get("price_excludes_vat"):
adapter["price"] = adapter["price"] * self.vat_factor
return item
else:
raise DropItem("Missing price")
Write items to a JSON lines file
The following pipeline stores all scraped items (from all spiders) into a single items.jsonl file, containing one item per line serialized in JSON format:
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.. code-block:: python
import json
from itemadapter import ItemAdapter
class JsonWriterPipeline:
def open_spider(self, spider):
self.file = open("items.jsonl", "w")
def close_spider(self, spider):
self.file.close()
def process_item(self, item, spider):
line = json.dumps(ItemAdapter(item).asdict()) + "\n"
self.file.write(line)
return item
Note
The purpose of JsonWriterPipeline is just to introduce how to write item pipelines. If you really want to store all scraped items into a JSON file you should use the :ref:`Feed exports <topics-feed-exports>`.
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Unknown interpreted text role "ref".Write items to MongoDB
In this example we'll write items to MongoDB using pymongo. MongoDB address and database name are specified in Scrapy settings; MongoDB collection is named after item class.
The main point of this example is to show how to use :meth:`from_crawler` method and how to clean up the resources properly.
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.. code-block:: python
import pymongo
from itemadapter import ItemAdapter
class MongoPipeline:
collection_name = "scrapy_items"
def __init__(self, mongo_uri, mongo_db):
self.mongo_uri = mongo_uri
self.mongo_db = mongo_db
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
return cls(
mongo_uri=crawler.settings.get("MONGO_URI"),
mongo_db=crawler.settings.get("MONGO_DATABASE", "items"),
)
def open_spider(self, spider):
self.client = pymongo.MongoClient(self.mongo_uri)
self.db = self.client[self.mongo_db]
def close_spider(self, spider):
self.client.close()
def process_item(self, item, spider):
self.db[self.collection_name].insert_one(ItemAdapter(item).asdict())
return item
Take screenshot of item
This example demonstrates how to use :doc:`coroutine syntax <coroutines>` in the :meth:`process_item` method.
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Unknown interpreted text role "meth".This item pipeline makes a request to a locally-running instance of Splash to render a screenshot of the item URL. After the request response is downloaded, the item pipeline saves the screenshot to a file and adds the filename to the item.
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.. code-block:: python
import hashlib
from pathlib import Path
from urllib.parse import quote
import scrapy
from itemadapter import ItemAdapter
from scrapy.http.request import NO_CALLBACK
from scrapy.utils.defer import maybe_deferred_to_future
class ScreenshotPipeline:
"""Pipeline that uses Splash to render screenshot of
every Scrapy item."""
SPLASH_URL = "http://localhost:8050/render.png?url={}"
async def process_item(self, item, spider):
adapter = ItemAdapter(item)
encoded_item_url = quote(adapter["url"])
screenshot_url = self.SPLASH_URL.format(encoded_item_url)
request = scrapy.Request(screenshot_url, callback=NO_CALLBACK)
response = await maybe_deferred_to_future(
spider.crawler.engine.download(request)
)
if response.status != 200:
# Error happened, return item.
return item
# Save screenshot to file, filename will be hash of url.
url = adapter["url"]
url_hash = hashlib.md5(url.encode("utf8")).hexdigest()
filename = f"{url_hash}.png"
Path(filename).write_bytes(response.body)
# Store filename in item.
adapter["screenshot_filename"] = filename
return item
Duplicates filter
A filter that looks for duplicate items, and drops those items that were already processed. Let's say that our items have a unique id, but our spider returns multiples items with the same id:
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.. code-block:: python
from itemadapter import ItemAdapter
from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem
class DuplicatesPipeline:
def __init__(self):
self.ids_seen = set()
def process_item(self, item, spider):
adapter = ItemAdapter(item)
if adapter["id"] in self.ids_seen:
raise DropItem(f"Item ID already seen: {adapter['id']}")
else:
self.ids_seen.add(adapter["id"])
return item
Activating an Item Pipeline component
To activate an Item Pipeline component you must add its class to the :setting:`ITEM_PIPELINES` setting, like in the following example:
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.. code-block:: python
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
"myproject.pipelines.PricePipeline": 300,
"myproject.pipelines.JsonWriterPipeline": 800,
}
The integer values you assign to classes in this setting determine the order in which they run: items go through from lower valued to higher valued classes. It's customary to define these numbers in the 0-1000 range.